1997 United Kingdom general election

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1997 United Kingdom general election
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg
  1992 1 May 1997 2001  

All 659 seats to the House of Commons
330 seats needed for a majority
Opinion polls
Registered43,846,152 [1]
Turnout31,286,284
71.3% (Decrease2.svg6.4 pp)
 First partySecond partyThird party
 
Tony Blair 1997.jpg
Major PM full (cropped).jpg
Paddy Ashdown (2005) (cropped).jpg
Leader Tony Blair John Major Paddy Ashdown
Party Labour Conservative Liberal Democrats
Leader since 21 July 1994 4 July 1995 [n 1] 16 July 1988
Leader's seat Sedgefield Huntingdon Yeovil
Last election271 seats, 34.4%336 seats, 41.9%20 seats, 17.8%
Seats before27332518
Seats won41816546
Seat changeIncrease2.svg146*Decrease2.svg178*Increase2.svg28*
Popular vote13,518,1679,591,0855,242,947
Percentage43.2%30.6%16.8%
SwingIncrease2.svg8.9%Decrease2.svg11.3%Decrease2.svg1.0%

UK General Election, 1997.svg
Colours denote the winning party, as shown in the main table of results.
* Indicates boundary change, so this is a nominal figure.
Notional 1992 results on new boundaries.

House of Commons elected members, 1997.svg
Composition of the House of Commons after the election

Prime Minister before election

John Major
Conservative

Prime Minister after election

Tony Blair
Labour

The 1997 United Kingdom general election was held on Thursday, 1 May 1997. The governing Conservative Party led by Prime Minister John Major was defeated in a landslide by the opposition Labour Party led by Tony Blair, achieving a 179-seat majority and a total of 419 seats.

Contents

This was the first victory for the Labour party in a general election in nearly 23 years, its previous one registering a majority of 3 seats in October 1974 under the leadership of Harold Wilson. It was also Labour's first comprehensive victory over the Conservatives since the 1966 election, which had produced a 100-seat majority. This election also marked Labour's highest vote share since the 1970 election and its second highest total number of votes in history (the largest being the 1951 election). On the other hand, it was an ignominious end to the 18-year government of the Conservatives, the longest continuous period of government of any party in modern British history. This election marked the third-largest defeat ever suffered by the Conservatives (the largest being the 2024 election) with the party left with just 165 seats—it was left devoid of any MPs outside England, with only 17 MPs north of the Midlands, and with less than 20% of MPs in London. Additionally, the party also registered its lowest share of the vote since 1832 as well as its lowest vote in absolute terms since 1929.

The political backdrop of campaigning focused on public opinion towards a change in government. Blair, as Labour Leader, focused on transforming his party through a more centrist policy platform, titled "New Labour", with promises of devolution referendums for Scotland and Wales, fiscal responsibility, and a decision to nominate more female politicians for election through the use of all-women shortlists from which to choose candidates. Major sought to rebuild public trust in the Conservatives following a series of scandals, including the events of Black Wednesday in 1992, [3] through campaigning on the strength of the economic recovery following the early 1990s recession, but faced divisions within the party over the UK's membership of the European Union. [4]

Opinion polls during campaigning showed strong support for Labour due to Blair's personal popularity, [5] [6] and Blair won a personal public endorsement from The Sun newspaper two months before the vote. [7] The final result of the election on 2 May 1997 revealed that Labour had won a landslide majority, making a net gain of 146 seats and winning 43.2% of the vote. 150 Members of Parliament, including 133 Conservatives, lost their seats. The Conservatives, meanwhile, suffered defeat with a net loss of 178 seats, winning 30.7% of the vote. The Liberal Democrats led by Paddy Ashdown made a net gain of 28 seats, winning 16.8% of the vote. Labour's victory, the largest achieved in its history and by any political party in British politics since the Second World War, brought about the party's first of three consecutive terms in power (lasting a total of 13 years), with Blair as the newly appointed prime minister. The Liberal Democrats' success in the election, in part due to anti-Conservative tactical voting, [8] strengthened both Ashdown's leadership and the party's position as a strong third party, having won the highest number of seats by any third party since 1929.

