List of United Kingdom general elections

Last updated

United Kingdom general elections (elections for the House of Commons) have occurred in the United Kingdom since the first in 1802. The members of the 1801–1802 Parliament had been elected to the former Parliament of Great Britain and Parliament of Ireland, before being co-opted to serve in the first Parliament of the United Kingdom, so that Parliament is not included in the table below. There have been 58 general elections held in the UK up to and including the 2024 general election.

Contents

Election results

Shares of the vote in general elections since 1832 received by Conservatives (blue), Liberals/Liberal Democrats (orange), Labour (red) and others (grey) UK popular vote.svg
Shares of the vote in general elections since 1832 received by Conservatives (blue), Liberals/Liberal Democrats (orange), Labour (red) and others (grey)

In 1801, the right to vote in the United Kingdom was severely restricted. Universal suffrage, on an equal basis for men and women over the age of 21, was established in 1928. Before 1918, general elections did not occur on a single day and polling was spread over several weeks.

The majority figure given is for the difference between the number of MPs elected at the general election from the party (or parties) of the government, as opposed to all other parties (some of which may have been giving some support to the government, but were not participating in a coalition). The Speaker is excluded from the calculation. A negative majority means that there was a hung parliament (or minority government) following that election. For example, at the 1929 general election, Labour was 42 seats short of forming a majority, and so its majority is listed as −42. If the party in office changed the figure is re-calculated, but no allowance is made for changes after the general election.

No attempt is made to define a majority before 1832, when the Reform Act disenfranchised the rotten boroughs; before then the Tory party had an undemocratically entrenched dominance. Particularly in the early part of the period, the complexity of factional alignments, with both the Whig and Tory traditions tending to have some members in government and others in opposition factions simultaneously, make it impossible to produce an objective majority figure. The figures between 1832 and about 1859 are approximate due to problems of defining what was a party in government, as the source provides figures for all Liberals rather than just the Whig component in what developed into the Liberal Party. The Whig and Peelite Prime Ministers in the table below are regarded as having the support of all Liberals.

