Preston (UK Parliament constituency)

Not to be confused with Electoral district of Preston.

Preston
Borough constituency for the House of Commons
Boundary of Preston in Lancashire
Location of Lancashire within England
County	Lancashire
Electorate	55,937 (December 2018) [1]
Major settlements	Preston
Current constituency
Created	1983
Member of Parliament	Sir Mark Hendrick (Labour Co-operative)
Seats	One
Created from	Preston North, Preston South
1529–1950
Seats	Two
Replaced by	Preston North, Preston South
1295–1311 (at the earliest)
Seats	Two
Replaced by	Preston (see above)

Preston is a constituency ^{[n 1]} represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 2000 by Sir Mark Hendrick, a member of the Labour Party and Co-operative Party. ^{[n 2]}

History

1295–1950

The seat was created for the Model Parliament and sent members until at least 1331 until a new (possibly confirmatory) grant of two members to Westminster followed. From 1529 extending unusually beyond the 19th century until the 1950 general election the seat had two-member representation. Party divisions tended to run stronger after 1931 before which two different parties' candidates frequently came first and second at elections under the bloc vote system.

In 1929, a recently elected Liberal, Sir William Jowitt decided to join the Labour Party and called for a by-election (which implies a single vacancy) to support this change of party, which he won, to take up for two years the position of Attorney General of England and Wales as part of the Government. He became the highest judge during the Attlee Ministry, the Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain and Speaker of the House of Lords under a then hereditary-dominated House leading to a Conservative majority. Consequently, he was selected to be elevated to a peerage as 1st Earl Jowitt. With no sons, he was to be the last Earl and wrote the Dictionary of English Law.

1950–1983

Preston was abolished as a constituency by the House of Commons (Redistribution of Seats) Act 1949 being replaced by Preston North and Preston South constituencies.

1983–present

The representatives since the seat's revival after 33 years of being split between (larger area) North and South seats have all been members of the Labour Party.

The member from 1987 to 2000 was Audrey Wise, a member of the Socialist Campaign Group and reformer of maternity healthcare in opposition on the Select Committee.

Boundaries

Map of current boundaries

1832–1868: The old borough of Preston, and the township of Fishwick. ^[2]

1868–1885: The existing parliamentary borough, excluding such part (if any) as lies on the south side of the River Ribble. ^[3]

1885–1918: The existing parliamentary borough, so much of the municipal borough of Preston as was not already included in the parliamentary borough, so much of the parish of Lea, Ashton, Ingol, and Cottam, and of the parish of Penwortham, as were added to the municipal borough of Preston on 1 June 1889 by the Ribble Navigation and Preston Dock Act 1883, and the local government district of Fulwood. ^[4]

1983–1997: The Borough of Preston wards of Ashton, Avenham, Brookfield, Central, Deepdale, Fishwick, Ingol, Larches, Moorbrook, Park, Ribbleton, St John's, St Matthew's, and Tulketh.

1997–2010: The Borough of Preston wards of Ashton, Avenham, Brookfield, Central, Deepdale, Fishwick, Larches, Moor Park, Ribbleton, Riversway, St Matthew's, and Tulketh, and the Borough of South Ribble wards of Bamber Bridge Central, Bamber Bridge South, and Walton-le-Dale.

2010–present: The City of Preston wards of Ashton, Brookfield, Deepdale, Fishwick, Ingol, Larches, Moor Park, Ribbleton, Riversway, St George's, St Matthew's, Town Centre, Tulketh, and University.

The composition of the Preston constituency was confirmed in time for the 2010 United Kingdom general election as part of the Fifth Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies. While it previously crossed the River Ribble to include Bamber Bridge and Walton-le-Dale from South Ribble District, the seat now falls within the City boundaries.

History

In the late 19th Century the boundaries of the two-member Preston constituency were described as comprising: ^[5]

...[T]he old Borough of Preston, the township of Fishwick, so much of the Municipal Borough as is not included in the Parliamentary Borough, the Local Government District of Fulwood, and so much of the parishes of Lea, Ashton, Ingol, and Cotham {sic}, and Penwortham, as will be added to the Municipal Borough of Preston on June 1st, 1889

In the Representation of the People Act, 1918 the boundaries of the two-member constituency were described as the:

County borough of Preston and urban district of Fulwood: ^[6]

The single seat of Preston formed from 1918 until 1949 was created by the County Borough of Preston and Urban District of Fulwood. From the general election of 1950 to the 1983 Preston was divided into the constituencies of Preston North and Preston South. In time for the 1983 general election, the boundaries on which the current seat is drawn were confirmed. The northern, Fulwood area, was divided between Fylde and Ribble Valley.

Changes for 2010

The ward of Lea is within the constituency of Fylde.

The wards of Preston Rural North, Preston Rural East and the Fulwood wards (Cadley, College, Garrison, Greyfriars and Sharoe Green) are within the constituency of Wyre and Preston North. By the end of the review, the newly recommended Preston constituency had the smallest number of voters of an English constituency based on 2006 electorates. ^[7]

Modifications in 2018

The Local Government Boundary Commission for England modified Preston City Council's ward boundaries in 2018, which in some minor cases altered which wards crossed the Parliamentary boundary of Preston. Due to the changes, the constituency of Preston, as of 2018, is made from:

In full: Ashton, Brookfield, City Centre, Deepdale, Fishwick and Frenchwood, Plungington, Ribbleton, St Matthews. In part: Cadley (shared with Wyre and Preston North), Ingol and Cottam (shared with Fylde), Lea and Larches (shared with Fylde),

