Majority

Last updated

A majority is more than half of a total; [1] however, the term is commonly used with other meanings, as explained in the "Related terms" section below.

Contents

It is a subset of a set consisting of more than half of the set's elements. For example, if a group consists of 31 individuals, a majority would be 16 or more individuals, while having 15 or fewer individuals would not constitute a majority.

A majority is different from, but often confused with, a plurality, [note 1] which is a subset larger than any other subset but not necessarily more than half the set. See the "Related terms" section below for details.

Majority vote

In parliamentary procedure, a majority always means precisely "more than half". Other common definitions (e.g. the frequent 50%+1) may be misleading (see "Common errors" below). [1] :4

Depending on the parliamentary authority used, there may be a difference in the total that is used to calculate a majority vote due to spoiled votes. [2] Comparing the two most popular authorities in the United States: In Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised (abbreviated RONR), spoiled votes are counted as votes cast, but are not credited to any candidate. [2] In The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure (abbreviated TSC), spoiled votes are not included in the total and a majority vote is defined as being more than half of all eligible votes cast. [3]

As it relates to a vote, a majority vote most often means a simple majority vote, which means more "yes" votes than "no" votes. [4] [5] Abstentions or blanks are excluded in calculating a simple majority vote. [1] :6 Also, the totals do not include votes cast by someone not entitled to vote or improper multiple votes by a single member. [2]

Other related terms containing the word "majority" have their own meanings, which may sometimes be inconsistent in usage. [6]

In British English, the term "majority" is used to mean the difference in votes between the first-place candidate in an election and the second-place candidate. [7] The word "majority", and the phrases "size of a majority", "overall majority", or "working majority", are also used to mean the difference between the number of votes gained by the winning party or candidate and the total votes gained by all other parties or candidates. [8] [9] In American English, "majority" does not have this meaning; the phrase margin of victory, i.e. the number of votes separating the first-place finisher from the second-place finisher, is typically used. [10]

A "double majority" is a voting system which requires a majority of votes according to two separate criteria. [6] e.g. in the European Union, the Council uses a double majority rule, requiring 55% of member states, representing at least 65% of the total EU population in favor. In some cases, the required percentage of member states in favor is increased to 72%. [11]

A "supermajority" is a specified threshold greater than one half. [6] A common use of a supermajority is a "two-thirds vote", which is sometimes referred to as a "two-thirds majority".

A "plurality" or "relative majority" is achieved when a candidate or other option polls more votes than any other but does not receive more than half of all votes cast. For example, if there is a group with 20 members which is divided into subgroups with 9, 6, and 5 members, then the 9-member group would be the plurality, but would not be a majority (as they have less than eleven members).

Voting basis

The voting basis refers to the set of members considered when calculating whether a proposal has a majority, [12] i.e. the denominator used in calculating the percent support for a vote. Common voting bases include:

Examples

For example, assume that votes are cast for three people for an office: Alice, Bob, and Carol. In all three scenarios, Alice receives a plurality, or the most votes among the candidates, [23] but in some she does not receive a majority.

Scenario 1

CandidateVotes
Alice14
Bob4
Carol2
Total20

In Scenario 1, Alice received a majority of the vote. There were 20 votes cast and Alice received more than half of them.

Scenario 2

CandidateVotes
Alice10
Bob6
Carol4
Total20

In Scenario 2, assume all three candidates are eligible. In this case, no one received a majority of the vote.

Scenario 3

CandidateVotes
Alice10
Bob6
Carol (ineligible)4
Total20

In Scenario 3, assume that Alice and Bob are eligible candidates, but Carol is not. Using Robert's Rules of Order , no one received a majority vote, which is the same as Scenario 2. In this case, the 4 votes for Carol are counted in the total, but are not credited to Carol (which precludes the possibility of an ineligible candidate being credited with receiving a majority vote). However, using The Standard Code , Alice received a majority vote since only votes for eligible candidates are counted. In this case, there are 16 votes for eligible candidates and Alice received more than half of those 16 votes.