List of elections

19th century

ElectionNo.DatesPrime minister appointed by monarch
(during term)
Winning partyGovernment
vote share
Seat majoritySeatsMonarch
1802
(MPs)
1st5 July – 28 August 1802 Henry Addington Tory N/AN/A658 George III
(William Pitt the Younger) [a]
1806
(MPs)
2nd29 October – 17 December 1806 The Lord Grenville Whig N/AN/A658
1807
(MPs)
3rd4 May – 9 June 1807 The Duke of Portland ToryN/AN/A658
(Spencer Perceval) [a]
1812
(MPs)
4th5 October – 10 November 1812 The Earl of Liverpool
1818
(MPs)
5th17 June – 18 July 1818
1820
(MPs)
6th6 March – 14 April 1820 George IV
1826
(MPs)
7th7 June – 12 July 1826 George Canning [a]
(The Viscount Goderich)
(The Duke of Wellington)
1830
(MPs)
8th29 July – 1 September 1830The Duke of Wellington [b] [4] William IV
1831
(MPs)
9th28 April – 1 June 1831 The Earl Grey Whig N/A135658
1832
(MPs)
10th10 December 1832 – 8 January 1833 [5] The Earl Grey67.0%225
(The Viscount Melbourne) [c] [6]
10 December 1832 – 8 January 1833 [7] (The Duke of Wellington) Conservative 29.2%−308658
(Sir Robert Peel)
1835
(MPs)
11th6 January – 6 February 1835Sir Robert Peel [d] [8] 42.8%−113
6 January – 6 February 1835(The Viscount Melbourne) Whig 57.2%113658
1837
(MPs)
12th24 July – 18 August 1837The Viscount Melbourne [e] [9] 52.4%29 Victoria
1841
(MPs)
13th29 June – 22 July 1841The Viscount Melbourne [f] [10] 46.2%N/A
29 June – 22 July 1841(Sir Robert Peel) [g] [11] Conservative51.6%77658
29 June – 22 July 1841(Lord John Russell) Whig 46.2%N/A658
1847
(MPs)
14th29 July – 26 August 1847Lord John Russell [h] [12] 53.8%−72656
29 July – 26 August 1847(The Earl of Derby)Conservative42.6%N/A656
1852
(MPs)
15th7–31 July 1852The Earl of Derby [i] [13] 41.9%7654
7–31 July 1852(The Earl of Aberdeen) [j] [14] Peelite N/AN/A654
7–31 July 1852(The Viscount Palmerston) Whig 57.9%N/A654
1857
(MPs)
16th27 March – 24 April 1857The Viscount Palmerston [k] [15] 64.8%100
27 March – 24 April 1857(The Earl of Derby)Conservative33.5%N/A654
1859
(MPs)
17th28 April – 18 May 1859The Earl of Derby [l] [16] 34.2%
28 April – 18 May 1859(The Viscount Palmerston) Liberal 65.8%59654
1865
(MPs)
18th11–24 July 1865The Viscount Palmerston [a] 59.5%81658
(The Earl Russell) [m] [17] N/A
11–24 July 1865(The Earl of Derby)Conservative40.5%N/A658
(Benjamin Disraeli)
1868
(MPs)
19th17 November – 7 December 1868 William Ewart Gladstone Liberal61.2%115658
1874
(MPs)
20th31 January – 17 February 1874Benjamin DisraeliConservative44.3%49652
1880
(MPs)
21st31 March – 27 April 1880William Ewart Gladstone [18] Liberal54.7%51652
31 March – 27 April 1880(The Marquess of Salisbury)Conservative42.5%N/A652
1885
(MPs)
22nd24 November – 18 December 1885The Marquess of Salisbury [19] Conservative [n] 43.0%670
24 November – 18 December 1885(William Ewart Gladstone) [20] Liberal47.7%−16670
1886
(MPs)
23rd1–27 July 1886The Marquess of SalisburyConservative & Liberal Unionists51.4%58670
1892
(MPs)
24th4–26 July 1892The Marquess of Salisbury [21] 47.0%N/A
4–26 July 1892(William Ewart Gladstone)Liberal45.4%−126670
(The Earl of Rosebery) [22]
4–26 July 1892(The Marquess of Salisbury) [o] Conservative & Liberal Unionists47.0%N/A670
1895
(MPs)
25th13 July – 7 August 1895The Marquess of Salisbury49.3%153
1900
(MPs)
26th26 September – 24 October 1900 [p] The Marquess of Salisbury50.2%135
(Arthur Balfour)N/A
26 September – 24 October 1900 [p] (Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman) [o] Liberal45.1%N/A670
  1. 1 2 3 4 Died in office.
  2. Was defeated on a motion to examine the accounts of the Civil List on 15 November 1830 and resigned the following day.
  3. Was dismissed by William IV on 14 November 1834.
  4. Peel was defeated on a report about the Irish Church on 7 April 1835 and resigned the following day.
  5. Defeated on a motion of no confidence on 4 June 1841 and advised the Queen to dissolve Parliament, which she did on 23 June.
  6. Ministry met the House of Commons, but was defeated on an amendment to the Address on 27 August 1841 and resigned on 30 August 1841.
  7. Was defeated on an Irish Coercion Bill on 25 June 1846 and resigned on 29 June 1846.
  8. Was defeated on a militia bill on 20 February 1852 and resigned on 23 February.
  9. Was defeated on the Budget on 16 December 1852 and resigned on 19 December 1852.
  10. Was defeated on a vote in favour of a select committee to enquire into alleged mismanagement during the Crimean War on 29 January 1855 and resigned the next day.
  11. Was defeated on a Bill, which made it a felony to plot in Britain to murder someone abroad, on 19 February 1858 and resigned on the same day.
  12. Ministry met the Commons, but was defeated on an amendment to the Address on 10 June 1859 and resigned on 11 June 1859.
  13. Was defeated on Parliamentary reform proposals on 18 June 1866 and resigned on 26 June 1866.
  14. Hung parliament.
  15. 1 2 Immediately advised the dissolution of Parliament upon becoming Prime Minister.
  16. 1 2 Known as a Khaki election which is an election heavily influenced by wartime or postwar sentiment.