Although the Conservatives lost many ministers such as Michael Portillo, Tony Newton, Malcolm Rifkind, Ian Lang and William Waldegrave and controversial MPs such as Neil Hamilton and Jonathan Aitken, some of the Conservative newcomers in this election were future Prime Minister Theresa May, future Chancellor of the Exchequer Philip Hammond, future Leader of the House Andrew Lansley, and future Speaker John Bercow. [9] Meanwhile, Labour newcomers included future Cabinet and Shadow Cabinet members Hazel Blears, Ben Bradshaw, Yvette Cooper, Caroline Flint, Barry Gardiner, Alan Johnson, Ruth Kelly, John McDonnell, Stephen Twigg and Rosie Winterton, as well as future Scottish Labour Leader Jim Murphy and future Speaker Lindsay Hoyle. The election of 120 women, including 101 to the Labour benches, came to be seen as a watershed moment in female political representation in the UK. [10]

Background

The British economy had been in recession at the time of the 1992 general election, which the governing Conservative Party led by John Major had won. The recession ended within a year, but later events such as Black Wednesday severely tarnished the Conservative government's reputation for economic management. Meanwhile, the opposition Labour Party elected John Smith as its leader in 1992 to succeed Neil Kinnock; however, Smith's death from a heart attack in 1994 led to a leadership election which was won by shadow home secretary Tony Blair.

Blair sought to bring the party closer to the political centre of the era, including rebranding the party as "New Labour". He convinced the party's members and affiliated trades unions to support the removal of Clause IV from its constitution, which had committed it to the mass nationalisation of industry, and the party also reversed its policy on unilateral nuclear disarmament. The events of Black Wednesday also meant Labour—and shadow chancellor Gordon Brown—were perceived as offering more competent economic management than the Conservatives.

Labour's manifesto, New Labour, New Life for Britain , was published in 1996 and outlined five key pledges:

Disputes within the Conservative government over European Union issues, and a variety of "sleaze" allegations, severely affected the government's popularity. Despite the economic recovery and fall in unemployment in the four years leading up to the election, the rise in Conservative support was only marginal, with all of the major opinion polls showing Labour in a comfortable lead from late 1992 onwards. [11]

Following the 1992 general election, the Conservatives remained in government with 336 of the 651 House of Commons seats, but through a series of defections and by-election defeats the government gradually lost its absolute majority. By 1997, the Conservatives held only 324 seats and had not won a by-election since Richmond in 1989.

Timing

The previous Parliament first sat on 29 April 1992. The Parliament Act 1911 required at the time for each Parliament to be dissolved before the fifth anniversary of its first sitting; therefore, the latest date the dissolution and the summoning of the next parliament could have been held on was 28 April 1997.

The 1985 amendment of the Representation of the People Act 1983 required that the election must take place on the eleventh working day after the deadline for nomination papers, which in turn must be no more than six working days after the next parliament was summoned.

Therefore, the latest date the election could have been held on was 22 May 1997 (which happened to be a Thursday). British elections (and referendums) have been held on Thursdays by convention since the 1930s, but can be held on other working days.

Campaign

Major called the election on Monday 17 March 1997, ensuring the formal campaign would be unusually long, at six weeks (Parliament was dissolved on 8 April). [12] The election was scheduled for 1 May, to coincide with the local elections on the same day. This set a precedent, as the three subsequent general elections were also held alongside the May local elections.

The Conservatives argued that a long campaign would expose Labour and allow the Conservative message to be heard. However, Major was accused of arranging an early dissolution to protect Neil Hamilton from a pending parliamentary report into his conduct: a report that Major had earlier guaranteed would be published before the election. [13]

In March 1997, soon after the election was called, Asda introduced a range of election-themed beers, these being "Major's Mild", "Tony's Tipple" and "Ashdown's Ale". [14]

The political backdrop of campaigning focused on public opinion towards a change in government. Blair, as Labour leader, focused on transforming his party through a more centrist policy platform, titled "New Labour", with promises of devolution referendums for Scotland and Wales, fiscal responsibility, and a decision to nominate more female politicians for election through the use of all-women shortlists from which to choose candidates. Major sought to rebuild public trust in the Conservatives following a series of scandals, including the events of Black Wednesday in 1992, [3] through campaigning on the strength of the economic recovery following the early 1990s recession, but faced divisions within the party over the UK's membership of the European Union. [4]