Temporary majority

A temporary majority exists when the positions of the members present and voting in a meeting of a deliberative assembly on a subject are not representative of the membership as a whole. Parliamentary procedure contains some provisions designed to protect against a temporary majority violating the rights of absentees. For instance, previous notice is typically required to rescind, repeal or annul something previously adopted by a majority vote. [24] However, in this and many other cases, previous notice is not required if a majority of the entire membership votes in favor, because that indicates that it is clearly not a temporary majority. Another protection against a decision being made by a temporary majority is the motion to reconsider and enter on the minutes, by which two members can suspend action on a measure until it is called up at a meeting on another day. [25]

Common errors

The expression "at least 50% +1" may mislead when "majority" is actually intended, where the total number referred to is odd. [1] :4 For example, say a board has 7 members. "Majority" means "at least 4" in this case (more than half of 7, which is 3.5). But 50% + 1 is 4.5, and since a number of people can only be a positive integer, "at least 50% + 1" could be interpreted as meaning "at least 5".

See also

Notes

  1. sometimes called a "relative majority" in British English

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 "FAQs". Official Robert's Rules of Order Website. The Robert's Rules Association. Retrieved 2021-02-21.
  2. 1 2 3 Robert 2011 , p. 416
  3. The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure, 4th edition, 2001, pp. 134, 158-9
  4. Robert, Henry M.; et al. (2011). Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Da Capo Press. p. 400. ISBN   978-0-306-82020-5. The word majority means "more than half"; and when the term majority vote is used without qualification—as in the case of the basic requirement—it means more than half of the votes cast by persons entitled to vote, excluding blanks or abstentions, at a regular or properly called meeting.
  5. Robert 2011 , p. 405
  6. 1 2 3 4 Schermers, Henry G.; Blokker, Niels M. (2011). International Institutional Law: Unity Within Diversity (Fifth Revised ed.). Leiden, The Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 561–563. ISBN   978-90-04-18798-6.
  7. "London Mayoral Election 2024: Results in full". The Independent. Retrieved 5 May 2024. Labour's Sadiq Khan secured just over 1,088,000 (43.8%) votes to be re-elected London Mayor, a majority of some 275,000 over Conservative rival Susan Hall, who secured just under 813,000 (32.7%) votes.
  8. "Majority". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 9 May 2025. 1b: the excess of a majority over the remainder of the total: margin
  9. "Overall Majority". Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. Longmans. Retrieved 2009-04-26.
  10. Dictionary definitions of majority at Merriam-Webster, dictionary.com Archived 2015-12-21 at the Wayback Machine , Oxford English Dictionary, thefreedictionary.com, and Cambridge English Dictionary.
  11. "Qualified majority". European Council, Council of the European Union. European Council. 2024-01-11. Retrieved 2024-05-22.
  12. Robert 2011, p. 402.
  13. 1 2 "With three-cornered contests as common as they now are, we may have occasion to find a convenient single word for what we used to call an absolute majority... In America the word majority itself has that meaning while a poll greater than that of any other candidate, but less than half the votes cast is called a plurality. It might be useful to borrow this distinction..." (Fowler, H.W. 1965 A Dictionary of Modern English Usage)
  14. "In Parliament, which votes require a simple majority and which votes require an absolute majority? - Parliamentary Education Office". peo.gov.au. Retrieved 2024-05-07.
  15. Dougherty, Keith L.; Edward, Julian (January 2010). "The Properties of Simple Vs. Absolute Majority Rule: Cases Where Absences and Abstentions Are Important" . Journal of Theoretical Politics. 22 (1): 85–122. doi:10.1177/0951629809347557. ISSN   0951-6298.
  16. 1 2 Robert 2011 , p. 403
  17. See dictionary definitions of "simple majority", "absolute majority", and "qualified majority" at EUabc.com.
  18. 1 2 3 4 Robert (2011) , p. 403
  19. "Frequently Asked Questions about RONR (Question 6)". The Official Robert's Rules of Order Web Site. The Robert's Rules Association. Archived from the original on December 24, 2018. Retrieved December 30, 2015.
  20. Hooper, John (February 22, 2007). "Prodi stands down after surprise defeat in senate over US alliance". The Guardian. Retrieved June 22, 2011.
  21. Bildung, Bundeszentrale für politische. "Kanzlermehrheit". bpb.de (in German). Retrieved 2025-05-07.
  22. "Deutscher Bundestag - Kanzlermehrheit". Deutscher Bundestag (in German). Retrieved 2025-05-07.
  23. Robert 2011 , pp. 404–405: "A plurality vote is the largest number of votes to be given any candidate or proposition when three or more choices are possible; the candidate or proposition receiving the largest number of votes has a plurality."
  24. Robert 2011 , p. 306
  25. Robert 2011 , p. 332