20th century

ElectionNo.DatePrime minister appointed by monarch
(during term)
Winning partyGovernment
vote share
Seat majoritySeatsTurnout [23] Monarch
1906
(MPs)
27th12 January – 8 February 1906Sir Henry Campbell-BannermanLiberal48.9%129670N/A Edward VII
(H. H. Asquith)
1910
(MPs)
28th15 January – 10 February 1910H. H. AsquithLiberal (minority government) [a] 43.5%−122670N/A
1910
(MPs)
29th3–19 December 1910H. H. Asquith44.2%−126 George V
(David Lloyd George)
The election that would have been due by 1916 as a result of the Parliament Act 1911 was not held due to the First World War (1914–1918).
1918
(MPs)
30th14 December 1918David Lloyd GeorgeLiberal (coalition) [b] 53.0%23870757.2%
14 December 1918(Bonar Law) [c] Conservative53.0%23870757.2%
1922
(MPs)
31st15 November 1922Bonar Law38.5%7461573.0%
(Stanley Baldwin)
1923
(MPs)
32nd6 December 1923Stanley Baldwin [24] Conservative (minority government) [a] N/A61571.1%
(Ramsay MacDonald) Labour (minority government)30.7%−98
1924
(MPs)
33rd29 October 1924Stanley BaldwinConservative46.8%21061577.0%
1929
(MPs)
34th30 May 1929 [d] Ramsay MacDonaldLabour (minority government) [a] 37.1%−4261576.3%
1931
(MPs)
35th27 October 1931Ramsay MacDonald National Labour (National Government)67.2%49261576.4%
1935
(MPs)
36th14 November 1935Stanley BaldwinConservative (National Government)51.8%24261571.1%
(Neville Chamberlain) George VI
(Sir Winston Churchill)Conservative (war-time coalition)97.7%609
Conservative (caretaker government)51.8%242
The election due by 1940 was not held due to the Second World War (1939–1945). [25]
1945
(MPs)
37th5 July 1945 Clement Attlee Labour47.7%14664072.8%
1950
(MPs)
38th23 February 195046.1%562583.9%
1951
(MPs)
39th25 October 1951Sir Winston ChurchillConservative48.0% [e] 1762582.6%
(Sir Anthony Eden) Elizabeth II
1955
(MPs)
40th26 May 1955Sir Anthony Eden49.7%60 630 76.8%
(Harold Macmillan)
1959
(MPs)
41st8 October 1959Harold Macmillan49.4%10078.7%
(Sir Alec Douglas-Home)
1964
(MPs)
42nd15 October 1964 Harold Wilson Labour44.1%463077.1%
1966
(MPs)
43rd31 March 196648.0%9875.8%
1970
(MPs)
44th18 June 1970 Edward Heath Conservative46.4%3063072.0%
1974
(MPs)
45th28 February 1974Harold WilsonLabour (minority government) [a] 37.2%−3363078.8%
1974
(MPs)
46th10 October 1974Harold WilsonLabour39.2%3 635 72.8%
(James Callaghan)
1979
(MPs)
47th3 May 1979 Margaret Thatcher Conservative43.9%4363576.0%
1983
(MPs)
48th9 June 198342.4%144 650 72.7%
1987
(MPs)
49th11 June 1987Margaret Thatcher42.2%10275.3%
(John Major)
1992
(MPs)
50th9 April 1992John Major41.9%2165177.7%
1997
(MPs)
51st1 May 1997 Tony Blair Labour43.2%17965971.4%
  1. 1 2 3 4 Hung parliament.
  2. Coalition Coupon. The Conservative party (led by Bonar Law) won the most votes and seats, but David Lloyd George became Prime Minister as leader of the Liberal party as part of a major cross-party deal.
  3. Bonar Law immediately advised the dissolution of Parliament upon becoming Prime Minister on 23 October 1922.
  4. Known as the 'flapper' election because it was the first election in which women aged 21–29 had the right to vote.
  5. In the 1951 general election, although the Labour Party won a plurality of votes (48.8%), it was the Conservative Party with 48% of the voteshare that won a 17-seat majority and would go on to form the next government.


