North Cornwall (UK Parliament constituency)

Last updated

North Cornwall
County constituency
for the House of Commons
NorthCornwall2007Constituency.svg
Boundary of North Cornwall in Cornwallfor the 2010 general election
EnglandCornwall.svg
Location of Cornwall within England
County Cornwall
Electorate 67,505 (2018) [1]
Major settlements Bodmin, Bude, Camelford, Launceston, Padstow and Wadebridge
Current constituency
Created 1918
Member of Parliament Scott Mann (Conservative)
SeatsOne
Created from Launceston and St Austell

North Cornwall is a constituency [n 1] represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament by Scott Mann, a Conservative since the 2015 general election. Like all British constituencies, the seat elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election at least every five years. The seat was created in 1918. Since 1950, the constituency has been held by MPs from either the Conservative Party or the Liberal Democrats (including the party's predecessor, the Liberal Party).

Contents

History

This constituency was created under the Representation of the People Act 1918. [2]

With exceptions in 1997, 2001 and 2019, the seat's margin of victory has been less than 20% of the vote. It has been consistently fought over between and won by the Conservative Party and the Liberal Democrats' candidate (or predecessor party in the latter case), and can be considered a marginal seat. In 1997 and 2001 the seat turned out strongly overall for the latter party. However, in the 2019 general election, the Conservatives won a large majority of 28.6% over the Liberal Democrat candidate.

A third-placed (other party) candidate has not polled more in North Cornwall than 16.38%, which took place in 1951. The seat saw three years of defection of its Liberal MP to join the post-World War II Attlee Ministry however in 2015 saw the lowest share of the Labour Party's vote nationally – reinforcing a consistent result by a great majority supporting left-wing politics to vote for a Liberal and later Liberal Democrat at general elections since the seat's inception.

Boundaries

North Cornwall (UK Parliament constituency)
Map of current boundaries
The North Cornwall constituency shown within Cornwall and Devon, 1918-1945 Cornwall North 1918.PNG
The North Cornwall constituency shown within Cornwall and Devon, 1918-1945

1918–1950: The Borough of Launceston, the Urban Districts of Newquay, Padstow, Stratton and Bude, and Wadebridge, the Rural Districts of Calstock, Camelford, Launceston, St Columb Major, and Stratton, and parts of the Rural Districts of Bodmin and Holsworthy (these areas such as Whitstone and Week St Mary were on the Cornish side of the border).

1950–1974: The Borough of Launceston, the Urban Districts of Bude-Stratton, Newquay, and Padstow, the Rural Districts of Camelford, Launceston, and Stratton, and parts of the Rural Districts of St Austell and Wadebridge.

1974–1983: The Borough of Launceston, the Urban Districts of Bude-Stratton and Newquay, the Rural Districts of Camelford, Launceston, and Stratton, and parts of the Rural Districts of St Austell, and Wadebridge and Padstow.

1983–2010: The District of North Cornwall wards of Allan, Altarnun, Bodmin St Mary's, Bodmin St Petroc, Bude and Poughill, Camelford, Grenville, Lanivet, Launceston North, Launceston South, Lesnewth, North Petherwin, Ottery, Padstow and St Merryn, Penfound, Rumford, St Breward, St Endellion, St Minver, St Teath, South Petherwin, Stratton, Tintagel, Trigg, Wadebridge, and Week St Mary, and the Borough of Restormel wards of Edgcumbe, Gannel, Rialton, St Columb, and St Enoder.

2010–present: The District of North Cornwall.

Historically four borough constituencies lay within the boundaries, three of which were abolished as 'rotten boroughs' by the Great Reform Act, 1832:

Proposed

Further to the 2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies, enacted by the Parliamentary Constituencies Order 2023, from the next general election, due by January 2025, the constituency will be composed of the following electoral divisions of Cornwall (as they existed on 4th May 2021):

The St Columb Major, St Mawgan & St Wenn division will be transferred from St Austell and Newquay. Otherwise unchanged.

