1924 United Kingdom general election

1924 United Kingdom general election

←  1923 29 October 1924 1929  →
←  outgoing members elected members  →
All 615 seats in the House of Commons 308 seats needed for a majority
Turnout	77.0% (5.9 pp)
First party Second party Third party   Leader Stanley Baldwin Ramsay MacDonald H. H. Asquith Party Conservative Labour Liberal Leader since 23 May 1923 21 November 1922 30 April 1908 Leader's seat Bewdley Aberavon Paisley (defeated) Last election 258 seats, 38.0% 191 seats, 30.7% 158 seats, 29.7% Seats won 412 151 40 [note 1] Seat change 154 40 118 Popular vote 7,418,983 5,281,626 2,818,717 Percentage 46.8% 33.3% 17.8% Swing 8.8 pp 2.6 pp 11.9 pp
Colours denote the winning party—as shown in § Results [a]
Diagram showing the composition of the House of Commons following the election
Prime Minister before election Ramsay MacDonald Labour Prime Minister after election Stanley Baldwin Conservative

The 1924 United Kingdom general election was held on Wednesday 29 October 1924, as a result of the defeat of the Labour minority government, led by Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald, in the House of Commons on a motion of no confidence. ^[1] It was the third general election to be held in less than two years. Parliament was dissolved on 9 October. ^[2]

The Conservatives, led by Stanley Baldwin, performed better, in electoral terms, than in the 1923 general election and obtained a large parliamentary majority of 209. Labour, led by MacDonald, lost 40 seats. The election also saw the Liberal Party, led by H. H. Asquith, lose 118 of their 158 seats which helped to polarise British politics between the Labour Party and the Conservative Party.

The Conservative landslide victory and the Labour defeat in this general election have been, in part, attributed to the Zinoviev letter, a forged document that was published as if it were genuine and sensationalised in the Daily Mail four days before the election. The Labour vote increased by around one million in comparison to the 1923 general election, but this was largely due to the party putting up 87 more candidates than it had in the previous election.

The Conservatives had called the previous 1923 election early to get a mandate for moving to a protectionist trade policy of imperial preference, but had lost their majority. In 1924, they reverted to free trade and regained power. They would propose protectionism at the next general election in 1929, again losing.

Along with 1964 and 1992 this is the first of three elections in the 20th Century to take place in the same year as a United States presidential election. This is also the closest instance in which both elections overlapped with the latter’s election taking place a week later.

Overview

After the previous general election, the Labour Party had finished as the second-largest party, but formed their first-ever government with the support of the Liberal Party, after the ruling Conservative Party's shock loss of their majority made it untenable for Baldwin to continue as Prime Minister. However, relations between Labour and the Liberals proved stormy, eventually resulting in Liberal M.P. Sir John Simon calling a motion of no confidence in MacDonald's government, which was carried by a large majority. Asquith had gambled that neither Baldwin nor MacDonald would want to put the country through a third general election in two years, and that one of them would be forced to enter into a formal coalition with the Liberals. However, the gambit backfired when MacDonald instead called an election, knowing full well that a Conservative landslide was the only likely outcome, but himself gambling that it would be primarily at the expense of the Liberals. MacDonald's judgement proved correct, as the Liberals, who were still mostly dependent on former Prime Minister David Lloyd George for funds, ended up financially crippled from the very start of the campaign, while Labour were actually able to expand the scope of their own campaign thanks to increasing support from the workers' unions.

It is speculated that the combination of Labour forming its first government in January 1924 and the Zinoviev letter helped to stir up anti-socialist fears in Britain among many traditional anti-socialist Liberal voters, who then switched their support to the Conservative Party. This partly helps to explain the poor performance of the Liberal Party in the general election. The party also had financial difficulties which allowed it to contest only 339 seats, a lack of distinctive policies after the Conservative Party dropped their support for protected trade, and poor leadership under Asquith, who lost his own seat for the second time in six years. It would be the final election for Asquith, who was subsequently forced to lead the party from the House of Lords after being elevated to the Earldom of Oxford and Asquith the following year, with Lloyd George as Liberal chairman in the House of Commons. Declining health saw Asquith replaced as party leader by Lloyd George in 1926.

