Pembrokeshire (UK Parliament constituency)

Last updated

Pembrokeshire
Former County constituency
for the House of Commons
Preserved county Dyfed
Major settlements Haverfordwest, Milford Haven, Pembroke Dock, Tenby
1536–1997
SeatsOne
Replaced by Carmarthen West & South Pembrokeshire and Preseli Pembrokeshire

Pembrokeshire (Welsh : Sir Benfro) was a parliamentary constituency based on the county of Pembrokeshire in Wales. It returned one Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, elected by the first past the post system.

Contents

History

The Laws in Wales Act 1535 (26 Hen. 8. c. 26) provided for a single county seat in the House of Commons for each of twelve historic Welsh counties (including Pembrokeshire) and two for Monmouthshire. Using the modern year, starting on 1 January, these parliamentary constituencies were authorised in 1536. In practice, the first known Knights of the Shire from Wales (as Members of Parliament from county constituencies were known before the nineteenth century) may not have been elected until 1545.

The Act contains the following provision, which had the effect of enfranchising the shire of Pembroke.

And that for this present Parliament, and all other Parliaments to be holden and kept for this Realm, one Knight shall be chosen and elected to the same Parliaments for every of the Shires of Brecknock, Radnor, Mountgomery and Denbigh, and for every other Shire within the said Country of Dominion of Wales;

Before the Reform Act

During the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century the representation of the county was subject to a series of contests between the Owen family of Orielton, who supported the Whig interest, and the Philipps family of Picton Castle. [1]

The Great Reform Act to the First World War

During this period the seat was largely held by the Conservatives who held off the Liberal challenge which was so apparent in other parts of Wales. When Lord Emlyn inherited the title Earl of Cawdor in 1860 the seat was held until 1866 by George Lort Phillips. He was succeeded by James Bevan Bowen of Llwyngwair who stood down in favour of Sir John Scourfield in 1868. Scourfield died in 1876 and Bowen once again became the county member. In 1880, however, he was defeated by William Davies and the Liberals held the seat until 1918.

The Twentieth Century

The constituency was abolished for the 1997 general election, when its territory was divided between the new constituencies of Preseli Pembrokeshire and Carmarthen West & South Pembrokeshire. Up to 1950 it was generally considered a Liberal seat, although won by the Conservatives on some occasions. From 1950 it was regarded as a fairly safe Labour seat. However, the Conservatives won the seat in 1970 when the sitting Labour MP Desmond Donnelly left the party and formed The Democratic party. Donnelly lost the seat but polled well. In subsequent elections the Conservative vote held up, tending to suggest that Donnelly had held the seat with large majorities for Labour based on his own popularity as much as being the Labour candidate.

Boundaries

The constituency was established with the boundaries of the county of Pembrokeshire, but by the time of abolition Fishguard and Northern Pembrokeshire had been joined to the neighbouring Cardigan (UK Parliament constituency) constituency to form Ceredigion and Pembroke North, which was captured by Plaid Cymru in 1992. This left Pembrokeshire with the major towns of Haverfordwest, Milford Haven, Pembroke Dock and Tenby.

Members of Parliament

MPs 1545–1601

ParliamentMember
1542 Thomas Jones [2]
1545 John Wogan [2]
1547 Sir Thomas Jones [2]
1553 (Mar) ?
1553 (Oct) Sir John Wogan [2]
1554 (Apr) Arnold Butler [2]
1554 (Nov)
1555 ?Richard Cornwall [2]
1558 Thomas Cathern [2]
1559 (Jan) William Philipps [3]
1562–1563Sir John Perrot [3]
1571 John Wogan [3]
1572 William Philipps, died 1573,
replaced 1576 by John Wogan , died 1581,
replaced 1584 by Sir Thomas Perrot [3]
1584 (Nov) Thomas Revell [3]
1586
1588 (Oct) George Devereux [3]
1593Sir Thomas Perrot [3]
1597 (Sep) Sir Gelly Meyrick [3]
1601 John Philipps [3]

