Greater London

Last updated

Ceremonial counties of the London Region
Greater London
and
London (region)
City of London, seen from Tower Bridge.jpg
Siemens Crystal Building, London.jpg
Hampstead Heath (35220827152).jpg
Greater London administrative area in England.svg
Greater London ceremonial county (red)
City of London (red & white stripes)
Greater London administrative area (London Region) (both)
Sovereign state United Kingdom
Constituent country England
Established1 April 1965
Established by London Government Act 1963
Time zone UTC±00:00 (Greenwich Mean Time)
  Summer (DST) UTC+01:00 (British Summer Time)
Members of Parliament 73 MPs
Police
Ceremonial county
Lord Lieutenant Ken Olisa
High Sheriff Ina De
Area1,569 km2 (606 sq mi)
  Ranked 25th of 48
Population (2021)8,899,375
  Ranked 1st of 48
Density5,671/km2 (14,690/sq mi)
Ethnicity
Counties
  1. City of London
  2. Greater London

Greater London Authority

Greater London is under the strategic local governance of the Greater London Authority (GLA). [21] It consists of an elected assembly, the London Assembly, and an executive head, the Mayor of London. [22]

The current Mayor (not to be confused with the Lord Mayor of London) is Sadiq Khan. He is scrutinised by the elected London Assembly, which may amend his annual budget (by two-thirds majority) but otherwise lacks the power to block his directives. The headquarters of the GLA, previously at City Hall in Southwark, moved to The Crystal in Newham in January 2022. [23] The Mayor is responsible for Greater London's strategic planning and is required to produce or amend the London Plan each electoral cycle.

Mayor of London

The Mayor of London is a directly elected politician who, along with the London Assembly, is responsible for the strategic government of Greater London.

London Assembly

For elections to the London Assembly, London is divided into 14 constituencies, each formed from two or three boroughs. The City of London forms part of the City and East constituency.

UK Parliament

London is divided into 73 Parliamentary borough constituencies, formed from the combined area of several wards from one or more boroughs. Typically a borough is covered by two or three constituencies.

Status

The London Region does not have city status granted by the Crown. The Cities of London and Westminster within it have received formal city status. [24] [note 1] Despite this, Greater London is commonly regarded as a city in the general senses of a conurbation and a municipality. A Lord Lieutenant of Greater London is appointed for its area, excluding the City of London. For the purposes of the Lieutenancies Act 1997, this area is defined as a county. [25]

The term "London" usually refers to region or to the conurbation, but not often to the ancient, tiny City of London. [26] [27] That small area is often referred to as "the City" or "the Square Mile" and it forms the main financial district. Archaically, the urbanised area of London was known as the Metropolis. In common usage, the terms "London" and "Greater London" are usually used interchangeably. [26] Greater London is officially divided for some purposes, with varying definitions, into Inner London and Outer London. For some strategic planning purposes, it is divided into five sub-regions.

Local government

Greater London is divided into 32 London Boroughs, each governed by a London Borough council. The City of London has a unique government dating back to the 12th century and is separate from the county of Greater London, although is still part of the region served by the Greater London Authority. [26]

All London Borough councils belong to the London Councils association. Three London Boroughs carry the honorific title of Royal Borough : Kensington and Chelsea, Kingston, and Greenwich. Within the City of London are the liberties of Middle Temple and Inner Temple.

Demography

2011 United Kingdom Census [28]
Country of birthPopulation
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom5,175,677
Flag of India.svg India 262,247
Flag of Poland.svg Poland 158,300
Flag of Ireland.svg Ireland 129,807
Flag of Nigeria.svg Nigeria 114,718
Flag of Pakistan.svg Pakistan 112,457
Flag of Bangladesh.svg Bangladesh 109,948
Flag of Jamaica.svg Jamaica 87,467
Flag of Sri Lanka.svg Sri Lanka 84,542
Flag of France.svg France 66,654
Flag of Somalia.svg Somalia 65,333
Flag of Kenya.svg Kenya 64,212
Flag of the United States.svg United States 63,920
Flag of Ghana.svg Ghana 62,896
Flag of Italy.svg Italy 62,050
Flag of Turkey.svg Turkey 59,596
Flag of South Africa.svg South Africa 57,765
Flag of Germany.svg Germany 55,476
Flag of Australia (converted).svg Australia 53,959
Flag of Romania.svg Romania 44,848
Flag of the Philippines.svg Philippines 44,199
Flag of Cyprus.svg Cyprus 43,428
Flag of Portugal.svg Portugal 41,041
Flag of Lithuania.svg Lithuania 39,817
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China 39,452
Flag of the Taliban.svg Afghanistan 37,680
Flag of Iran.svg Iran 37,339
Flag of Spain.svg Spain 35,880
Flag of Uganda.svg Uganda 32,136
Flag of Brazil.svg Brazil 31,357
Tolworth tower gigapixel panorama.jpg
High resolution view from the top of Tolworth Tower in South West London over the sprawling suburban housing that is typical in some areas of Greater London