The fourth party in terms of number of candidates, number of seats and number of votes were not a party but a group of former National Liberals standing under the Constitutionalist label, led by Winston Churchill. They favoured Conservative/Liberal co-operation and had intended to formally organize as a party, but the election was called before they had the opportunity to actually do so. Three of the seven Constitutionalists elected, including Churchill, had been opposed by official Liberal candidates, and sat as Conservatives after the election. The other four sat as Liberals.

The refounded Sinn Féin ran Westminster candidates for the first time since March 1919; none came close to winning, with six of the eight losing their deposits. Its next Westminster election was in 1950.

The election was the first in the United Kingdom to feature party political broadcasts, with the parties making short appeals to voters via BBC Radio. ^[3]

Results

UK General Election 1924

			Candidates						Votes
Party		Leader	Stood	Elected	Gained	Unseated	Net	% of total	%	No.	Net %
	Conservative	Stanley Baldwin	534	412	164	10	+154	66.99	46.8	7,418,983	+8.8
	Labour	Ramsay MacDonald	514	151	23	63	−40	24.55	33.3	5,281,626	+2.6
	Liberal	H. H. Asquith	339	40	10	128	−118	6.5	17.8	2,818,717	−11.9
	Constitutionalist	N/A	12	7	7	0	+7	1.14	1.2	185,075	+1.1
	Communist	Albert Inkpin	8	1	1	0	+1	0.16	0.2	51,176	+0.1
	Sinn Féin	Éamon de Valera	8	0	0	0	0		0.2	34,181	N/A
	Independent	N/A	7	2	1	1	0	0.32	0.2	25,206	−0.1
	NI Labour	Sam Kyle	1	0	0	0	0		0.1	21,122	N/A
	Scottish Prohibition	Edwin Scrymgeour	1	1	0	0	0	0.16	0.1	14,596	0.0
	Independent Liberal	N/A	1	0	0	1	−1		0.0	3,241	−0.1
	Independent Labour	N/A	1	0	0	0	0		0.0	1,775	−0.1
	Ind. Unionist	N/A	1	0	0	0	0		0.0	517	−0.1
	Irish Nationalist	T. P. O'Connor	1	1	0	0	0	0.16	0.0	0	−0.4

Total votes cast: 15,856,215. Turnout: 77.0%. ^{[4] [b]}

Votes summary

Popular vote Conservative   46.79% Labour   30.68% Liberal   17.78% Others   4.75%

Seats summary

Parliamentary seats Conservative   66.99% Labour   24.55% Liberal   6.50% Others   1.96%

Transfers of seats

• All comparisons are with the 1923 election.
  • In some cases the change is due to the MP defecting to the gaining party. Such circumstances are marked with a *.
  • In other circumstances the change is due to the seat having been won by the gaining party in a by-election in the intervening years, and then retained in 1924. Such circumstances are marked with a †.