MPs 1601–1832

ElectionMember [4] Party
1604 Alban Stepney
1614 Sir John Wogan
1620
1624 Sir James Perrott
1625 Sir John Wogan
1626
1628
1640 (Apr)
1640 (Nov) Sir John Wogan, died 1644
replaced by ?
1645 Arthur Owen
1648 ?
1653Not represented in Barebones Parliament
1654 Sir Erasmus Philipps, 3rd Baronet
Arthur Owen
1656 James Philipps
John Clark
1659 Sir Erasmus Philipps, 3rd Baronet
1660 Arthur Owen Whig
1678 John Owen
1679 Sir Hugh Owen, Bt
1681 William Wogan Tory
1685 William Barlow
1689 Sir Hugh Owen, Bt Whig
1695 Sir Arthur Owen, Bt
1705 Wirriot Owen
1710 John Barlow Tory
1715 Sir Arthur Owen, Bt
1727 John Campbell
1747 Sir William Owen, Bt
1761 Sir John Philipps, Bt
1765 Sir Richard Philipps, Bt
1770 Sir Hugh Owen, Bt
1786 The Lord Milford Whig [5]
1812 Sir John Owen, Bt Tory [5]

MPs 1832–1997

ElectionMember [4] Party
1832 Sir John Owen Tory [5]
1841 Lord Emlyn Conservative [5]
1861 b-e George Lort Phillips Conservative
1866 b-e James Bevan Bowen
1868 Sir John Scourfield
1876 b-e James Bevan Bowen
1880 William Davies Liberal
1892 William Rees-Davies
1898 b-e John Philipps
1908 b-e Walter Roch
1918 Sir Evan Davies Jones Coalition Liberal
1922 Gwilym Lloyd George National Liberal
1923 Liberal
1924 Charles Price Unionist
1929 Gwilym Lloyd George Liberal
1950 Desmond Donnelly Labour
1968 Independent
1969 Democratic Party
1970 Nicholas Edwards Conservative
1987 Nicholas Bennett
1992 Nick Ainger Labour
1997 constituency abolished

Elections

Pembrokeshire election history Pembrokeshire election history.png
Pembrokeshire election history

Elections in the 1830s

General election 1830: Pembrokeshire [5] [6]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Tory John Owen Unopposed
Registered electors >3,000
Tory hold
General election 1831: Pembrokeshire [5] [6]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Tory John Owen 1,949 51.3
Whig Robert Fulke Greville 1,85048.7
Majority992.6
Turnout 3,799
Registered electors >3,000
Tory hold

Owen's elected was declared void on petition, causing a by-election.

By-election, 24 October 1831: Pembrokeshire [5] [6]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Tory John Owen 1,531 51.8 +0.5
Whig Robert Fulke Greville 1,42348.2−0.5
Majority1083.6+1.0
Turnout 2,954
Registered electors >3,000
Tory hold Swing +0.5
General election 1832: Pembrokeshire [5] [7]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Tory John Owen Unopposed
Registered electors 3,700
Tory hold
General election 1835: Pembrokeshire [5] [7]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Conservative John Owen Unopposed
Registered electors 3,664
Conservative hold
General election 1837: Pembrokeshire [5] [7]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Conservative John Owen Unopposed
Registered electors 3,706
Conservative hold

Elections in the 1840s

General election 1841: Pembrokeshire [7]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Conservative John Campbell Unopposed
Registered electors 3,663
Conservative hold
General election 1847: Pembrokeshire [7]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Conservative John Campbell Unopposed
Registered electors 3,479
Conservative hold

Elections in the 1850s

General election 1852: Pembrokeshire [7]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Conservative John Campbell Unopposed
Registered electors 3,132
Conservative hold
General election 1857: Pembrokeshire [7]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Conservative John Campbell Unopposed
Registered electors 2,784
Conservative hold
General election 1859: Pembrokeshire [7]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Conservative John Campbell Unopposed
Registered electors 2,700
Conservative hold

Elections in the 1860s

Campbell succeeded to the peerage, becoming Earl Cawdor and causing a by-election.