21st century

ElectionNo.DatePrime minister appointed by monarch
(during term)
Winning partyGovernment
vote share
Seat majoritySeatsTurnout [23] Monarch
2001
(MPs)
52nd7 June 2001 Tony Blair Labour40.7%16765959.4% Elizabeth II
2005
(MPs)
53rd5 May 2005 Tony Blair 35.2%6664661.4%
(Gordon Brown) [a]
2010
(MPs)
54th6 May 2010 David Cameron Conservative (coalition) [b] 59.1% [c] 78 [d] 65065.1%
2015
(MPs)
55th7 May 2015David CameronConservative36.8%1265066.1%
(Theresa May) [e]
2017
(MPs)
56th8 June 2017Theresa MayConservative (confidence and supply government) [f] 42.3%−5 [g] 65068.8% [26]
(Boris Johnson) [h]
2019
(MPs)
57th12 December 2019Boris JohnsonConservative43.6%8065067.3%
(Liz Truss) [i]
(Rishi Sunak) [j] Charles III
2024
(MPs)
58th4 July 2024 Sir Keir Starmer Labour33.7%17465059.9%
  1. Brown succeeded Blair as leader of the Labour party on 24 June 2007, after being unopposed in a party leadership election. He officially became Prime Minister 3 days later.
  2. Hung parliament. Formed a coalition with the Liberal Democrats, led by Nick Clegg (who became Deputy Prime Minister).
  3. Includes the vote share of both the Conservatives (36.1%) and Liberal Democrats (23%).
  4. Combined coalition total.
  5. May succeeded Cameron as Prime Minister on 13 July 2016, following a short party leadership election.
  6. Hung parliament.
  7. Confidence and supply agreement with the Democratic Unionist Party.
  8. Johnson succeeded May as Prime Minister on 24 July 2019 – two days after being elected leader of the Conservative Party in a party leadership election.
  9. Truss succeeded Johnson as Prime Minister on 6 September 2022 – the day after being elected leader of the Conservative Party in the July–September party leadership election.
  10. Sunak succeeded Truss as Prime Minister on 25 October 2022 – the day after being elected (without opposition) leader of the Conservative Party in the October party leadership election.

See also

Notes

    1. Including Tory (1832), Conservative (from 1835), Liberal Conservative (1847–1859), Liberal Unionist (1886–1910), National parties (1931–1945).
    2. Including Whig (to mid-19th century), Liberal (mid-19th century to 1979), National Liberal (1922), Independent Liberal (1931), SDP-Liberal Alliance (1983–1987) and Liberal Democrat (from 1992).

    Related Research Articles

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Politics of the United Kingdom</span>

    The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy which, by legislation and convention, operates as a unitary parliamentary democracy. A hereditary monarch, currently King Charles III, serves as head of state while the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, currently Sir Keir Starmer since 2024, serves as the head of the elected government.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Robert Peel</span> Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1834–1835; 1841–1846)

    Sir Robert Peel, 2nd Baronet, was a British Conservative statesman who twice was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, and simultaneously was Chancellor of the Exchequer (1834–1835). He previously was Home Secretary twice. He is regarded as the father of modern British policing, owing to his founding of the Metropolitan Police while he was Home Secretary. Peel was one of the founders of the modern Conservative Party.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">John Russell, 1st Earl Russell</span> Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, 1846–1852 and 1865–1866

    John Russell, 1st Earl Russell, known as Lord John Russell before 1861, was a British Whig and Liberal statesman who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1846 to 1852 and again from 1865 to 1866.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby</span> British statesman (1799–1869)

    Edward George Geoffrey Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby, known as Lord Stanley from 1834 to 1851, was a British statesman and Conservative politician who served three times as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. To date, he is the longest-serving leader of the Conservative Party (1846–68). He is one of only four British prime ministers to have three or more separate periods in office. However, his ministries each lasted less than two years and totalled three years and 280 days. Derby introduced the state education system in Ireland, and reformed Parliament.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">1922 United Kingdom general election</span>

    The 1922 United Kingdom general election was held on Wednesday 15 November 1922. It was won by the Conservative Party, led by Prime Minister Andrew Bonar Law, which gained an overall majority over the Labour Party, led by J. R. Clynes, and a divided Liberal Party.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">1852 United Kingdom general election</span>

    The 1852 United Kingdom general election was held between 7 July 1852 and 31 July 1852 to elect members of the House of Commons, the lower house of Parliament of the United Kingdom. It was a watershed in the formation of the modern political parties of Britain. Following 1852, the Tory/Conservative party became, more completely, the party of the rural aristocracy, while the Whig/Liberal party became the party of the rising urban bourgeoisie in Britain. The results of the election were extremely close in terms of the numbers of seats won by the two main parties.