Members of Parliament

ElectionMember [4] Party
1918 George Marks Coalition Liberal
1924 Alfred Martyn Williams Conservative
1929 Sir Donald Maclean Liberal
1932 by-election Sir Francis Dyke Acland Liberal
1939 by-election Tom Horabin Liberal
1946 Independent
1947 Labour
1950 Sir Harold Roper Conservative
1959 James Scott-Hopkins Conservative
1966 John Pardoe Liberal
1979 Gerry Neale Conservative [n 2]
1992 Paul Tyler Liberal Democrat [n 3]
2005 Dan Rogerson Liberal Democrat
2015 Scott Mann Conservative

Elections

North Cornwall electoral history North Cornwall electoral history.png
North Cornwall electoral history

Elections in the 2020s

Next general election: North Cornwall
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Labour Robyn Harris [5]
Liberal Democrats Ben Maguire [6]
Conservative Scott Mann [7]
Reform UK Rowland O'Connor [8]
Green Lance Symonds [9]
Majority
Turnout

Elections in the 2010s

General election 2019: North Cornwall [10]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Conservative Scott Mann 30,671 59.4 +8.7
Liberal Democrats Danny Chambers15,91930.8−5.8
Labour Joy Bassett4,5168.7−3.4
Liberal Elmars Liepins5721.1New
Majority14,75228.6+14.5
Turnout 51,67873.9−0.1
Conservative hold Swing +7.3
General election 2017: North Cornwall [11]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Conservative Scott Mann 25,835 50.7 +5.7
Liberal Democrats Dan Rogerson 18,63536.6+5.4
Labour Joy Bassett6,15112.1+6.7
CPA John Allman1850.4+0.3
Socialist Labour Robert Hawkins1380.3New
Majority7,20014.1+0.3
Turnout 50,94474.0+2.2
Conservative hold Swing +0.3
General election 2015: North Cornwall [12]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Conservative Scott Mann 21,689 45.0 +3.3
Liberal Democrats Dan Rogerson 15,06831.2−16.9
UKIP Julie Lingard6,12112.7+7.8
Labour John Whitby2,6215.4+1.2
Green Amanda Pennington2,0634.3New
Mebyon Kernow Jerry Jefferies6311.3+0.2
Restore the Family for Children's SakeJohn Allman520.1New
Majority6,62113.8N/A
Turnout 48,24571.8+3.6
Conservative gain from Liberal Democrats Swing +10.1
General election 2010: North Cornwall [13] [14]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Liberal Democrats Dan Rogerson 22,512 48.1 +5.7
Conservative Sian Flynn19,53141.7+6.3
UKIP Miriel O'Connor2,3004.9−0.8
Labour Janet Hulme1,9714.2−8.3
Mebyon Kernow Joanie Willet5301.1−2.1
Majority2,9816.4+0.9
Turnout 46,84468.2+3.7
Liberal Democrats hold Swing −0.3

Elections in the 2000s

General election 2005: North Cornwall [15]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Liberal Democrats Dan Rogerson 23,842 42.6 −9.4
Conservative Mark Formosa20,76637.1+3.3
Labour David Acton6,63611.9+2.2
UKIP David Campbell-Bannerman 3,0635.5+1.1
Mebyon Kernow Dick Cole 1,3512.4New
Veritas Alan Eastwood3240.6New
Majority3,0765.5-12.7
Turnout 55,98264.5+0.7
Liberal Democrats hold Swing −6.4
General election 2001: North Cornwall [16]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Liberal Democrats Paul Tyler 28,082 52.0 −1.2
Conservative John Weller18,25033.8+4.3
Labour Michael Goodman5,2579.7+0.3
UKIP Steve Protz2,3944.4New
Majority9,83218.2-5.5
Turnout 53,98363.8−9.3
Liberal Democrats hold Swing −2.7

Elections in the 1990s

General election 1997: North Cornwall [17]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Liberal Democrats Paul Tyler 31,100 53.2 +5.8
Conservative Nigel Linacre17,25329.5−14.8
Labour Anne Lindo5,5239.4+2.8
Referendum Felicity Odam3,6366.2New
Mebyon Kernow John Bolitho 6451.1New
Liberal Rif Winfield1860.3−0.8
Natural Law Nicholas Creswell1520.3+0.1
Majority13,84723.7+10.6
Turnout 58,49573.1-9.0
Liberal Democrats hold Swing +10.3 [n 4]
General election 1992: Cornwall North [18] [19]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Liberal Democrats Paul Tyler 29,696 47.4 +5.5
Conservative Gerry Neale 27,77544.3−7.4
Labour Frank Jordan4,1036.6+0.2
Liberal Philip Andrews6781.1N/A
Independent Geoffrey Rowe2760.4New
Natural Law Robyn Treadwell1120.2New
Majority1,9213.1N/A
Turnout 62,64082.1+2.3
Liberal Democrats gain from Conservative Swing +6.5