By-election, 19 January 1861: Pembrokeshire [7]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Conservative George Lort Phillips 1,194 54.9 N/A
Liberal Hugh Owen 97945.1New
Majority2159.8N/A
Turnout 2,17377.4N/A
Registered electors 2,809
Conservative hold
General election 1865: Pembrokeshire [7]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Conservative George Lort Phillips Unopposed
Registered electors 3,797
Conservative hold

Phillips' death caused a by-election.

By-election, 26 November 1866: Pembrokeshire [7]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Conservative James Bevan Bowen Unopposed
Conservative hold
General election 1868: Pembrokeshire [7]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Conservative John Scourfield Unopposed
Registered electors 4,690
Conservative hold

Elections in the 1870s

General election 1874: Pembrokeshire [7]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Conservative John Scourfield Unopposed
Registered electors 4,621
Conservative hold

Scourfield's death caused a by-election.

1876 Pembrokeshire by-election [7]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Conservative James Bevan Bowen 1,882 53.9 N/A
Liberal William Davies 1,60846.1New
Majority2747.8N/A
Turnout 3,49076.9N/A
Registered electors 4,621
Conservative hold Swing N/A

Elections in the 1880s

General election 1880: Pembrokeshire [7]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Liberal William Davies 2,185 55.7 N/A
Conservative Charles Philipps 1,73744.3N/A
Majority44811.4N/A
Turnout 3,92277.6N/A
Registered electors 5,052
Liberal gain from Conservative Swing N/A
General election 1885: Pembrokeshire [8]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Liberal William Davies 4,999 57.2 +1.5
Conservative Charles Philipps 3,73842.8−1.5
Majority1,26114.4+3.0
Turnout 8,73780.3+2.7
Registered electors 10,883
Liberal hold Swing +1.5
General election 1886: Pembrokeshire [8]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Liberal William Davies 4,099 50.7 −6.5
Conservative Charles Philipps 3,98349.3+6.5
Majority1161.4−13.0
Turnout 8,08274.3−6.0
Registered electors 10,883
Liberal hold Swing −6.5

Elections in the 1890s

Rees Davies William Rees Davies.jpg
Rees Davies
General election 1892: Pembrokeshire [8]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Liberal William Rees-Davies 4,800 56.5 +5.8
Conservative Charles Philipps 3,70143.5−5.8
Majority1,09913.0+11.6
Turnout 8,50178.0+3.7
Registered electors 10,895
Liberal hold Swing +5.8
1895 Pembrokeshire candidates.jpg
General election 1895: Pembrokeshire [8]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Liberal William Rees-Davies 4,550 53.4 −3.1
Conservative Arthur Picton Saunders-Davies3,97046.6+3.1
Majority5806.8−6.2
Turnout 8,52076.6−1.4
Registered electors 11,119
Liberal hold Swing −3.1

Davies resigned after being appointed Attorney general of the Bahamas, requiring a by-election.

Wynford Philipps 1906 Wynford Philipps MP.jpg
Wynford Philipps
1898 Pembrokeshire by-election [8]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Liberal John Philipps 5,070 59.8 +6.4
Conservative Hugh Campbell 3,40640.2−6.4
Majority1,66419.6+12.8
Turnout 8,47676.60.0
Registered electors 11,061
Liberal hold Swing +6.4