Members of Parliament

MPs 1295–1640

Parliament	First member	Second member
1295	Willielmus fil' (filius) Pauli	Adam Russel
1298	Adam fil' Radulfi	Adam de Biri
1300/1	Willielmus fil' Paulini
1304/5	Robertus fil' Willelmi de Preston	Hernricus fil' Willelmi del Tounhende
1306/7	Robertus fil' Rogeri	Ricardus Banastre
1307	Henricus del Krykestyle	Ricardus Banastre
1326/7	Laurencius Travers	Willelmus de Graistok
1327 (Nov)	John Stakky	Henry Banastre
1328/9 (Feb)	Willielmus fil' Paulini	Nicholaus de Preston
1330 (Nov)	William fitz Paul	Henry de Haydock
1331 (Sep)	Johannes fil' Galfridi	Willielmus fil' Johannis
1331–1529	No returns
1529	Cristoferus Heydock	James Walton [8]
1536–1545	No returns
1545	Sir Ralph Sadler	John Bourne [8]
1547	George Frevil	John Hales [8]
1552/3 (Mar)	Anthony Browne	Thomas Fleetwood [8]
1553 (Oct)	William Gerard	Anthony Browne [8]
1554 (Apr)	Thomas Ruthall	Willielmus Berners [8]
1554 (Nov)	Richard Shyrburne	John Sylyard [8]
1555	John Arundell	John Herle [8]
1557/8	Richard Sherbourne	Robert Southwell [8]
1559 (Jan)	Robert Aalford	Francis Goldsmith, sat for Helston, repl, by Richard Cooke [9]
1562/3	Gilbert Moreton	James Hodgkinson [9]
1571	Edward Baeshe	Reginald Williams [9]
1572	James Hodgkinson	George Horsey [9]
1584 (Nov)	William Fleetwood	Thomas Cromwell [9]
1586	John Brograve	Sir Thomas Hesketh [9]
1588 (Oct)	Sir Thomas Hesketh	Michael Doughty [9]
1593	James Dalton	Thomas Bulbeck [9]
1597 (Oct)	John Brograve	Sir John Stanhope [9]
1601 (Oct)	John Brograve	William Waad [9]
1604-1611	Sir Vincent Skinner	William Holte
1614	Sir Edward Mosley	Henry Banister
1621-1622	Sir Edward Mosley	Sir William Pooley
1624	Sir Edward Mosley	Sir William Pooley, sat for Sudbury, repl. by Sir William Hervey
1625	Sir William Hervey	Henry Banister
1626	George Garrard	Thomas Fanshawe
1628	Robert Carre	George Garrard
1629-1640	No Parliaments summoned

MPs 1640–1950

Year		First member [10]	First party		Second member [10]	Second party
April 1640		Richard Shuttleworth	Parliamentarian		Thomas Standish	Parliamentarian
November 1640
November 1642				Standish died November 1642 - seat vacant
1645					William Langton
December 1648	Shuttleworth excluded in Pride's Purge - seat vacant			Langton not recorded as sitting after Pride's Purge
1653	Preston was unrepresented in the Barebones Parliament
1654		Colonel Richard Shuttleworth		Preston had only one seat in the First and Second Parliaments of the Protectorate
1656
January 1659					Colonel Richard Standish
May 1659	Not represented in the restored Rump
April 1660		Alexander Rigby			Richard Standish
August 1660		Edward Rigby			Edward Fleetwood
1661					Geoffrey Rishton
1667					John Otway
February 1679					Sir Robert Carr
April 1679					Sir John Otway
1681		Sir Robert Carr			Sir Gervase Elwes
April 1685		Sir Thomas Chicheley [11]			Edward Fleetwood
June 1685		Hon. Andrew Newport	Tory
1689		James Stanley			Thomas Patten
March 1690		Lord Willoughby de Eresby			Christopher Greenfield
December 1690		Sir Edward Chisenhall
1695		Sir Thomas Stanley			Thomas Molyneux
1698		Henry Ashhurst
January 1701					Edward Rigby
December 1701					Thomas Molyneux
1702		Charles Zedenno Stanley			Sir Cyril Wyche
1705		Francis Annesley			Edward Rigby
1706					Arthur Maynwaring
1708		Henry Fleetwood
1710					Sir Henry Hoghton
1713					Edward Southwell
1715					Sir Henry Hoghton
1722		Daniel Pulteney			Thomas Hesketh
1727					Sir Henry Hoghton
1732		Nicholas Fazackerley
1741					James Shuttleworth
1754					Edmund Starkie
1767		Sir Peter Leicester
April 1768 [12]					Sir Frank Standish
November 1768		Brigadier John Burgoyne [13]	Whig		Sir Henry Hoghton	Tory [14]
1792		William Shawe	Non-partisan [14]
1795					Sir Henry Hoghton	Whig [14]
1796		Edward Smith-Stanley	Whig [14]
1802					John Horrocks	Tory [14]
1804					Samuel Horrocks	Tory [14]
1812		Edmund Hornby	Whig [14]
1826		Hon. Edward Smith-Stanley	Whig [14]		John Wood	Whig [14]
December 1830		Henry Hunt	Radical [14]
1832		(Sir) Peter Hesketh-Fleetwood	Conservative [14]		Hon. Henry Smith-Stanley	Whig [14]
1837			Whig [14] [15] [16]		Robert Townley Parker	Conservative [14]
1841					Sir George Strickland	Whig [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19]
1847		Charles Grenfell	Whig [20] [21] [22]
1852		Robert Townley Parker	Conservative [14]
1857		Charles Grenfell	Whig [20] [21] [22]		R. A. Cross	Conservative
1859			Liberal
1862 by-election					Sir Thomas Hesketh [23]	Conservative
1865		Hon. Frederick Stanley	Conservative
1868		Edward Hermon	Conservative
1872 by-election					(Sir) John Holker	Conservative
1881 by-election		William Farrer Ecroyd	Conservative
February 1882 by-election					Henry Cecil Raikes	Conservative
November 1882 by-election					(Sir) William Tomlinson [24]	Conservative
1885		Robert William Hanbury	Conservative
1903 by-election		John Kerr	Conservative
1906		John Thomas Macpherson	Labour		Harold Cox	Liberal
January 1910		Major the Hon. George Stanley	Conservative		Alfred Tobin	Conservative
1915 by-election					Urban H. Broughton	Conservative
1918					Thomas Shaw	Labour
1922		James Hodge	Liberal
1924		Alfred Ravenscroft Kennedy	Conservative
1929		Sir William Jowitt	Liberal
1929 by-election			Labour
1931		Adrian Moreing	Conservative		William Kirkpatrick	Conservative
1936 by-election					Edward Cobb	Conservative
1940 by-election		Randolph Churchill	Conservative
1945		John William Sunderland	Labour		Samuel Segal	Labour
1946 by-election		Edward Shackleton	Labour

MPs since 1983

Election		Member [10]	Party	Notes
	1983	Stan Thorne	Labour	Previously MP for Preston South 1974-1983
	1987	Audrey Wise	Labour	Previously MP for Coventry South West 1974–1979. Died September 2000
	2000 by-election	Sir Mark Hendrick	Labour and Co-operative	Became a Knight Bachelor in 2018 New Year Honours

Overview

Representatives have sat in Parliament for Preston for nearly 800 years, the first recorded names being Willielmus fil' Pauli and Adam Russel. Prior to being reformed as "Preston" in 1983, the former Preston North and Preston South seats were amongst the most marginal in the country - in 1979, Conservative Robert Atkins won Preston North by 29 votes.