Elections in the 1980s

General election 1987: Cornwall North [20]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Conservative Gerry Neale 29,862 51.7 −0.7
Liberal Michael Mitchell24,18041.9−1.1
Labour Christine Herries3,7196.4+2.5
Majority5,6829.8+0.4
Turnout 57,76179.8-0.6
Conservative hold Swing +0.9
General election 1983: Cornwall North [21]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Conservative Gerry Neale 28,146 52.4 +0.8
Liberal David Chambers23,08743.0−0.8
Labour James Hayday2,0963.9−0.7
Cornish Nationalist James Whetter 3640.7New
Majority5,0599.4+1.6
Turnout 53,69380.4
Conservative hold Swing +0.8

Elections in the 1970s

General election 1979: Cornwall North
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Conservative Gerry Neale 24,489 51.65 +9.65
Liberal John Pardoe 20,74243.75−7.50
Labour R.B. Tremlett1,5143.19−3.21
Ecology J. Faull4420.93New
National Front R. Bridgwater2240.47New
Majority3,7477.90N/A
Turnout 47,41186.1+5.6
Conservative gain from Liberal Swing +8.58
General election October 1974: Cornwall North
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Liberal John Pardoe 21,368 51.25 -6.65
Conservative Gerry Neale 17,51242.00
Labour R. Tremlett2,6636.40
Anti Party SystemR.J. Bridgwater1480.35New
Majority3,8569.25
Turnout 41,69180.52
Liberal hold Swing
General election February 1974: Cornwall North
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Liberal John Pardoe 25,667 57.90
Conservative Trixie Gardner 16,93838.21
Labour J.B. Benjamin1,7263.89
Majority8,72919.69
Turnout 44,33186.29
Liberal hold Swing
General election 1970: Cornwall North
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Liberal John Pardoe 19,863 48.64
Conservative Simon James Day19,22347.10
Labour Ernest William J Hill1,7414.26
Majority6301.54
Turnout 40,82785.11
Liberal hold Swing

Elections in the 1960s

General election 1966: Cornwall North
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Liberal John Pardoe 18,460 48.50 +4.69
Conservative James Scott-Hopkins 16,95244.54–1.14
Labour Reginald S. Wills2,6476.95–2.82
Majority1,5083.96N/A
Turnout 38,05987.53
Liberal gain from Conservative Swing
General election 1964: Cornwall North
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Conservative James Scott-Hopkins 16,352 45.68
Liberal Charles Meddon Karslake Bruton15,68343.81
Labour Raymond S Dash3,4979.77
IndependentEdward George C Voullaire2650.74New
Majority6691.87
Turnout 35,79783.10
Conservative hold Swing

Elections in the 1950s

General election 1959: Cornwall North
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Conservative James Scott-Hopkins 16,701 46.7 -0.7
Liberal Edwin Malindine 15,71243.9+1.0
Labour William Carlo Ferman3,3899.5-0.3
Majority9892.8-1.7
Turnout 35,80283.7+1.4
Conservative hold Swing
General election 1955: Cornwall North
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Conservative Harold Roper 16,824 47.38
Liberal Edwin Malindine 15,22042.86
Labour Vernon Eric Cornford3,4659.76
Majority1,6044.52
Turnout 35,50982.30
Conservative hold Swing
General election 1951: Cornwall North
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Conservative Harold Roper 18,009 48.77
Liberal Dingle Foot 12,86934.85
Labour William Carlo Ferman6,04916.38
Majority5,14013.92
Turnout 36,92785.71
Conservative hold Swing
General election 1950: Cornwall North
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Conservative Harold Roper 17,059 46.6 +1.2
Liberal Dingle Foot 13,98738.3-14.6
Labour Herbert Leslie Richardson5,52115.1New
Majority3,0728.3N/A
Turnout 36,56785.9+13.2
Conservative gain from Liberal Swing

Elections in the 1940s

General election 1945: Cornwall North
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Liberal Tom Horabin 18,836 52.9 +1.6
Conservative Thomas Percy Fulford16,17145.4-3.3
Independent Labour John Hazlewood Worrall6261.8New
Majority2,6657.5+4.9
Turnout 35,63372.7-7.2
Liberal hold Swing

Elections in the 1930s

1939 North Cornwall by-election
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Liberal Tom Horabin 17,072 52.2 +0.9
Conservative Edward Robin Whitehouse15,60847.8-0.9
Majority1,4644.4+1.8
Turnout 32,68079.3-0.6
Liberal hold Swing +0.9
1935 general election: North Cornwall
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Liberal Francis Dyke Acland 16,872 51.3 +2.2
Conservative Edward Robin Whitehouse16,03648.7+3.4
Majority8362.6-1.2
Turnout 32,90879.9-5.8
Liberal hold Swing -1.1
1932 North Cornwall by-election
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Liberal Francis Dyke Acland 16,933 52.4 +3.3
Conservative Alfred Martyn Williams 15,38747.6+2.3
Majority1,5464.8+1.0
Turnout 32,32080.8-4.9
Liberal hold Swing
1931 general election: North Cornwall
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Liberal Donald Maclean 16,867 49.1 -0.6
Conservative Alfred Martyn Williams 15,52645.3+3.0
Labour Arthur Bennett1,9075.6-2.4
Majority1,3413.8-3.6
Turnout 35,30085.7-0.4
Liberal hold Swing