With increasing industrialisation, London's population grew rapidly throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, and it was the most populated city in the world until overtaken by New York in 1925. Its population peaked at 8,615,245 in 1939. There were an estimated 7,753,600 official residents[ clarification needed ] in mid-2009. [29] [ failed verification ]

London's wider metropolitan area has a population of between 12 and 13 million depending on the definition of that area. According to Eurostat, London has been the most populous city and metropolitan area of the European Union.

The region covers an area of 1,579 square kilometres. The population density is 4,761 people per square kilometre, more than ten times that of any other British region. In terms of population, London is the 25th largest city and the 17th largest metropolitan region in the world.[ when? ] It is ranked 4th in the world in the number of US dollar billionaires residing in the city. It ranks as one of the most expensive cities in the world, alongside Tokyo and Moscow.

Ethnic groups

In the 2001 UK Census, 71.15% of the population classed their ethnic group as White, including White British (59.79%), White Irish (3.07%) or "Other White" (8.29%, mostly Greek-Cypriot, Italian, Polish and Portuguese). 12.09% classed themselves as British Asian, including Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi and "Other Asian" (mostly Sri Lankan, Arab and other Southern Asian ethnicities). 10.91% classed themselves as Black British (around 6% as Black African, 4% as Black Caribbean, 0.84% as "Other Black"). 3.15% were of mixed race; 1.12% as Chinese; and 1.58% as other (mostly Filipino, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese and other "British Orientals"). 21.8% of inhabitants were born outside the European Union. Irish people, from both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland, number about 200,000, as do the Scots and Welsh combined.

In January 2005, a survey of London's ethnic and religious diversity claimed that there were more than 300 languages spoken and more than 50 non-indigenous communities with a population of more than 10,000. Figures from the Office for National Statistics show that in 2006 London's foreign-born population was 2,288,000 (31%), up from 1,630,000 in 1997. The 2001 UK Census showed that 27.1% of the population were born outside the UK, and a slightly higher proportion were classed as Non-White.

In the 2011 UK Census, 59.79% of the population classed their ethnic group as White, including White British (44.89%), White Irish (2.15%) or "Other White" (12.65%, mostly Greek-Cypriot, Italian, Polish, Spanish, Colombians and Portuguese). 18.49% classed themselves as British Asian, including Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi and "Other Asian" (mostly Sri Lankan, Arab and other Southern Asian ethnicities). 13.32% classed themselves as Black British (7% as Black African, 4.22% as Black Caribbean, 2.08% as "Other Black"). 4.96% were of mixed race; and 3.44% as other (mostly Filipino, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese and other "British Orientals").

The table shows the top 21 countries of birth of residents in 2011. [30] These figures do not give a fair indication of the total population of the specific ethnic groups associated with each country. For example, Londoners of Greek origin (from both Greece and Cyprus) number 300,000, since an organised Greek community has been established for nearly two centuries. The same can be said for Italian and French Londoners whose communities have been here for centuries (the French Embassy estimates there are between 300,000 and 400,000 French citizens living in the UK, with "a huge majority of them living in London"). [31] Though a Polish community has existed in London since the late-Middle Ages, it was not significant in the 2001 Census but has grown significantly since 2004, when Poland joined the European Union and by June 2010; London had 122,000 Polish residents. [32] The German-born population figure may be misleading, however, because it includes British nationals born to parents serving in the British armed forces in Germany.