With the suburban, middle class former Fulwood Urban District area within Ribble Valley (and from 2010 Wyre and Preston North), the southern portion has awarded MPs with much healthier and secure majorities. Almost all of Preston's representatives from 1915 to 1950, and since its recreation as a single constituency in 1983, have been Labour candidates.

Between 1918 and 1949, the two-seat constituency of Preston was formed by the County Borough of Preston and the Urban District of Fulwood. In 1997, Audrey Wise secured a majority of over 18,000. The collapse of the Conservative vote - 10 percentage points down from 1992 - was firmly with the pattern of the Tory fortunes in that year.

The death of Audrey Wise in 2000 triggered a by-election. At that Preston by-election, Mark Hendrick, former Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for the Lancashire Central constituency with Preston at its heart, secured a victory with a 4,400 majority. The surprise of the night was the result of the fledgling Socialist Alliance, for whom Terry Cartright saved his deposit.

Less than a year later, the 2001 general election returned Mark Hendrick with a much healthier 12,200 majority, up against South Ribble councillor Graham O'Hare for the Conservatives and the then local Liberal Democrat leader Bill Chadwick. In real terms, all three main parties lost support from 1997 - Labour down by over 8,000 votes, Conservatives reduced by over 2,200 and Lib Dems 2,300 lower. One notable candidate in 2001 was David Braid, also a candidate in a number of other seats that year, who had been the "Battle for Britain" candidate in the previous year's by-election.

The 2005 general election was notable for the changes in share of the vote of the minor parties. The first ever Respect candidate, local councillor Michael Lavalette, firmly saved his deposit with nearly 7% of the vote. The Liberal Democrats had chosen former Conservative County Councillor William Parkinson, and had their best result since 1997. Fiona Bryce for the Conservatives, remained in second place seeing her share of the vote remain stable despite the United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP) polling over 1,000 votes. Mark Hendrick secured another term as MP, although his vote total was 3,000 less than 2001 and 12,000 less than Audrey Wise in 1997.

Labour continued to represent Preston at the elections of 2010, 2015, and 2017. Whilst Mark Hendrick secured less than 50% of the votes cast in 2010, the first time this has occurred at a Preston election since 1983, subsequent results had much stronger Labour majorities. Second place went back to the Conservative Party, regaining from the Liberal Democrats who took second place for the first time in 2010.

Elections

Elections in the 2010s

General election 2019: Preston ^[25]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Labour Co-op	Mark Hendrick	20,870	61.8	―6.2
	Conservative	Michele Scott	8,724	25.8	+2.0
	Brexit Party	Rob Sherratt	1,799	5.3	New
	Liberal Democrats	Neil Darby	1,737	5.1	+1.7
	Green	Michael Welton	660	2.0	+1.0
Majority			12,146	35.9	―8.2
Turnout			33,790	56.6	-5.0
	Labour Co-op hold		Swing	―4.1

General election 2017: Preston ^[26]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Labour Co-op	Mark Hendrick	24,210	68.0	+12.0
	Conservative	Kevin Beaty	8,487	23.8	+4.0
	UKIP	Simon Platt	1,348	3.8	―11.6
	Liberal Democrats	Neil Darby	1,204	3.4	―0.3
	Green	Anne Power	348	1.0	―3.9
Majority			15,723	44.2	+8.2
Turnout			35,597	61.6	+5.8
	Labour Co-op hold		Swing	+4.0

General election 2015: Preston ^{[27] [28]}

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Labour Co-op	Mark Hendrick	18,755	56.0	+7.8
	Conservative	Richard Holden	6,688	20.0	―1.7
	UKIP	James Barker	5,139	15.4	+10.9
	Green	Gemma Christie	1,643	4.9	New
	Liberal Democrats	Jo Barton	1,244	3.7	―20.7
Majority			12,067	36.0	+12.2
Turnout			33,469	55.8	+3.8
	Labour Co-op hold		Swing	+4.8

General election 2010: Preston ^[29]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Labour Co-op	Mark Hendrick	15,668	48.2	―2.3
	Liberal Democrats	Mark Jewell	7,935	24.4	+7.7
	Conservative	Nerissa Warner-O'Neill	7,060	21.7	―1.2
	UKIP	Richard Muirhead	1,462	4.5	+1.4
	Christian	George Ambroze	272	0.8	New
	Independent	Krishna Tayya	108	0.3	New
Majority			7,733	23.8	―3.8
Turnout			32,505	52.0	―1.8
	Labour Co-op hold		Swing	―5.0

Elections in the 2000s

General election 2005: Preston ^[30]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Labour Co-op	Mark Hendrick	17,210	50.5	―6.5
	Conservative	Fiona J. Bryce	7,803	22.9	―0.1
	Liberal Democrats	William R. Parkinson	5,701	16.7	+3.5
	Respect	Michael Lavalette	2,318	6.8	New
	UKIP	Ellen Boardman	1,049	3.1	New
Majority			9,407	27.6	-5.6
Turnout			34,081	53.8	+4.6
	Labour Co-op hold		Swing	―3.2

General election 2001: Preston ^[31]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Labour Co-op	Mark Hendrick	20,540	57.0	―3.8
	Conservative	Graham O'Hare	8,272	23.0	+1.1
	Liberal Democrats	William Chadwick	4,746	13.2	―1.5
	Independent	Bilal Patel	1,241	3.4	New
	Green	Richard Merrick	1,019	2.8	N/A
	Independent	David Franklin-Braid	223	0.6	N/A
Majority			12,268	34.0	―4.9
Turnout			36,041	49.2	―16.6
	Labour Co-op hold		Swing	―2.5