To		From		No.	Seats
	Communist		Liberal	1	Battersea North
	Labour			16	Stirling and Falkirk, Paisley, Edinburgh East, Gateshead, Rochdale, Bermondsey West, Southwark Central, Newcastle upon Tyne East, Newcastle upon Tyne West, Burslem, Middlesbrough East, Elland, Keighley, Penistone, Bradford South, Dewsbury
			Conservative	7	Motherwell, Barrow-in-Furness, Liverpool West Toxteth, Lincoln, Peckham, Wolverhampton Bilston, Birmingham King's Norton
Labour gains:				23
	Liberal		Labour	8	Walthamstow West, Bristol North, Hackney South, Norwich (one of two), Bradford East, Batley and Morley, Wrexham, Swansea West
			Independent Liberal	1	Cardiganshire *
Liberal gains:				9
	Conservative		Labour	55	Stirlingshire West, Renfrewshire East, Dunbartonshire, Lanark, Glasgow Partick, Lanarkshire North, Renfrewshire West, Glasgow Maryhill, Kilmarnock, Midlothian & Peebles North, Linlithgow, Berwick & Haddington, Reading, Birkenhead West, Crewe, Carlisle, Whitehaven, Derby (one of two), Barnard Castle, Leyton East, East Ham North, Essex SE, Maldon, Upton, Dartford, Gravesend, Bolton (one of two), Eccles, Oldham (one of two), Salford North, Salford South, Salford West, Warrington, Leicester East, Holland with Boston†, Greenwich, Kennington, Hammersmith North, St Pancras North, St Pancras South East, Norfolk South, Norwich (one of two), Kettering, Northampton, Enfield, Tottenham South, The Wrekin, Frome, Lichfield, Ipswich, Coventry, Wakefield, Bradford Central, Pontefract, Cardiff South
			Liberal	106	Bodmin, Cornwall North, Penryn and Falmouth, St Ives, Banff, East Aberdeenshire & Kincardineshire, Aberdeen and Kincardine Central, Forfarshire, Perth, Fife East, Argyll, Edinburgh West, Edinburgh North, Dumfriesshire, Galloway, Bedfordshire Mid, Luton, Abingdon, Newbury, Aylesbury, Wycombe, Huntingdonshire, Isle of Ely, Altrincham, Birkenhead East, Stalybridge and Hyde, Stockport (one of two), Wirral, Barnstaple, South Molton, Tavistock, Tiverton, Torquay, Totnes, Dorset North, Stockton-on-Tees, The Hartlepools, Chelmsford, Harwich, Stroud, Thornbury, Basingstoke, Portsmouth Central, Isle of Wight, Hemel Hempstead, Kingston upon Hull South West, Sevenoaks, Blackpool, Darwen, Lancaster, Lonsdale, Preston (one of two), Manchester Blackley, Manchester Exchange, Manchester Moss Side, Manchester Rusholme, Manchester Withington, Royton, Bootle, Liverpool Wavertree, Liverpool West Derby, Southport, Bosworth, Harborough, Leicester South, Gainsborough, Horncastle, Louth, Hackney North, Brixton, Islington East, Camberwell North-West, Hackney Central, Stoke Newington, Great Yarmouth, King's Lynn, Norfolk East, Hexham, Nottingham Central, Nottingham East, Finchley, Willesden East, Oxford†, Shrewsbury, Bath, Bridgwater, Taunton, Wells, Weston-super-Mare, Walsall, Sudbury, Chichester, Nuneaton, Rugby, Chippenham, Westbury, Devizes, Salisbury, Cleveland, Bradford North, Sowerby, Flintshire, Pembrokeshire, Brecon and Radnor, Cardiff East
			National Liberal	1	Loughborough
			Independent	1	Harrow 1
Conservative gains:				163
	Constitutionalist		Liberal	5	Accrington, Heywood and Radcliffe, Stretford, Stoke, Camborne
			Conservative	2	Epping, Walthamstow East
	UUP		Nationalist	2	Fermanagh and Tyrone (both seats)

¹ Previous MP had defected to Labour by the time of the 1924 election

See also

• List of MPs elected in the 1924 United Kingdom general election
• 1924 United Kingdom general election in Northern Ireland
• 1924 United Kingdom general election in Scotland

Notes

1. Northern Ireland and university constituencies not shown.
2. All parties shown. The only Irish Nationalist candidate was elected unopposed. The Conservatives include the Ulster Unionists.

1. The seat and vote count figures for the Liberals given here include the Speaker of the House of Commons

References

1. Graper, Elmer D. (1925). "The British Election". American Political Science Review. 19 (1): 84–96. doi:10.2307/2938896. ISSN   0003-0554. JSTOR   2938896. S2CID   145751193.
2. "Parliamentary Election Timetables" (PDF) (3rd ed.). House of Commons Library. 25 March 1997. Retrieved 3 July 2022.
3. Evans, Jeff (2022). The Political Compendium. Newcastle upon Tyne: Zymurgy Publishing. p. 55. ISBN   978-1-903506-49-3.
4. "Election Statistics: UK 1918-2007" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 July 2014. Retrieved 23 May 2014.

Further reading

• Adelman, Paul. The decline of the Liberal Party 1910-1931 (Routledge, 2014).

• Craig, F. W. S. (1989), British Electoral Facts: 1832–1987, Dartmouth: Gower, ISBN   0900178302
• Walker, Graham, and James Greer. "Religion, Labour, and National Questions: The General Election of 1924 in Belfast and Lanarkshire1." Labour History Review 84.3 (2019): 217-240.

External links

• United Kingdom election results—summary results 1885–1979 Archived 8 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine

Manifestos

• 1924 Conservative manifesto
• 1924 Labour manifesto
• 1924 Liberal manifesto