Elections in the 1900s

General election 1900: Pembrokeshire [8]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Liberal John Philipps Unopposed
Liberal hold
General election 1906: Pembrokeshire [8]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Liberal John Philipps 5,886 69.3 N/A
Conservative John Lort-Williams 2,60630.7New
Majority3,28038.6N/A
Turnout 8,49275.0N/A
Registered electors 11,322
Liberal hold Swing N/A
Walter Roch Walter Roch.jpg
Walter Roch
1908 Pembrokeshire by-election [8]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Liberal Walter Roch 5,465 62.4 −6.9
Conservative John Lort-Williams 3,29337.6+6.9
Majority2,17224.8−13.8
Turnout 8,75877.3+2.3
Registered electors 11,331
Liberal hold Swing −6.9

Elections in the 1910s

General election January 1910: Pembrokeshire [8]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Liberal Walter Roch 6,135 65.1 −4.2
Conservative Edward Marlay Samson3,29134.9+4.2
Majority2,84430.2−8.4
Turnout 9,42680.2+5.2
Registered electors 11,750
Liberal hold Swing −4.2
General election December 1910: Pembrokeshire [8]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Liberal Walter Roch 5,682 65.5 +0.4
Conservative Edward Marlay Samson2,98934.5−0.4
Majority2,69331.0+0.8
Turnout 8,67173.8−6.4
Registered electors 11,750
Liberal hold Swing +0.4

General Election 1914–15:

Another General Election was required to take place before the end of 1915. The political parties had been making preparations for an election to take place and by July 1914, the following candidates had been selected;

General election 1918: Pembrokeshire
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
C Liberal Evan Davies Jones 19,20069.8+4.3
Labour Ivor Gwynne 7,71228.0New
Christian SocialistGriffith Bowen Thomas5972.2New
Majority11,48841.8+10.8
Turnout 27,50964.3−9.5
Registered electors 42,808
Liberal hold Swing
Cindicates candidate endorsed by the coalition government.

Elections in the 1920s

G. Lloyd George Gwilym Lloyd George 1922.jpg
G. Lloyd George
General election 1922: Pembrokeshire
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
National Liberal Gwilym Lloyd George 21,569 69.0 N/A
Labour William James Jenkins9,70331.0+3.0
Majority11,86638.0N/A
Turnout 31,27271.7+7.4
Registered electors 43,631
National Liberal gain from Liberal Swing N/A
General election 1923: Pembrokeshire [10]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Liberal Gwilym Lloyd George 13,173 38.3 −30.7
Unionist Charles Price 11,68234.0New
Labour William James Jenkins9,51127.7−3.3
Majority1,4914.3−33.7
Turnout 34,36677.9+6.2
Registered electors 44,134
Liberal hold Swing −13.7
General election 1924: Pembrokeshire
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Unionist Charles Price 14,575 40.4 +6.4
Liberal Gwilym Lloyd George 13,04536.2−2.1
Labour William James Jenkins8,45523.4−4.3
Majority1,5304.2N/A
Turnout 36,07580.2+2.3
Registered electors 44,980
Unionist gain from Liberal Swing +4.3
General election 1929: Pembrokeshire [11]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Liberal Gwilym Lloyd George 19,050 41.8 +5.6
Unionist Charles Price 14,23531.3−9.1
Labour William James Jenkins12,23526.9+3.5
Majority4,81510.5N/A
Turnout 45,52083.8+3.6
Registered electors 54,302
Liberal gain from Unionist Swing +7.4

Elections in the 1930s

General election 1931: Pembrokeshire
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Liberal *Gwilym Lloyd George 24,606 55.71
Conservative Charles Price 19,56044.29
Majority5,04611.42
Turnout 44,16679.88
Liberal hold Swing
General election 1935: Pembrokeshire
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Liberal Gwilym Lloyd George 16,734 37.41
Conservative George Edmund Allison15,66035.01
Labour William James Jenkins12,34127.59New
Majority1,0742.40
Turnout 44,73579.13
Liberal hold Swing

Elections in the 1940s

General election 1939–40: Another general election was required to take place before the end of 1940. The political parties had been making preparations for an election to take place from 1939 and by the end of this year, the following candidates had been selected;