Preston by-election, 2000 ^[32]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Labour Co-op	Mark Hendrick	9,765	45.7	―15.1
	Conservative	Graham O'Hare	5,339	25.0	+3.1
	Liberal Democrats	Bill Chadwick	3,454	16.2	+1.5
	Socialist Alliance	Terry Cartwright	1,210	5.7	New
	UKIP	Gregg Beaman	458	2.1	New
	Green	Richard Merrick	441	2.1	New
	CPA	Peter Garrett	416	2.0	New
	BNP	Chris Jackson	229	1.1	New
	Independent	David Franklin-Braid	51	0.2	New
Majority			4,426	20.7	―18.2
Turnout			21,363	29.4	―36.4
	Labour Co-op hold		Swing	―9.1

Elections in the 1990s

General election 1997: Preston ^[33]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Labour	Audrey Wise	29,220	60.8	+6.5
	Conservative	Paul S. Gray	10,540	21.9	―5.9
	Liberal Democrats	William Chadwick	7,045	14.7	―2.5
	Referendum	John C. Porter	924	1.9	New
	Natural Law	John Ashforth	345	0.7	+0.0
Majority			18,680	38.9	+12.4
Turnout			48,074	65.8	―5.9
	Labour hold		Swing	+6.2

General election 1992: Preston ^{[34] [35]}

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Labour	Audrey Wise	24,983	54.3	+1.8
	Conservative	Simon G. O'Toole	12,808	27.8	―0.7
	Liberal Democrats	William Chadwick	7,897	17.2	―1.8
	Natural Law	Janet Aycliffe	341	0.7	New
Majority			12,175	26.5	+2.5
Turnout			46,029	71.7	+0.7
	Labour hold		Swing	+1.3

Elections of the 1980s

General election 1987: Preston ^[36]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Labour	Audrey Wise	23,341	52.5	+5.8
	Conservative	Raj Chandran	12,696	28.5	―3.3
	Liberal	John Wright	8,452	19.0	―2.5
Majority			10,645	24.0	+9.1
Turnout			44,489	71.0	―0.8
	Labour hold		Swing	+4.6

General election 1983: Preston ^[37]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Labour	Stan Thorne	21,810	46.7
	Conservative	Tom N. Huntley	14,832	31.8
	SDP	Michael Connolly	10,039	21.5
Majority			6,978	14.9
Turnout			46,681	71.8
	Labour win (new seat)

Elections in the 1940s

1946 Preston by-election

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Labour	Edward Shackleton	32,189	55.6	+7.3
	Conservative	Harmar Nicholls	25,718	44.4	+2.6
Majority			6,471	11.2	+8.4
Turnout			57,907
	Labour hold		Swing

General election 1945: Preston (2 seats)

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Labour	Samuel Segal	33,053	24.2
	Labour	John William Sunderland	32,889	24.1
	Conservative	Randolph Churchill	29,129	21.4
	Conservative	Julian Amery	27,885	20.4
	Liberal	J Maurice Toulmin	8,251	6.1	New
	Communist	P.J. Devine	5,168	3.8	New
Majority			3,760	2.8	N/A
Turnout			136,375	77.0	-2.0
	Labour hold		Swing

Preston by-election September 1940

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	Randolph Churchill	Unopposed	N/A	N/A
	Conservative hold		Swing

For the general election expected to take place in 1939/1940, the following candidates had been selected;

• Conservative: Adrian Moreing, Edward Cobb
• Labour: P.C. Hoffman, John William Sunderland

Elections in the 1930s

1936 Preston by-election

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	Edward Cobb	32,575	48.8	-4.8
	Labour	Frank Bowles	30,970	46.4	0.0
	Independent	F. White	3,221	4.8	New
Majority			1,605	2.4	-1.0
Turnout			63,746	79.0	-2.9
	Conservative hold		Swing

General election 1935: Preston (2 seats)

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	Adrian Moreing	37,219	26.9	-5.3
	Conservative	William Kirkpatrick	36,797	26.7	-5.8
	Labour	Robert Arthur Lyster	32,225	23.3	+5.3
	Labour	Richard Reiss	31,827	23.1	+5.8
Majority			4,572	3.4	-8.8
Turnout			138,068	81.9	-2.7
	Conservative hold		Swing

General election 1931: Preston (2 seats)

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	William Kirkpatrick	46,276	32.5
	Conservative	Adrian Moreing	45,843	32.2
	Labour	Tom Shaw	25,710	18.0
	Labour	Edward Porter	24,660	17.3
Majority			20,133	14.2	N/A
Turnout			142,489	84.6	+6.4
	Conservative gain from Labour		Swing

Elections in the 1920s

1929 Preston by-election

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Labour	William Jowitt	35,608	54.6	+25.1
	Unionist	Alfred Howitt	29,168	44.8	-0.7
	Independent Labour	S. M. Holden	410	0.6	-1.0
Majority			6,440	9.8	+2.0
Turnout			65,186	79.6	+1.4
	Labour hold		Swing

General election 1929: Preston (2 seats)

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Labour	Tom Shaw	37,705	29.5	+3.2
	Liberal	William Jowitt	31,277	24.4	-0.2
	Unionist	Alfred Howitt	29,116	22.8	-2.4
	Unionist	Charles Emmott	27,754	21.7	-2.2
	Independent Labour	S. M. Holden	2,111	1.6	New
Majority			8,589	1.6	N/A
Turnout			127,963	78.2
	Labour hold		Swing
	Liberal gain from Unionist		Swing

General election 1924: Preston

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Labour	Tom Shaw	27,009	26.3	-8.1
	Unionist	Alfred Ravenscroft Kennedy	25,887	25.2
	Liberal	James Hodge	25,327	24.6	-9.0
	Unionist	G Barnes	24,577	23.9
Majority			560	0.6	N/A
Turnout			102,800
	Labour hold		Swing
	Unionist gain from Liberal		Swing