London has been a focus for immigration for centuries, whether as a place of safety or for economic reasons. Huguenots, Eastern European Jews, Cypriots and East African Asians are examples of the former; Irish, Bangladeshis and West Indians of the latter. The East End district around Spitalfields has been first home for several ethnic groups, which have subsequently moved elsewhere in London as they gained prosperity.

Ethnic group2001 [33] 2011 [34] 2021 [35]
Number %Number %Number %
White: British4,287,86159.79%3,669,28444.89%36.8%
White: Irish220,4883.07%175,9742.15%17.0%
White: Gypsy or Irish Traveller [Note 1] 8,1960.10%
White: Other594,8548.29%1,033,98112.65%
White: subtotal5,103,20371.15%4,887,43559.79%53.8%
Asian or Asian British: Indian436,9936.09%542,8576.64%
Asian or Asian British: Pakistani142,7491.99%223,7972.74%
Asian or Asian British: Bangladeshi153,8932.15%222,1272.72%
Asian or Asian British: Chinese [Note 2] 80,2011.12%124,2501.52%
Asian or Asian British: Other Asian133,0581.86%398,5154.88%
Asian or Asian British: subtotal946,89413.20%1,511,54618.49%20.7%
Black or Black British: African378,9335.28%573,9317.02%
Black or Black British: Caribbean343,5674.79%344,5974.22%
Black or Black British: Other Black60,3490.84%170,1122.08%
Black or Black British: subtotal782,84910.92%1,088,64013.32%13.5%
Mixed: White and Black Caribbean70,9280.99%119,4251.46%
Mixed: White and Black African34,1820.48%65,4790.80%
Mixed: White and Asian59,9440.84%101,5001.24%
Mixed: Other Mixed61,0570.85%118,8751.45%
Mixed: subtotal226,1113.15%405,2794.96%5.7%
Other: Arab [Note 1] 106,0201.30%
Other: Any other ethnic group113,0341.58%175,0212.14%
Other: subtotal113,0341.58%281,0413.44%6.3%
Total7,172,091100.00%8,173,941100.00%8,899,375100.0%
  1. 1 2 New category created for the 2011 census.
  2. In 2001, listed under the 'Other ethnic group' heading.

Population

Greater London population from 1880 to 2016 Greater London population.png
Greater London population from 1880 to 2016

The population of the current area of Greater London rose from about 1.1 million in 1801 (when only about 850,000 people were in the urban area, while 250,000 were living in villages and towns not yet part of London) to an estimated 8.6 million in 1939, but declined to 6.7 million in 1988, before starting to rebound in the 1990s.

By 2006, the population had recovered to the level of 1970 (and the level of population in the 1920s). It has now surpassed the previous 1939 peak, and is over 9 million.

Figures here are for Greater London in its 2001 boundaries. Figures before 1971 have been reconstructed by the Office for National Statistics based on past censuses to fit the 2001 boundaries. Figures from 1981 onward are mid-year estimates (revised in August 2007), which are more accurate than the censuses, known to underestimate the population of London.

18915–6 April5,572,012
190131 March – 1 April6,506,954
19112–3 April7,160,525
192119–20 June7,386,848
193126–27 April8,110,480
1939Mid-year estimate8,615,245
19518–9 April8,196,978
196123–24 April7,992,616
1965 Greater London formally created
197125–26 April7,452,520
1981Mid-year estimate6,805,000 [38]
1988Mid-year estimate6,729,300 [39]
1991Mid-year estimate6,829,300 [40]
2001Mid-year estimate7,322,400 [41]
2002Mid-year estimate7,361,600 [42]
2003Mid-year estimate7,364,100 [43]
2004Mid-year estimate7,389,100 [44]
2005Mid-year estimate7,456,100 [45]
2006Mid-year estimate7,512,400 [46]
2009Mid-year estimate7,753,600 [46]
2013Mid-year estimate8,416,535 [47]
2014Mid-year estimate8,546,761 [48]
2016Mid-year estimate8,798,957 [37]

Economy

This is a chart of trend of regional gross value added (GVA) of Inner London at current basic prices published (pp. 240–253) by Office for National Statistics with figures in millions of British pounds sterling.