Elections in the 1920s

Sir Donald Maclean Sir Donald Maclean.jpg
Sir Donald Maclean
1929 general election: North Cornwall
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Liberal Donald Maclean 16,586 49.7 +3.3
Unionist Alfred Martyn Williams 14,09542.3-11.3
Labour F. E. Church2,6548.0New
Majority2,4917.4N/A
Turnout 33,33586.1+8.1
Liberal gain from Unionist Swing +7.3
General election 1924: North Cornwall
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Unionist Alfred Martyn Williams 12,639 53.6 +10.1
Liberal George Marks 10,92746.4-10.1
Majority1,7127.2N/A
Turnout 23,56678.0+2.4
Unionist gain from Liberal Swing
General election 1923: North Cornwall
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Liberal George Marks 12,434 56.5 N/A
Unionist Charles Alexander Petrie9,58143.5New
Majority2,85313.0N/A
Turnout 22,01575.6N/A
Liberal hold Swing N/A
General election 1922: North Cornwall
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
National Liberal George Marks Unopposed N/AN/A
National Liberal hold

Elections in the 1910s

General election 1918: North Cornwall
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
C Liberal George Marks Unopposed
Liberal win (new seat)
Cindicates candidate endorsed by the coalition government.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ A county constituency (for the purposes of election expenses and type of returning officer)
  2. ↑ Knighted in 1991
  3. ↑ Granted a peerage in 2005
  4. ↑ The largest two-party swing in this election was (Con-Ref): 10.5%

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Camelford</span> Town in Cornwall, England

Camelford is a town and civil parish in north Cornwall, England, United Kingdom, situated in the River Camel valley northwest of Bodmin Moor. The town is approximately ten miles (16 km) north of Bodmin and is governed by Camelford Town Council. Lanteglos-by-Camelford is the ecclesiastical parish in which the town is situated. The ward population at the 2011 Census was 4,001. The town population at the same census was 865.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">North Cornwall</span> Area of Cornwall, England

North Cornwall is an area of Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. It is also the name of a former local government district, which was administered from Bodmin and Wadebridge 50.516°N 4.835°W. Other towns in the area are Launceston, Bude, Padstow, and Camelford.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">South East Cornwall (UK Parliament constituency)</span> Parliamentary constituency in the United Kingdom

South East Cornwall is a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 2010 by Sheryll Murray, a Conservative.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dan Rogerson</span> Cornish-British politician

Daniel John Rogerson is a Cornish-British Liberal Democrat politician. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for North Cornwall from the 2005 general election until his defeat at the 2015 general election. In October 2013, he became the Liberal Democrat Minister at the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, holding the office until losing his Parliamentary seat to Conservative candidate Scott Mann.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">St Austell and Newquay (UK Parliament constituency)</span> UK Parliament constituency

St Austell and Newquay is a constituency in Cornwall represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 2015 by Steve Double, a Conservative. It is on the South West Peninsula of England, bordered by both the Celtic Sea to the northwest and English Channel to the southeast.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Politics of Cornwall</span> South West England county

Cornwall is administered as a county of South West England whose politics are influenced by a number of issues that make it distinct from the general political scene in the wider United Kingdom, and the political trends of neighbouring counties. Its position on the geographical periphery of the island of Great Britain is also a factor.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cornwall County Football Association</span> Governing body of football in Cornwall, England

The Cornwall County Football Association, also known as the Cornwall FA, is the governing body of football in Cornwall. Formed in 1889, it is responsible for the administration, control, promotion and development of football at all levels throughout the county.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">East Cornwall (UK Parliament constituency)</span>

East Cornwall was a county constituency in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elected two Members of Parliament (MPs) by the bloc vote system of election.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">North Cornwall Railway</span> Disused railway line in Devon and Cornwall, England

The North Cornwall Railway was a railway line running from Halwill in Devon to Padstow in Cornwall via Launceston, Camelford and Wadebridge, a distance of 49 miles 67 chains. Opened in the last decade of the nineteenth century, it was part of a drive by the London and South Western Railway (LSWR) to develop holiday traffic to Cornwall. The LSWR had opened a line connecting Exeter with Holsworthy in 1879, and by encouraging the North Cornwall Railway it planned to create railway access to previously inaccessible parts of the northern coastal area.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Transport in Cornwall</span>