General election 1923: Preston (2 seats)

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Labour	Tom Shaw	25,816	34.4	+6.5
	Liberal	James Hodge	25,155	33.6	+7.2
	Unionist	William Kirkpatrick	23,953	32.0	-13.7
Majority			1,854	2.4	-1.5
Majority			1,193	1.6	-0.8
Turnout			74,924	87.2	+6.1
	Labour hold		Swing
	Liberal hold		Swing

General election 1922: Preston (2 seats)

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Labour	Tom Shaw	26,259	27.9	+2.1
	Liberal	James Hodge	24,798	26.4	+1.6
	Unionist	George Stanley	22,574	24.0	−1.4
	Unionist	Alfred Robert MacLean Camm	20,410	21.7	−2.3
Majority			3,685	3.9	+2.9
	Labour hold		Swing
Majority			2,224	2.4	N/A
	Liberal gain from Unionist		Swing
Turnout			94,041	81.1	+16.6
Registered electors			57,953

Elections in the 1910s

• For all General Elections from 1906 to 1929 the Liberal and Labour parties ran only one candidate each, and these candidates ran in harness.

Stanley

General election 1918: Preston (2 seats)

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Labour	Y Tom Shaw	19,213	25.8	+2.8
C	Unionist	Y George Stanley	18,970	25.4	−1.4
	Liberal	John O'Neill	18,485	24.8	+0.9
C	Unionist	Warwick Brookes	17,928	24.0	−2.3
Majority			728	1.0	N/A
	Labour gain from Unionist		Swing	+2.1
Majority			485	0.6	−1.8
	Unionist hold		Swing	N/A
Turnout			74,596	64.5	−24.4
Registered electors			57,795
Cindicates candidate endorsed by the coalition government.

By-election, 1915: Preston ^[38]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Unionist	Urban H. Broughton	Unopposed
	Unionist hold

General Election 1914/15:

Another General Election was required to take place before the end of 1915. The political parties had been making preparations for an election to take place and by the July 1914, the following candidates had been selected;

• Unionist: George Stanley and Alfred Tobin
• Labour: Tom Shaw
• Liberal: Frederick Llewellyn-Jones

Young

General election December 1910: Preston (2 seats) ^{[39] [40]}

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	George Stanley	9,184	26.8	−0.3
	Conservative	Alfred Tobin	8,993	26.3	+0.3
	Liberal	Hilton Young	8,193	23.9	+6.1
	Labour	William Henry Carr	7,855	23.0	+1.6
Majority			800	2.4	−2.2
Turnout			34,225	88.9	−5.5
Registered electors			19,521
	Conservative hold		Swing	−3.2
	Conservative hold		Swing	−0.7

General election January 1910: Preston (2 seats) ^{[39] [40]}

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	George Stanley	9,526	27.1	+4.9
	Conservative	Alfred Tobin	9,160	26.0	+5.1
	Labour	John Thomas Macpherson	7,539	21.4	−9.5
	Liberal	John Eldon Gorst	6,281	17.8	−8.2
	Free Trader	Harold Cox *	2,704	7.7	New
Majority			1,621	4.6	N/A
Turnout			32,506	94.4	−1.8
Registered electors			19,521
	Conservative gain from Labour		Swing	+7.2
	Conservative gain from Liberal		Swing	+6.7

* Cox was replaced as Liberal candidate by Gorst - due to his frequent criticism of Liberal social policy - but chose to run independently.

Elections in the 1900s

Cox

General election 1906: Preston (2 seats) ^{[39] [41]}

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Labour Repr. Cmte.	John Thomas Macpherson	10,181	30.9	+8.8
	Liberal	Harold Cox	8,538	26.0	New
	Conservative	John Kerr	7,303	22.2	−18.8
	Conservative	William Tomlinson	6,856	20.9	−16.0
Turnout			32,878	96.2	+19.8
Registered electors			18,626
Majority			2,878	8.7	N/A
	Labour Repr. Cmte. gain from Conservative		Swing	+13.8
Majority			1,235	3.8	N/A
	Liberal gain from Conservative		Swing	N/A

Hodge

1903 Preston by-election ^{[39] [41] [42]}

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	John Kerr	8,639	57.1	−20.8
	Labour Repr. Cmte.	John Hodge	6,490	42.9	+20.8
Majority			2,149	14.2	−0.6
Turnout			15,129	84.2	+7.8
Registered electors			17,973
	Conservative hold		Swing	−20.8

By-election, 1900: Preston ^[39]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	Robert William Hanbury	Unopposed
	Conservative hold

Hardie

General election 1900: Preston (2 seats) ^{[39] [41] [42]}

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	Robert William Hanbury	8,944	41.0	−0.9
	Conservative	William Tomlinson	8,067	36.9	+1.2
	Labour Repr. Cmte.	Keir Hardie	4,834	22.1	New
Majority			3,233	14.8	+1.5
Turnout			21,845	76.4	+0.1
Registered electors			16,867
	Conservative hold		Swing	N/A
	Conservative hold		Swing	N/A

Elections in the 1890s

Tomlinson

General election 1895: Preston (2 seats) ^{[39] [41] [42]}

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	Robert William Hanbury	8,928	41.9	+5.3
	Conservative	William Tomlinson	7,622	35.7	+0.4
	Ind. Labour Party	James Tattersall	4,781	22.4	New
Majority			2,841	13.3	+6.1
Turnout			12,508	76.3	−11.4
Registered electors			16,395
	Conservative hold		Swing	N/A
	Conservative hold		Swing	N/A

General election 1892: Preston (2 seats) ^{[39] [41]}

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	Robert William Hanbury	8,070	36.6	+6.9
	Conservative	William Tomlinson	7,764	35.3	+4.7
	Liberal	Charles Weld-Blundell	6,182	28.1	−11.6
Majority			1,582	7.2	−2.2
Turnout			14,003	87.7	+3.8
Registered electors			15,959
	Conservative hold		Swing	+6.4
	Conservative hold		Swing	+5.3