YearRegional Gross Value Added [note 2] Agriculture [note 3] Industry [note 4] Services [note 5]
199564,61678,14756,461
200092,330610,09482,229
2003112,0901210,154101,924

Eurostat data shows the GDP of Inner London to be 232 billion euros in 2009 [49] and per capita GDP of 78,000 euros.

This is a chart of trend of regional gross value added of Outer London at current basic prices published (pp. 240–253) by Office for National Statistics with figures in millions of British pounds sterling.

YearRegional Gross Value Added [note 2] Agriculture [note 3] Industry [note 4] Services [note 5]
199544,1605110,80133,307
200060,3044312,52947,732
200369,4206913,08154,462

Eurostat data shows the GDP of Outer London to be 103 billion euros in 2009 [49] and per capita GDP of 21,460 euros.

Religion

Westminster Abbey. A World Heritage Site and location of the coronation of British monarchs. Westminster abbey west.jpg
Westminster Abbey. A World Heritage Site and location of the coronation of British monarchs.

The largest religious groupings are Christian (48.4%), Muslim (8.4%), Hindu (8.0%), Jewish (1.8%), Sikh (1.5%), and Buddhist (1.0%), alongside those of no religion (21.7%). The United Kingdom has traditionally been Christian, and London has a large number of churches, particularly in the city. St Paul's Cathedral in the City and Southwark Cathedral south of the river are Anglican administrative centres, while the clerical head of the Church of England and the worldwide Anglican Communion, the Archbishop of Canterbury, has his main residence at Lambeth Palace in the London Borough of Lambeth.

Important national and royal ceremonies are shared between St Paul's and Westminster Abbey. The Abbey is not to be confused with nearby Westminster Cathedral, the largest Roman Catholic cathedral in England and Wales. Religious practice in London is lower than in any other part of the UK or Western Europe and is around seven times lower than American averages. Despite the prevalence of Anglican churches, weekly observance is low within that denomination, although in recent years church attendance, particularly at evangelical Anglican churches in London, has started to increase.

London is home to sizeable Hindu, Sikh, Buddhist, Muslim and Jewish communities. Many Muslims live in Tower Hamlets and Newham; the most important Muslim buildings are the East London Mosque in Whitechapel and the London Central Mosque on the edge of Regent's Park. London's large Hindu community is in the north-western boroughs of Harrow and Brent, the latter containing one of Europe's largest Hindu temples, BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir London.

Sikh communities are in East and West London, particularly Southall in the western borough of Ealing, which is also home to the largest Sikh temple in the capital. The majority of British Jews live in London, with significant communities in Stamford Hill (the most Orthodox Jewish area outside New York City and Israel) and St. John's Wood, Golders Green, and Edgware in North London.

Education

Publicly funded education has been administered through 33 LEAs, which correspond to the City of London and the 32 London boroughs, since the 1990 enactment of the Education Reform Act 1988. [50] From 1965 to 1990, 12 Inner London boroughs and the City of London were served by the Inner London Education Authority. [50]

The introduction of comprehensive schools, directed by Circular 10/65 in 1965, was mostly followed in Greater London; however, 19 grammar schools have been retained in some Outer London boroughs, [51] with Sutton having the most with five, followed by Bexley with four and others in five other boroughs. In these boroughs the state schools outperform the (relatively few) independent schools. In inner London, private schools always get the best results and are larger in number. At GCSE and A level, Outer London boroughs have broadly better results than Inner London boroughs. [52]

At GCSE, the best borough is Kingston upon Thames, closely followed by Sutton. Both boroughs have selective schools, and get the top two average GCSE results in England for LEAs. Next is Kensington and Chelsea, the third best in England, then Redbridge, Hammersmith and Fulham, Bromley, Barnet and Harrow. Only ten boroughs have GCSE results under the England average, and some inner-London boroughs have surprisingly good results considering where they lie on the scale of deprivation, e.g. Lambeth. Overall at GCSE in 2009, Greater London had the best results for regions of England. Greater London is generally a prosperous region, and prosperous areas generally have good GCSE results. The City of London has no state schools, just two independent schools. Haringey and Kensington and Chelsea have the most people that pass no GCSEs.[ citation needed ]

At A-level, the average results for LEAs are disappointing compared to their good GCSE results. Although Kingston upon Thames gets the best GCSE results in England, at A-level it is not even above average. Sutton gets the best A-level results in London and in England. Three of the schools in the top four at A-level in London are in Sutton. It has only one independent school. The few other boroughs with above-average A-level results are Havering, Barnet, Bexley, Redbridge, and Ealing. The poor A-level results in many London boroughs is explained by the quantity of independent schools getting good A-level results. The state school system is often bypassed at age 16 by the more able pupils. Some London boroughs need more good sixth form colleges.[ citation needed ]

The region's 34 further education colleges are funded through the Skills Funding Agency and the Young People's Learning Agency. Large colleges include Kingston College, Havering College of Further and Higher Education, and Croydon College.