Opinion polls during campaigning showed strong support for Labour due to Blair's personal popularity, [5] [6] and Blair won a personal public endorsement from The Sun newspaper two months before the vote. [7]

Conservative campaign

Major hoped that a long campaign would expose Labour's "hollowness" and the Conservative campaign emphasised stability, as did its manifesto title 'You can only be sure with the Conservatives'. [15] However, the campaign was beset by deep-set problems, such as the rise of James Goldsmith's Referendum Party which advocated a referendum on continued membership of the European Union. The party threatened to take away many right-leaning voters from the Conservatives. Furthermore, about 200 candidates broke with official Conservative policy to oppose British membership of the single European currency. [16] Major fought back, saying: "Whether you agree with me or disagree with me; like me or loathe me, don't bind my hands when I am negotiating on behalf of the British nation." The moment is remembered as one of the defining, and most surreal, moments of the election. [17] [15]

Meanwhile, there was also division amongst the Conservative cabinet, with Chancellor Kenneth Clarke describing the views of Home Secretary Michael Howard on Europe as "paranoid and xenophobic nonsense". The Conservatives also struggled to come up with a definitive theme to attack Labour, with some strategists arguing for an approach which castigated Labour for "stealing Tory clothes" (copying their positions), with others making the case for a more confrontational approach, stating that "New Labour" was just a façade for "old Labour".

The New Labour, New Danger poster, which depicted Tony Blair with demon eyes, was an example of the latter strategy. Major veered between the two approaches, which left Conservative Central Office staff frustrated. As Andrew Cooper explained: "We repeatedly tried and failed to get him to understand that you couldn't say that they were dangerous and copying you at the same time." [18] In any case, the campaign failed to gain much traction, and the Conservatives went down to a landslide defeat at the polls.

Labour campaign

Labour ran a slick campaign that emphasised the splits within the Conservative government and argued that the country needed a more centrist administration. It thus successfully picked up dissatisfied Conservative voters, particularly moderate and suburban ones. Tony Blair, who was personally highly popular, was very much the centrepiece of the campaign and proved a highly effective campaigner.

The Labour campaign was reminiscent of those of Bill Clinton for the US presidency in 1992 and 1996, focusing on centrist themes as well as adopting policies more commonly associated with the right, such as cracking down on crime and fiscal responsibility. The influence of political "spin" came into great effect for Labour at this point, as media centric figures such as Alastair Campbell and Peter Mandelson provided a clear cut campaign, and establishing a relatively new political brand New Labour with enviable success. In this election Labour adopted the theme Things Can Only Get Better in their campaign and advertising. [19] [20]

Liberal Democrat campaign

The Liberal Democrats had suffered a disappointing performance in 1992, but they were very much strengthened in 1997 due in part to potential tactical voting between Labour and Lib Dem supporters in Conservative marginal constituencies, particularly in the south of England – which explains why while given their share of the vote decreased, their number of seats nearly doubled. [8] The Lib Dems promised to increase education funding paid for by a 1p increase in income tax.

Endorsements

Opinion polling

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Labour
Conservatives
Liberal Democrats Opinion polls United Kingdom 1997.svg
  Labour
  Conservatives
  Liberal Democrats

Notional 1992 results

The notional results of the 1992 election, as shown on a map of the 1997 constituencies. 1997 UK Election Notional Result.png
The notional results of the 1992 election, as shown on a map of the 1997 constituencies.

The election was fought under new boundaries, with a net increase of eight seats compared to the 1992 election (651 to 659). Changes listed here are from the notional 1992 result, had it been fought on the boundaries established in 1997. These notional results were calculated by Colin Rallings and Michael Thrasher and were used by all media organisations at the time.