The evolution of transport in Cornwall has been shaped by the county's strong maritime, mining and industrial traditions and much of the transport infrastructure reflects this heritage.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Truro and St Austell (UK Parliament constituency)</span> UK Parliament constituency, 1997 to 2010

Truro and St Austell was a county constituency in Cornwall represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament from its 1997 creation to its 2010 abolition by Matthew Taylor of the Liberal Democrats, who was appointed a life peer in the House of Lords following his service as a Member of Parliament (MP). The constituency elected one MP by the first past the post system of election.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Civil parishes in Cornwall</span>

A civil parish is a country subdivision, forming the lowest unit of local government in England. There are 218 civil parishes in the ceremonial county of Cornwall, which includes the Isles of Scilly. The county is effectively parished in its entirety; only the unpopulated Wolf Rock is unparished. At the 2001 census, there were 501,267 people living in the current parishes, accounting for the whole of the county's population. The final unparished areas of mainland Cornwall, around St Austell, were parished on 1 April 2009 to coincide with the structural changes to local government in England.

Coats of arms and seals of the County and Duchy of Cornwall, the Diocese of Truro, and of Cornish boroughs and towns.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2013 Cornwall Council election</span>

The Cornwall Council election, 2013, was an election for all 123 seats on the council. Cornwall Council is a unitary authority that covers the majority of the ceremonial county of Cornwall, with the exception of the Isles of Scilly which have an independent local authority. The elections took place concurrently with other local elections across England and Wales.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Outline of Cornwall</span> Overview of and topical guide to Cornwall

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Cornwall: Cornwall – ceremonial county and unitary authority area of England within the United Kingdom. Cornwall is a peninsula bordered to the north and west by the Celtic Sea, to the south by the English Channel, and to the east by the county of Devon, over the River Tamar. Cornwall is also a royal duchy of the United Kingdom. It has an estimated population of half a million and it has its own distinctive history and culture.

Presented below is an alphabetical index of articles related to Cornwall:

Truro and Newquay was a proposed parliamentary constituency in Cornwall. It was planned to take effect from the election in May 2022 before the 2019 general election but the Parliamentary Constituencies (Amendment) Bill was not passed. Electoral Calculus predicted that the new seat would have been a fairly safe Conservative win, with 51.3% of the predicted vote. It was predicted to have 74,228 constituents. The seat was scrapped after the government halted the re-drawing in 2020, saying that the "change in policy" had been brought about due to the UK's exit from the EU.

References

  1. ↑ "England Parliamentary electorates 2010-2018". Boundary Commission for England. Retrieved 23 March 2019.
  2. ↑ "The Representation of the people act, 1918 : with explanatory notes". https://archive.org .{{cite journal}}: External link in |journal= (help)
  3. ↑ "The Parliamentary Constituencies Order 2023". Schedule 1 Part 7 South West region.
  4. ↑ Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs – Constituencies beginning with "C" (part 6)
  5. ↑ "Labour Party North Cornwall Parliamentary Candidate".
  6. ↑ "Liberal Democrat Prospective Parliamentary Candidates". Mark Pack . Retrieved 19 February 2024.
  7. ↑ "Scott Mann unanimously reselected as North Cornwall Conservatives candidate for General Election". The Holsworthy Post. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
  8. ↑ "North Cornwall Constituency". Reform UK . Retrieved 19 February 2024.
  9. ↑ "Cornwall Green Party candidates for 2024/25 General Election". Cornwall Green Party. 16 April 2024. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
  10. ↑ "Cornwall North". BBC News. 2019. Archived from the original on 6 February 2020. Retrieved 6 February 2020.
  11. ↑ "Cornwall North parliamentary constituency". BBC News.
  12. ↑ "Election Data 2015". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
  13. ↑ "Election Data 2010". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 26 July 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
  14. ↑ Lavery, Kevin (20 April 2010). "North Cornwall statement of persons nominated and notice of poll" (MSWord). Acting Returning Officer. Cornwall Council. Retrieved 20 April 2010.
  15. ↑ "Election Data 2005". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
  16. ↑ "Election Data 2001". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
  17. ↑ "Election Data 1997". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
  18. ↑ "Election Data 1992". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
  19. ↑ "Politics Resources". Election 1992. Politics Resources. 9 April 1992. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 6 December 2010.
  20. ↑ "Election Data 1987". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
  21. ↑ "Election Data 1983". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.

Sources

50°41′20″N4°35′38″W / 50.689°N 4.594°W / 50.689; -4.594

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.