    A hung parliament is a term used in legislatures primarily under the Westminster system to describe a situation in which no single political party or pre-existing coalition has an absolute majority of legislators in a parliament or other legislature. This situation is also known as a balanced parliament, or—for local government in the United Kingdom—a parliament under no overall control (NOC). A hung parliament may result in a coalition government, a minority government, or a snap election if a government cannot be formed.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)</span> Politician who leads the UK official opposition

    The Leader of His Majesty's Most Loyal Opposition, more commonly referred to as the Leader of the Opposition, is the person who leads the Official Opposition in the United Kingdom. The position is seen as the shadow head of government of the United Kingdom and thus the shadow prime minister of the United Kingdom.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Richmond (Yorks) (UK Parliament constituency)</span> Former Parliamentary constituency in the United Kingdom, 1585–2024

    Richmond (Yorks) was a constituency in North Yorkshire in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament. It was represented from 1910 by members of the Conservative Party. The last MP for Richmond was Rishi Sunak, the former Prime Minister and Conservative leader from 2022 to 2024.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Ipswich (UK Parliament constituency)</span> Parliamentary constituency in the United Kingdom, 1295 onwards

    Ipswich is a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since July 2024 by Jack Abbott of the Labour Party.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Henry Grattan (junior)</span> Irish politician

    Henry Grattan was an Irish politician, who was Member of Parliament for Dublin City on behalf of the Whigs from 1826 to 1830 in the British House of Commons. From 1831 to 1852, he represented Meath for the Repeal Association.

    In parliamentary politics, balance of power is a situation in which one or more members of a parliamentary or similar chamber can by their uncommitted vote enable a party to attain and remain in minority government. The term may also be applied to the members who hold that position. The members holding the balance of power may guarantee their support for a government by either joining it in a coalition government or by an assurance that they will vote against any motion of no confidence in the government or will abstain in such a vote. In return for such a commitment, such members may demand legislative or policy commitments from the party they are to support. A person or party may also hold a balance of power in a chamber without any commitment to government, in which case both the government and opposition groupings may on occasion need to negotiate for that person's or party's support.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">1979 vote of no confidence in the Callaghan ministry</span> Political event in the UK

    A vote of no confidence in the British Labour government of James Callaghan occurred on 28 March 1979. The vote was brought by the Official Opposition leader Margaret Thatcher and was lost by the Labour government by one vote, which was announced at 10:19 pm. The result mandated a general election that was won by Thatcher's Conservative Party. The last time an election had been forced by the House of Commons was in 1924, when Ramsay MacDonald, the first Labour prime minister, lost a vote of confidence. Labour politician Roy Hattersley later remarked that the vote marked "the last rites" of Old Labour. Labour did not return to government for another eighteen years, with New Labour ideology. The BBC has referred to the vote as "one of the most dramatic nights in Westminster history".

    In the United Kingdom, confidence motions are a means of testing the support of the government (executive) in a legislative body, and for the legislature to remove the government from office. A confidence motion may take the form of either a vote of confidence, usually put forward by the government, or a vote of no confidence, usually proposed by the opposition. When such a motion is put to a vote in the legislature, if a vote of confidence is defeated, or a vote of no confidence is passed, then the incumbent government must resign, or call a general election.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">1892 vote of no confidence in the Salisbury ministry</span>

    The vote of no confidence in the second Salisbury ministry occurred when the Conservative government of Robert Cecil, the Marquess of Salisbury decided to meet Parliament after the general election despite not winning a majority. The government presented a Queen's Speech, but was defeated on 11 August 1892 when the House of Commons carried by 350 to 310 an amendment moved by the opposition Liberal Party declaring that Her Majesty's "present advisers" did not possess the confidence of the House. After the vote Salisbury resigned and Liberal Party leader William Ewart Gladstone became Prime Minister for the fourth time.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Vicky Ford</span> British politician (born 1967)