Notional UK General Election 1992
PartySeatsGainsLossesNet gain/lossSeats %Votes %Votes+/−
  Labour 2731715+241.634.411,560,484
  Conservative 3432821+752.141.914,093,007
  Liberal Democrats 180222.717.85,999,384
  Other parties 2510+13.65.9

Results

Equal-area projection of constituencies 1997 UK General Election Constituencies.svg
Equal-area projection of constituencies
Result by countries and English regions 1997 UK general election, countries and regions.svg
Result by countries and English regions

Labour won a landslide victory with its largest parliamentary majority (179) to date. On the BBC's election night programme Professor Anthony King described the result of the exit poll, which accurately predicted a Labour landslide, as being akin to "an asteroid hitting the planet and destroying practically all life on Earth". After years of trying, Labour had convinced the electorate that they would usher in a new age of prosperity—their policies, organisation and tone of optimism slotting perfectly into place.

Labour's victory was largely credited to the charisma of Tony Blair, [23] as well as a Labour public relations machine managed by Alastair Campbell and Peter Mandelson. Between the 1992 election and the 1997 election there had also been major steps to "modernise" the party, including scrapping Clause IV that had committed the party to extending public ownership of industry. Labour had suddenly seized the middle ground of the political spectrum, attracting voters much further to the right than their traditional working class or left wing support. In the early hours of 2 May 1997 a party was held at the Royal Festival Hall, in which Blair stated that "a new dawn has broken, has it not?"

The election was a crushing defeat for the Conservatives, with the party having its lowest percentage share of the popular vote since 1832 under the Duke of Wellington's leadership, being wiped out in Scotland and Wales. A number of prominent Conservative MPs lost their seats in the election, including Michael Portillo, Malcolm Rifkind, Edwina Currie, David Mellor, Neil Hamilton and Norman Lamont. Such was the extent of Conservative losses at the election that Cecil Parkinson, speaking on the BBC's election night programme, joked upon the Conservatives winning their second seat that he was pleased that the subsequent election for the leadership would be contested.

The Liberal Democrats stood on a more left-wing manifesto than Labour, [23] [24] and more than doubled their number of seats thanks to the use of tactical voting against the Conservatives. [8] Although their share of the vote fell slightly, their total of 46 MPs was the highest for any UK Liberal party since David Lloyd George led the party to 59 seats in 1929.

The Referendum Party, which sought a referendum on the United Kingdom's relationship with the European Union, came fourth in terms of votes with 800,000 votes and won no seats in parliament. [25]

The six parties with the next highest votes stood only in either Scotland, Northern Ireland or Wales; in order, they were the Scottish National Party, the Ulster Unionist Party, the Social Democratic and Labour Party, Plaid Cymru, Sinn Féin, and the Democratic Unionist Party.

In the previously safe seat of Tatton, where incumbent Conservative MP Neil Hamilton was facing charges of having taken cash for questions, the Labour and Liberal Democrat parties decided not to field candidates in order that an independent candidate, Martin Bell, would have a better chance of winning the seat, which he did with a comfortable margin.

The result declared for the constituency of Winchester showed a margin of victory of just two votes for the Liberal Democrats. The defeated Conservative candidate mounted a successful legal challenge to the result on the grounds that errors by election officials (failures to stamp certain votes) had changed the result; the court ruled the result invalid and ordered a by-election on 20 November which was won by the Liberal Democrats with a much larger majority, causing much recrimination in the Conservative Party about the decision to challenge the original result in the first place.

This election saw a doubling of the number of women in parliament, from 60 elected in 1992 to 120 elected in 1997. [26] 101 of them (controversially described as Blair Babes) were on the Labour benches, [27] a number driven by the Labour Party's 1993 policy (ruled illegally discriminatory in 1996) of all-women shortlists. This election has therefore been widely seen as a watershed moment for representation of women in the UK. [28] [29] [30] [31]

This election marked the start of Labour government for the next 13 years, lasting until the formation of the Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition in 2010.