Elections in the 1880s

General election 1886: Preston (2 seats) ^{[39] [41]}

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	William Tomlinson	7,497	30.6	-7.9
	Conservative	Robert William Hanbury	7,296	29.7	-6.7
	Liberal	John Ormerod Pilkington	4,982	20.3	−4.8
	Lib-Lab	George Potter	4,771	19.4	N/A
Majority			2,314	9.4	−1.9
Turnout			12,473 (est)	83.9	-7.2
Registered electors			14,876
	Conservative hold		Swing	−2.8
	Conservative hold		Swing	−1.7

Russell

General election 1885: Preston (2 seats) ^{[39] [41] [43]}

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	William Tomlinson	8,459	38.5	+5.8
	Conservative	Robert William Hanbury	7,971	36.4	+0.2
	Liberal	Thomas Russell	5,491	25.1	−6.0
Majority			2,480	11.3	+9.7
Turnout			13,550 (est)	91.1	−4.7 (est)
Registered electors			14,876
	Conservative hold		Swing	+4.4
	Conservative hold		Swing	+1.6

By-election, 25 Nov 1882: Preston (1 seat) ^[44]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	William Tomlinson	6,351	60.4	N/A
	Conservative	Robert William Hanbury	4,167	39.6	N/A
Majority			2,184	20.8	N/A
Turnout			10,518	81.0	−14.8 (est)
Registered electors			12,978
	Conservative hold		Swing	N/A

• Caused by Raikes' resignation to seek election in the 1882 Cambridge University by-election.

By-election, 4 Feb 1882: Preston (1 seat) ^[44]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	Henry Cecil Raikes	6,045	58.9	−10.0
	Lib-Lab	William Simpson [45]	4,212	41.1	+10.0
Majority			1,833	17.8	+16.2
Turnout			10,257	79.0	-16.8 (est)
Registered electors			12,978
	Conservative hold		Swing	−10.0

• Caused by Holker's resignation upon appointment as a Lord Justice of Appeal.

1881 Preston by-election (1 seat) ^[44]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	William Farrer Ecroyd	6,004	58.0	-10.9
	Liberal	Henry Yates Thompson [46]	4,340	42.0	+10.9
Majority			1,664	16.0	+14.4
Turnout			10,344	88.0	-7.8 (est)
Registered electors			11,748
	Conservative hold		Swing	-10.9

• Caused by Hermon's death.

General election 1880: Preston (2 seats) ^[44]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	Edward Hermon	6,239	36.2	−5.9
	Conservative	John Holker	5,641	32.7	−1.0
	Liberal	George William Bahr [47]	5,355	31.1	+6.8
Majority			286	1.6	-7.8
Turnout			11,594 (est)	95.8 (est)	+16.1
Registered electors			12,108
	Conservative hold		Swing	-4.7
	Conservative hold		Swing	-2.2

Elections in the 1870s

By-election, 24 Apr 1874: Preston (1 seat) ^[44]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	John Holker	Unopposed
	Conservative hold

• Caused by Holker's appointment as Solicitor General for England and Wales.

General election 1874: Preston (2 seats) ^[44]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	Edward Hermon	6,512	42.1	+14.3
	Conservative	John Holker	5,211	33.7	+6.4
	Lib-Lab	Thomas Mottershead	3,756	24.3	−20.7
Majority			1,455	9.4	+4.8
Turnout			9,618 (est)	79.7 (est)	−17.4
Registered electors			12,073
	Conservative hold		Swing	+12.3
	Conservative hold		Swing	+8.4

By-election, 16 Sep 1872: Preston (1 seat) ^[44]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	John Holker	4,542	54.3	−0.8
	Liberal	James German [48]	3,824	45.7	+0.7
Majority			718	8.6	+4.0
Turnout			8,366	81.9	−15.2
Registered electors			10,214
	Conservative hold		Swing	−0.8

• Caused by Hesketh's death.

Elections in the 1860s

General election 1868: Preston (2 seats) ^[44]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	Edward Hermon	5,803	27.8	N/A
	Conservative	Thomas Fermor-Hesketh	5,700	27.3	N/A
	Liberal	Joseph Leese	4,741	22.7	New
	Liberal	Edward Fitzalan-Howard	4,663	22.3	New
Majority			959	4.6	N/A
Turnout			10,454 (est)	97.1 (est)	N/A
Registered electors			10,763
	Conservative hold		Swing	N/A
	Conservative hold		Swing	N/A

General election 1865: Preston (2 seats) ^[44]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	Thomas Hesketh	Unopposed
	Conservative	Frederick Stanley	Unopposed
Registered electors			2,562
	Conservative hold
	Conservative gain from Liberal

By-election, 4 April 1862: Preston ^[44]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	Thomas Hesketh	1,527	60.1	−9.1
	Liberal	George Melly	1,014	39.9	+9.1
Majority			513	20.2	+11.6
Turnout			2,541	91.6	+17.9
Registered electors			2,773
	Conservative hold		Swing	−9.1

• Caused by Cross' resignation.

Elections in the 1850s

General election 1859: Preston (2 seats) ^[44]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	R. A. Cross	1,542	39.4	+3.8
	Liberal	Charles Grenfell	1,208	30.8	−6.5
	Conservative	John Talbot Clifton [49]	1,168	29.8	+2.7
Turnout			1,959 (est)	73.7 (est)	+1.6
Registered electors			2,657
Majority			334	8.6	+0.1
	Conservative hold		Swing	+3.5
Majority			40	1.0	−0.7
	Liberal hold		Swing	−6.5

General election 1857: Preston (2 seats) ^[44]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Whig	Charles Grenfell	1,503	37.3	+11.7
	Conservative	R. A. Cross	1,433	35.6	+5.3
	Whig	George Strickland	1,094	27.1	−1.3
Turnout			2,015 (est)	72.1 (est)	−5.1
Registered electors			2,793
Majority			70	1.7	−11.0
	Whig hold		Swing	+4.5
Majority			339	8.5	+6.6
	Conservative hold		Swing	+0.1

General election 1852: Preston (2 seats) ^[44]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	Robert Townley Parker	1,335	30.3	−2.6
	Whig	George Strickland	1,253	28.4	−5.5
	Whig	Charles Grenfell	1,127	25.6	−7.7
	Radical	James German [50]	692	15.7	N/A
Turnout			2,204 (est)	77.2 (est)	−13.2
Registered electors			2,854
Majority			82	1.9	N/A
	Conservative gain from Whig		Swing	+5.3
Majority			561	12.7	+12.3
	Whig hold		Swing	−2.1