General election 1945: Pembrokeshire
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Liberal *Gwilym Lloyd George 22,997 50.18
Labour Wilfred Fienburgh 22,82949.82
Majority1680.36
Turnout 45,82672.29
Liberal hold Swing

Elections in the 1950s

General election 1950: Pembrokeshire [12]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Labour Desmond Donnelly 25,550 50.1 +1.3
National Liberal Gwilym Lloyd George 25,42149.9N/A
Majority1290.2N/A
Turnout 50,97183.2+10.9
Labour gain from Liberal Swing
General election 1951: Pembrokeshire
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Labour Desmond Donnelly 25,994 48.4 −1.7
Conservative Frederick Farey-Jones 16,96831.6−18.3
Liberal Dyfrig Hughes Pennant10,68819.9New
Majority9,02616.8+16.6
Turnout 53,65086.0+2.8
Labour hold Swing
General election 1955: Pembrokeshire
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Labour Desmond Donnelly 27,002 51.5 +3.1
Independent William L. Davies25,41048.5New
Majority1,5923.0−13.8
Turnout 52,41284.0−2.0
Labour hold Swing
General election 1959: Pembrokeshire
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Labour Desmond Donnelly 27,623 52.9 +1.4
Conservative Henry Graham Partridge22,30142.8New
Plaid Cymru Waldo Williams 2,2534.3New
Majority5,32210.1+7.1
Turnout 52,17783.6−0.4
Labour hold Swing

Elections in the 1960s

General election 1964: Pembrokeshire
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Labour Desmond Donnelly 23,926 47.23
Conservative Henry Graham Partridge15,34030.28
Liberal Alan Coulthard 9,67919.11New
Plaid Cymru Dyfrig Thomas1,7173.39
Majority8,58616.95
Turnout 50,66281.46
Labour hold Swing
General election 1966: Pembrokeshire
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Labour Desmond Donnelly 23,852 48.15
Conservative Francis Michael Fisher17,92136.17
Liberal Owain Glyn Williams5,30810.71
Plaid Cymru Jack Sheppard2,4604.97
Majority5,93111.98
Turnout 49,54179.76
Labour hold Swing

Elections in the 1970s

General election 1970: Pembrokeshire
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Conservative Nicholas Edwards 19,120 34.73
Labour Gordon Parry 17,88932.49
Democratic Party Desmond Donnelly 11,82421.48New
Plaid Cymru Wynne Samuel 3,6816.69
Liberal David Wynford Thomas3,5414.62
Majority1,2312.24N/A
Turnout 56,14577.85
Conservative gain from Labour Swing
General election February 1974: Pembrokeshire
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Conservative Nicholas Edwards 22,268 38.25
Labour Gordon Parry 20,78935.71
Liberal Patrick Edwin Charles Jones12,34021.20
Plaid Cymru R. B. Davies2,8204.84
Majority1,4792.54
Turnout 58,21781.44
Conservative hold Swing
General election October 1974: Pembrokeshire
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Conservative Nicholas Edwards 23,190 40.47
Labour Gordon Parry 22,41839.12
Liberal Patrick Edwin Charles Jones9,11615.91
Plaid Cymru R. B. Davies2,5804.50
Majority7721.35
Turnout 57,30479.53
Conservative hold Swing
General election 1979: Pembrokeshire
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Conservative Nicholas Edwards 30,483 49.16
Labour Alan Evans23,01537.11
Liberal Richard Livsey 6,24910.08
Plaid Cymru R. Dawe1,5732.54
Ecology B. Kingzett6941.12New
Majority7,46812.05
Turnout 62,01481.31
Conservative hold Swing