1997 UK parliament.svg

1997 United Kingdom general election [25]
CandidatesVotes
PartyLeaderStoodElectedGainedUnseatedNet % of total %No.Net %
  Labour Tony Blair 6394191460+14663.443.213,518,167+8.8
  Conservative John Major 6481650178–17825.030.79,591,085–11.2
  Liberal Democrats Paddy Ashdown 63946302+287.016.85,242,947–1.0
  Referendum James Goldsmith 54700002.6811,849N/A
  SNP Alex Salmond 72630+30.92.0621,550+0.1
  UUP David Trimble 1610 1 0+11.50.8258,3490.0
  SDLP John Hume 1830 1 –10.50.6190,814+0.1
  Plaid Cymru Dafydd Wigley 4040000.60.5161,0300.0
  Sinn Féin Gerry Adams 17220+20.30.4126,9210.0
  DUP Ian Paisley 920 1 –10.30.3107,3480.0
  UKIP Alan Sked 19300000.3105,722N/A
  Independent N/A25 1 1 0+10.20.264,4820.0
  Alliance John Alderdice 1700000.262,9720.0
  Green Peg Alexander and David Taylor 8900000.261,731–0.2
  Socialist Labour Arthur Scargill 6400000.252,109N/A
  Liberal Michael Meadowcroft 5300000.145,166–0.1
  BNP John Tyndall 5700000.135,8320.0
  Natural Law Geoffrey Clements19700000.130,604–0.1
  Speaker Betty Boothroyd 1 1 1 000.123,969
  ProLife Alliance Bruno Quintavalle5600000.119,332N/A
  UK Unionist Robert McCartney 1 1 1 0+10.20.012,817N/A
  PUP Hugh Smyth 300000.010,928N/A
  National Democrats Ian Anderson 2100000.010,829N/A
  Socialist Alternative Peter Taaffe 00000.09,906N/A
  Scottish Socialist Tommy Sheridan 1600000.09,740N/A
  Independent N/A400000.09,233– 0.1
  Ind. Conservative N/A400000.08,608–0.1
  Monster Raving Loony Screaming Lord Sutch 2400000.07,906–0.1
  Make Politicians History Rainbow George Weiss 2900000.03,745N/A
  NI Women's Coalition Monica McWilliams and Pearl Sagar 300000.03,024N/A
  Workers' Party Tom French 800000.02,766–0.1
  National Front John McAuley600000.02,716N/A
  Cannabis Law Reform Howard Marks 400000.02,085N/A
  Socialist People's Party Jim Hamezian 1 00000.01,995N/A
  Mebyon Kernow Loveday Jenkin 400000.01,906N/A
  Scottish Green Robin Harper 500000.01,721
  Conservative Anti-Euro Christopher Story 1 00000.01,434N/A
  Socialist (GB) None500000.01,359N/A
 Community RepresentativeRalph Knight 1 00000.01,290N/A
  Neighborhood association 1 00000.01,263N/A
  SDP John Bates200000.01,246–0.1
  Workers Revolutionary Sheila Torrance900000.01,178N/A
 Real LabourN/A 1 00000.01,117N/A
  Independent Democrat N/A00000.0982
  Independent N/A00000.0890
  Communist Mike Hicks 300000.0639
  Independent N/A 1 00000.0593
  Green (NI) 1 00000.0539
  Socialist Equality Davy Hyland300000.0505
All parties with more than 500 votes shown. Labour total includes New Labour and "Labour Time for Change" candidates; Conservative total includes candidates in Northern Ireland (excluded in some lists) and "Loyal Conservative" candidate.[ citation needed ]

The Popular Unionist MP elected in 1992 died in 1995, and the party folded shortly afterwards.

There was no incumbent Speaker in the 1992 election.
Government's new majority179
Total votes cast31,286,284
Turnout71.3%
Seats won in the election (outer ring) against number of votes (inner ring). Results of the UK General Election, 1997.svg
Seats won in the election (outer ring) against number of votes (inner ring).
Popular vote
Labour
43.2%
Conservative
30.7%
Liberal Democrat
16.8%
Referendum
2.6%
Scottish National
2.0%
Others
1.9%
Parliamentary seats
Labour
63.4%
Conservative
25.0%
Liberal Democrat
7.0%
Scottish National
0.9%
Ulster Unionist
1.5%
Others
2.1%
The disproportionality of the house of parliament in the 1997 election was 16.71 according to the Gallagher Index, mainly between Labour and the Liberal Democrats. 1997 UK General Election Gallagher Index.png
The disproportionality of the house of parliament in the 1997 election was 16.71 according to the Gallagher Index, mainly between Labour and the Liberal Democrats.