Elections in the 1840s

General election 1847: Preston (2 seats) ^[44]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Whig	George Strickland	1,404	33.9	+5.9
	Whig	Charles Grenfell	1,378	33.3	+4.8
	Conservative	Robert Townley Parker	1,361	32.9	−10.6
Majority			17	0.4	−5.7
Turnout			2,752 (est)	90.4 (est)	+4.2
Registered electors			3,044
	Whig hold		Swing	+5.6
	Whig hold		Swing	+5.1

General election 1841: Preston (2 seats) ^{[14] [44]}

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Whig	Peter Hesketh-Fleetwood	1,655	28.5	−16.1
	Whig	George Strickland	1,629	28.0	+2.5
	Conservative	Robert Townley Parker	1,270	21.9	+7.0
	Conservative	Charles Swainson	1,255	21.6	+6.7
Majority			359	6.1	−8.7
Turnout			2,905 (est)	86.2 (est)	c. −3.1
Registered electors			3,371
	Whig hold		Swing	−11.5
	Whig hold		Swing	−2.2

Elections in the 1830s

General election 1837: Preston (2 seats) ^{[14] [44]}

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Whig	Peter Hesketh-Fleetwood	2,726	44.6	+28.4
	Conservative	Robert Townley Parker	1,821	29.8	−3.9
	Whig	John Crawfurd	1,562	25.5	+9.3
	Radical	Feargus O'Connor	5	0.1	−33.7
Turnout			3,264	89.3	−0.4
Registered electors			3,656
Majority			905	14.8	+3.8
	Whig hold		Swing	+15.2
Majority			259	4.3	+3.1
	Conservative hold		Swing	−11.4

General election 1835: Preston (2 seats) ^{[14] [44]}

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	Peter Hesketh-Fleetwood	2,165	33.7	+2.3
	Whig	Henry Smith-Stanley	2,092	32.5	+2.0
	Radical	Thomas Perronet Thompson	1,385	21.5	+2.5
	Radical	Thomas Smith	789	12.3	−6.8
Turnout			3,350	89.7	+2.5
Registered electors			3,734
Majority			73	1.2	+0.3
	Conservative hold		Swing	+2.3
Majority			707	11.0	−0.4
	Whig hold		Swing	+2.1

General election 1832: Preston (2 seats) ^{[14] [44]}

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Tory	Peter Hesketh-Fleetwood	3,372	31.4
	Whig	Henry Smith-Stanley	3,273	30.5
	Radical	Henry Hunt	2,054	19.1
	Radical	John Forbes	1,926	17.9
	Radical	Charles John Crompton [51]	118	1.1
Turnout			5,538	87.2
Registered electors			6,352
Majority			99	0.9
	Tory gain from Radical
Majority			1,219	11.4
	Whig hold

General election 1831: Preston (2 seats) ^{[14] [52]}

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Whig	John Wood	Unopposed
	Radical	Henry Hunt	Unopposed
	Whig hold
	Radical gain from Whig

By-election, 17 December 1830: Preston ^{[14] [52]}

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Radical	Henry Hunt	3,730	52.4	+32.9
	Whig	Edward Smith-Stanley	3,392	47.6	−32.9
Majority			338	4.8	N/A
Turnout			7,122
	Radical gain from Whig		Swing	+32.9

• Caused by Smith-Stanley's appointment as Chief Secretary for Ireland

General election 1830: Preston ^{[14] [52]}

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Whig	Edward Smith-Stanley	2,996	44.8
	Whig	John Wood	2,389	35.7
	Radical	Henry Hunt	1,308	19.5
Majority			1,081	16.2
Turnout			c. 3,347
	Whig hold		Swing
	Whig hold		Swing

Elections in the 1810s

General election 1818: Preston (2 seats)

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Tory	Samuel Horrocks	1,694	37.3	-2.4
	Whig	Edmund Hornby	1,598	35.2	-4.2
	Reformer	Peter Crompton	1,245	27.4	New
Majority			449	9.9	-8.9
Turnout			4,537
	Tory hold		Swing
	Whig hold		Swing

General election 1812: Preston (2 seats)

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Tory	Samuel Horrocks	1,379	39.7
	Whig	Edmund Hornby	1,368	39.4
	Independent	Edward Hanson	727	20.9
Majority			652	18.8
Turnout			3,474

See also

• List of parliamentary constituencies in Lancashire
• 1903 Preston by-election
• 1915 Preston by-election
• 1929 Preston by-election
• 1936 Preston by-election
• 1940 Preston by-election
• 2000 Preston by-election

Notes

1. A borough constituency (for the purposes of election expenses and type of returning officer)
2. As with all constituencies, the constituency elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election at least every five years.