Elections in the 1980s

General election 1983: Pembrokeshire [13]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Conservative Nicholas Edwards 24,860 46.88
Labour Alan Griffiths15,50429.23
SDP John Pullin10,98320.71
Plaid Cymru Osi Rhys Osmond 1,0732.02
Ecology David Hoffman4780.90
IndependentG. S. Phillips1360.26New
Majority9,35617.65
Turnout 53,03476.12
Conservative hold Swing
General election 1987: Pembrokeshire [14] [15]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Conservative Nicholas Bennett 23,314 41.0 −5.9
Labour Bryan Rayner17,61431.0+1.8
Liberal Patrick Jones14,83226.1+5.4
Plaid Cymru Osi Rhys Osmond 1,1191.9−0.1
Majority5,70010.0−6.6
Turnout 56,87980.8+2.7
Conservative hold Swing

Elections in the 1990s

General election 1992: Pembrokeshire [16] [17]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Labour Nick Ainger 26,253 43.3 +12.3
Conservative Nicholas Bennett 25,49842.0+1.0
Liberal Democrats Peter Berry6,62510.9−15.2
Plaid Cymru Conrad L. Bryant1,6272.7+0.8
Green Roger W. Coghill4840.8New
Anti-Federalist League R. M. Stoddart1580.3New
Majority7551.3N/A
Turnout 60,64582.9+2.1
Labour gain from Conservative Swing +5.6

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Exeter is a constituency composed of the cathedral city and county town of Devon represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament. The constituency has had a history of representatives from 1900 of Conservative, Liberal Party, Independent and Labour representation.

Glasgow Govan was a parliamentary constituency in the Govan district of Glasgow. It was represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for 120 years; from 1885 until 2005, returning one Member of Parliament (MP) elected by the first-past-the-post system.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arfon (UK Parliament constituency)</span> Parliamentary constituency in the UK

Arfon is a constituency in Wales represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament at Westminster. Although it is relatively large by geographical area, the constituency is a predominantly urban rather than rural seat, with the majority of the population living in the two towns of Bethesda and Caernarfon, as well as in the city of Bangor, on which the constituency is based. "Arfon" is a historical name for the area, meaning "facing Anglesey"; it is also the name of the former district council. This seat was created by the Welsh Boundary Commission in time for the 2010 general election; it replaced the old seat of Caernarfon. Bangor was in the old seat of Conwy. The same boundaries were used for the Arfon Welsh Assembly constituency in the 2007 Welsh Assembly election.

Dulwich was a borough constituency in the Dulwich area of South London, which returned one Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.

References

  1. ↑ "Pembrokeshire". The History of Parliament. Institute of Historical Research. Retrieved 29 September 2017.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "History of Parliament" . Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "History of Parliament" . Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  4. 1 2 Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs – Constituencies beginning with "P"
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Stooks Smith, Henry (1845). The Parliaments of England, from 1st George I., to the Present Time. Vol II: Oxfordshire to Wales Inclusive. London: Simpkin, Marshall, & Co. pp. 197–198. Retrieved 7 May 2020– via Google Books.
  6. 1 2 3 Escott, Margaret. "Pembrokeshire". The History of Parliament. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Craig, F. W. S., ed. (1977). British Parliamentary Election Results 1832–1885 (e-book) (1st ed.). London: Macmillan Press. ISBN   978-1-349-02349-3.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 British parliamentary election results, 1885–1918 (Craig)
  9. ↑ Western Mail 28 March 1914
  10. ↑ Etholiadau'r ganrif 1885–1997, Beti Jones
  11. ↑ British Parliamentary Election Results 1918–1949, FWS Craig
  12. ↑ British Parliamentary Election Results 1950–1970, FWS Craig
  13. ↑ "Election Data 1983". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 28 June 2017.
  14. ↑ "Election Data 1987". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 28 June 2017.
  15. ↑ "Politics Resources". Election 1987. David Boothroyd. Archived from the original on 8 August 2011. Retrieved 27 August 2011.
  16. ↑ "Election Data 1992". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 28 June 2017.
  17. ↑ "Politics Resources". Election 1992. Politics Resources. 9 April 1992. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 6 December 2010.

Sources

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