Results by constituent country

LABCONLDSNPPCNI partiesOthersTotal
England 32816534---2529
Wales 34-2-4--40
Scotland 56-106---72
Northern Ireland -----18-18
Total4191654664182 (inc Speaker)659

Defeated MPs

MPs who lost their seats

Post-election events

The poor results for the Conservative Party led to infighting, with the One Nation group, Tory Reform Group, and right-wing Maastricht Rebels blaming each other for the defeat. Party chairman Brian Mawhinney said on the night of the election that defeat was due to disillusionment with 18 years of Conservative rule. John Major resigned as party leader, saying "When the curtain falls, it is time to get off the stage". [32]

Following the defeat, the Conservatives began their longest continuous spell in opposition in the history of the present day (post–Tamworth Manifesto) Conservative Party – and indeed the longest such spell for any incarnation of the Tories/Conservatives since the 1760s and the end of the Whig Supremacy under Kings George I and George II – lasting 13 years, including the whole of the 2000s. [33] Throughout this period, their representation in the Commons remained consistently below 200 MPs.

Meanwhile, Paddy Ashdown's continued leadership of the Liberal Democrats was assured, and they were felt to be in a position to build positively as a strong third party into the new millennium, [34] culminating in their sharing power in the 2010 coalition with the Conservatives.

Internet coverage

With the huge rise in internet use since the previous general election, BBC News created a special website – BBC Politics 97 – covering the election. [35] This site was an experiment for the efficiency of an online news service which was due for launch later in the year. [36]

See also

Footnotes

  1. Conservative party leader John Major resigned as Leader of the Conservative Party on 22 June 1995 to face critics in his party and government, and was reelected as Leader on 4 July 1995. Prior to his resignation, he had held the post of Leader of the Conservative Party since 28 November 1990. [2]

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">2010 United Kingdom government formation</span>

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">2015 United Kingdom general election</span>

The 2015 United Kingdom general election was held on Thursday, 7 May 2015 to elect 650 members of Parliament (MPs) to the House of Commons. The governing Conservative Party, led by prime minister David Cameron, won a unexpected majority victory of ten seats; they had been leading a coalition government with the Liberal Democrats. It was the last general election to be held before the UK voted to leave the European Union (EU) in June 2016.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2015 United Kingdom general election in Scotland</span>

A general election was held in the United Kingdom on 7 May 2015 and all 59 seats in Scotland were contested under the first-past-the-post, single-member district electoral system. Unlike the 2010 general election, where no seats changed party, the Scottish National Party (SNP) won all but three seats in Scotland, gaining a total of 56 seats. The SNP received what remains the largest number of votes gained by a single political party in a United Kingdom general election in Scotland in British history, breaking the previous record set by the Labour Party in 1964 and taking the largest share of the Scottish vote in sixty years, at approximately 50 per cent.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2017 United Kingdom general election</span>

The 2017 United Kingdom general election was held on Thursday 8 June 2017, two years after the previous general election in 2015; it was the first since 1992 to be held on a day that did not coincide with any local elections. The governing Conservative Party led by the prime minister Theresa May remained the largest single party in the House of Commons but lost its small overall majority, resulting in the formation of a Conservative minority government with a confidence and supply agreement with the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) of Northern Ireland.

3,971 candidates stood in the United Kingdom general election of 2015, which was held on 7 May 2015.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2019 United Kingdom general election</span> General Election to the House of Commons December 2019

The 2019 United Kingdom general election was held on Thursday 12 December 2019, with 47,567,752 registered voters entitled to vote to elect 650 Members of Parliament (MPs) to the House of Commons. The governing Conservative Party, led by the prime minister Boris Johnson, won a landslide victory with a majority of 80 seats, a net gain of 48, on 43.6 per cent of the popular vote, the highest percentage for any party since the 1979 general election, though with a narrower popular vote margin than that achieved by the Labour Party over the Conservatives at the 1997 general election. This was the second national election to be held in 2019 in the United Kingdom, the first being the 2019 European Parliament election.

References

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Further reading

Manifestos