References

1. England Parliamentary electorates Boundary Commission for England
2. "The statutes of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. 2 & 3 William IV. Cap. LXIV: An Act to settle and describe the Divisions of Counties, and the Limits of Cities and Boroughs, in England and Wales, in so far as respects the Election of Members to serve in Parliament". London: His Majesty's statute and law printers. 1832. pp. 300–383.
3. "A Collection of the Public General Statutes: 1867/68. Cap. XLVI. An Act to settle and describe the Limits of certain Boroughs and the Divisions of certain Counties in England and Wales, in so far as respects the Election of Members to serve in Parliament". London: Eyre and Spottiswoode. 1868. pp. 119–166.
4. "Chap. 23. Redistribution of Seats Act, 1885". The Public General Acts of the United Kingdom passed in the forty-eighth and forty-ninth years of the reign of Queen Victoria. London: Eyre and Spottiswoode. 1885. pp.  111–198.
5. Debretts House of Commons 1886 Debretts House of Commons 1886, Page 222, "Counties, Divisions, Boroughs, etc
6. RotPA 1918 Archive.org
7. "Boundary Commission for England, fifth periodic review, p195" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 July 2011.
8. "History of Parliament" . Retrieved 25 September 2011.
9. "History of Parliament" . Retrieved 25 September 2011.
10. Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs – Constituencies beginning with "P" (part 2)
11. Chicheley was also elected for Cambridge, which he chose to represent, and never sat for Preston
12. On petition, Leicester and Standish were adjudged not to have been duly elected and their opponents, Burgoyne and Hoghton, were declared to have been duly elected in their place
13. Major-General from 1772, Lieutenant-General from 1777
14. Stooks Smith, Henry. (1973) [1844-1850]. Craig, F. W. S. (ed.). The Parliaments of England (2nd ed.). Chichester: Parliamentary Research Services. pp.  185–187. ISBN   0-900178-13-2.
15. Churton, Edward (1838). The Assembled Commons or Parliamentary Biographer: 1838. pp. 92–93, 216–217. Retrieved 29 November 2018– via Google Books.
16. Mosse, Richard Bartholomew (1838). The Parliamentary Guide: a concise history of the Members of both Houses, etc. pp. 164–165, 220. Retrieved 29 November 2018– via Google Books.
17. Casey, Martin (2009). "STRICKLAND, George (1782–1874), of Hildenley and Boyton, Yorks. and Parliament Street, Mdx". The History of Parliament. Retrieved 30 June 2018.
18. Ward, J. T. (1962). The Factory Movement, 1830-1855 (eBook). London: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 225. ISBN   978-1-349-81759-7 . Retrieved 30 June 2018.
19. "Seats Gained by the Whigs" . Bell's Weekly Messenger . 5 July 1841. p. 5. Retrieved 30 June 2018– via British Newspaper Archive.
20. Taylor, H. A. (15 September 1955). "Politics in Famine-Stricken Preston: An Examination of Liberal Party Management, 1861–65" (PDF). The Historic Society of Lancashire & Cheshire. p. 121. Retrieved 30 June 2018.
21. Aspinall, A.; Smith, E. Anthony, eds. (1996) [1959]. English Historical Documents 1783–1832 (eBook). London: Routledge. p. 34. ISBN   0-203-19915-4 . Retrieved 30 June 2018.
22. Rothbard, Murray N. (2006) [1995]. Economic Thought Before Adam Smith: An Austrian Perspective on the History of Economic Thought, Volume I. Edward Elgar Publishing. p.  223. ISBN   0-945466-48-X . Retrieved 30 June 2018.
23. Later adopted the surname Fermor-Hesketh
24. Created a baronet, 1902
25. "Statement of persons nominated 2019" (PDF).
26. General Election Preston City Council
27. "Election Data 2015". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
28. "Preston". BBC News Online . Retrieved 8 May 2015.
29. "Election Data 2010". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 26 July 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
30. "Election Data 2005". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
31. "Election Data 2001". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
32. Boothroyd, David. "Results of Byelections in the 1997-2002 Parliament". United Kingdom Election Results. Retrieved 5 October 2015.
33. "Election Data 1997". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
34. "Election Data 1992". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
35. "UK General Election results April 1992". Richard Kimber's Political Science Resources. Politics Resources. 9 April 1992. Archived from the original on 8 May 2015. Retrieved 6 December 2010.
36. "Election Data 1987". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
37. "Election Data 1983". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
38. Craig, FWS, ed. (1974). British Parliamentary Election Results: 1885-1918. London: Macmillan Press. ISBN   9781349022984.
39. British Parliamentary Election Results 1885-1918, FWS Craig
40. Debrett's House of Commons & Judicial Bench, 1916
41. The Liberal Year Book, 1907
42. Debrett's House of Commons & Judicial Bench, 1901
43. Debrett's House of Commons & Judicial Bench, 1886
44. Craig, F. W. S., ed. (1977). British Parliamentary Election Results 1832-1885(e-book) (1st ed.). London: Macmillan Press. ISBN   978-1-349-02349-3.{{cite book}}: |format= requires |url= (help)
45. "Preston Election- A Liberal Candidate" . Dundee Evening Telegraph . 28 January 1882. p. 4. Retrieved 10 December 2017– via British Newspaper Archive.
46. "Preston Liberals" . Western Daily Press . 12 May 1881. p. 8. Retrieved 10 December 2017– via British Newspaper Archive.
47. "George William Bahr" . The Illustrated London News . 29 May 1880. p. 22. Retrieved 10 December 2017– via British Newspaper Archive.
48. "The Representation of Preston" . Manchester Evening News . 30 August 1872. p. 3. Retrieved 17 January 2018– via British Newspaper Archive.
49. "Mr. Clifton's Candidature" . Preston Chronicle. 23 April 1859. pp. 4–5. Retrieved 30 June 2018– via British Newspaper Archive.
50. "The Elections" . Preston Chronicle. 10 July 1852. pp. 2–3. Retrieved 30 June 2018– via British Newspaper Archive.
51. "The Election" . Preston Chronicle. 15 December 1832. p. 2. Retrieved 21 April 2020– via British Newspaper Archive.
52. Escott, Margaret. "Preston". The History of Parliament. Retrieved 21 April 2020.

Sources

• Robert Beatson, A Chronological Register of Both Houses of Parliament (London: Longman, Hurst, Res & Orme, 1807)
• D Brunton & D H Pennington, Members of the Long Parliament (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1954)
• Cobbett's Parliamentary history of England, from the Norman Conquest in 1066 to the year 1803 (London: Thomas Hansard, 1808)
• The Constitutional Year Book for 1913 (London: National Union of Conservative and Unionist Associations, 1913)
• F W S Craig, British Parliamentary Election Results 1832-1885 (2nd edition, Aldershot: Parliamentary Research Services, 1989)
• F W S Craig, British Parliamentary Election Results 1918-1949 (Glasgow: Political Reference Publications, 1969)
• Maija Jansson (ed.), Proceedings in Parliament, 1614 (House of Commons) (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1988)
• J E Neale, The Elizabethan House of Commons (London: Jonathan Cape, 1949)
• J Holladay Philbin, Parliamentary Representation 1832 - England and Wales (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1965)
• Henry Stooks Smith, The Parliaments of England from 1715 to 1847 (2nd edition, edited by FWS Craig - Chichester: Parliamentary Reference Publications, 1973)