    Victoria Grace Ford is a British politician who was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Chelmsford from 2017 to 2024. A member of the Conservative Party, she briefly served as Minister of State for Development from 6 September to 25 October 2022.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011</span> United Kingdom legislation

    The Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 (FTPA) was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which, for the first time, set in legislation a default fixed election date for general elections in the United Kingdom. It remained in force until 2022, when it was repealed. Since then, as before its passage, elections are required by law to be held at least once every five years, but can be called earlier if the prime minister advises the monarch to exercise the royal prerogative to do so. Prime ministers have often employed this mechanism to call an election before the end of their five-year term, sometimes fairly early in it. Critics have said this gives an unfair advantage to the incumbent prime minister, allowing them to call a general election at a time that suits them electorally. While it was in force, the FTPA removed this longstanding power of the prime minister.

    2010s in United Kingdom history refers to significant political and societal historical events in the United Kingdom in the 2010s, presented as a historical overview in narrative format.

    References

    1. Table 2.01 "Summary Results of General Elections 1832–2005 (UK)", in Colin Rallings and Michael Thrasher, British electoral facts, 1832–2006 (7th ed.), 2007, ISBN   978-0-7546-2712-8, p. 59.
    2. "Election 2010 Results", BBC News .
    3. "Election 2015 Results", BBC News .
    4. "COMMITTEE "UPON THE CIVIL LIST". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) . 15 November 1830.
    5. "parliament.uk" (PDF). parliament.uk. commonslibrary.parliament.uk. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
    6. "PROROGATION". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) . 15 August 1834.
    7. "parliament.uk" (PDF). parliament.uk. commonslibrary.parliament.uk. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
    8. "CHURCH OF IRELAND". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) . 7 April 1835.
    9. "CONFIDENCE IN THE MINISTRY— ADJOURNED DEBATE (FIFTH DAY)". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) . 4 June 1841.
    10. "ADDRESS IN ANSWER TO THE SPEECH— ADJOURNED DEBATE, FOURTH NIGHT". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) . 27 August 1841.
    11. "PROTECTION OF LIFE (IRELAND) BILL—ADJOURNED DEBATE—(SIXTH NIGHT)". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) . 25 June 1846.
    12. "LOCAL MILITIA". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) . 20 February 1852.
    13. "WAYS AND MEANS—FINANCIAL STATEMENT—ADJOURNED DEBATE(FOURTH NIGHT)". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) . 16 December 1852.
    14. "ARMY (CRIMEA)—THE CONDUCT OF THE WAR, AND CONDITION OF THE ARMY. ADJOURNED DEBATE.—(SECOND NIGHT.)". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) . 29 January 1855.
    15. "SECOND READING". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) . 19 February 1858. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
    16. "DEBATE RESUMED. (THIRD NIGHT)". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) . 10 June 1859. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
    17. "MOTION FOR ADJOURNMENT". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) . 19 June 1866.
    18. Was defeated on the Budget on 8 June 1885 and resigned the next day
    19. Met the Commons, but was defeated on an amendment to the Address on 26 January 1886 and resigned on 28 January
    20. Was defeated on the Government of Ireland Bill on 7 June 1886 and advised the Queen to dissolve Parliament, which she did on 26 June.
    21. Met the Commons, but was defeated on an amendment to the Address on 11 August 1892 and resigned the same day
    22. Was defeated on the Cordite Vote on 21 June 1895 and resigned that day
    23. 1 2 Rogers, Simon (16 November 2012). "UK election historic turnouts since 1918 | News". theguardian.com. Retrieved 5 October 2013.
    24. Met the Commons, but was defeated on an amendment to the Address on 21 January 1924 and resigned the next day
    25. Katritses, Thomas. "British By-Elections in War-Time", American Political Science Review, Vol. 36, No. 3 (Jun., 1942), pp. 525-532.
    26. Bate, Alex; Baker, Carl; Uberoi, Elise; Audickas, Lukas; Dempsey, Noel; Hawkins, Oliver; Cracknell, Richard; McInnes, Roderick; Rutherford, Tom; Apostolova, Vyara (29 January 2019). "General Election 2017: full results and analysis". House of Commons Library. UK Parliament.