Universities

University College London, a founding constituent of the University of London UCL Portico Building.jpg
University College London, a founding constituent of the University of London

The University of London has 20 federated colleges and schools. The two main constituents of the University of London are (in order of total funding) University College London (UCL) and King's College London (KCL). Imperial College was part of the University of London until 2007, and is now an independent university. UCL, KCL and Imperial have very large research grants – some of the largest in England after Cambridge and Oxford, UCL and Imperial receive around £600 million each which is more than twice as much as any other in the region. The next largest institution by funding is Queen Mary University of London, followed by City, University of London. London is also home to the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE), one of the few solely social science institutions in the world. Together with UCL and Imperial, they make up the London vertex of the Golden Triangle universities, the other institutions being Oxford and Cambridge. The region has many medical schools although these are part of other institutions such as UCL, KCL and Imperial. The Royal Veterinary College is based in Camden (with another site in North Mymms in Hertfordshire).

50% of students come from the region, and around 30% from other regions. Most students from other regions come from South East England, the East of England, and, to a lesser degree, South West England; the vast majority are from the south of England. Over 50% students native to the region stay in the region, with 15% going to South East England, 30% to either Scotland, Wales or the North East and around 5% go elsewhere. London is a draw for UK graduates from all over the UK.

Over 70% of UK students to graduate from the University of London remain in London; just under 15% go to the South-East, and just over 5% go to the East of England and 10% elsewhere.

Twin cities

The GLA has twin and sister city agreements with the following cities. [53]

CountryCityRegionYear
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China Shanghai Shanghai Municipality 2009 [54]
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China Beijing Beijing Municipality 2006 [55]
Flag of France.svg France Paris Île-de-France 2001
Flag of Germany.svg Germany Berlin Berlin2000
Flag of Russia.svg Russia Moscow Russian federal city 2002
Flag of the United States.svg United States New York City New York 2001 [56]
Flag of Japan.svg Japan Tokyo Tokyo2005
Flag of Croatia.svg Croatia Zagreb City of Zagreb2009
Flag of India.svg India Mumbai Maharashtra

See also

Geographical
Political
Historical
Others

Notes

  1. Croydon and Southwark have made several failed applications for city status.
  2. 1 2 Components may not sum to totals due to rounding.
  3. 1 2 Includes hunting and forestry.
  4. 1 2 Includes energy and construction.
  5. 1 2 Includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">London boroughs</span> Administrative subdivisions of Greater London

The London boroughs are the 32 local authority districts that together with the City of London make up the administrative area of Greater London, England; each is governed by a London borough council. The present London boroughs were all created at the same time as Greater London on 1 April 1965 by the London Government Act 1963 and are a type of local government district. Twelve were designated as Inner London boroughs and twenty as Outer London boroughs. The City of London, the historic centre, is a separate ceremonial county and sui generis local government district that functions quite differently from a London borough. However, the two counties together comprise the administrative area of Greater London as well as the London Region, all of which is also governed by the Greater London Authority, under the Mayor of London.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Metropolitan county</span> Type of county-level administrative division of England

Metropolitan counties are a subdivision of England which were originally used for local government. There are six metropolitan counties: Greater Manchester, Merseyside, South Yorkshire, Tyne and Wear, West Midlands and West Yorkshire.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Subdivisions of England</span> Administrative division or non-administrative ceremonial area of England

The subdivisions of England constitute a hierarchy of administrative divisions and non-administrative ceremonial areas.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Counties of England</span> Ceremonial divisions of England

The counties of England are divisions of England. There are currently 48 ceremonial counties, which have their origin in the historic counties of England established in the Middle Ages. The current ceremonial counties are the result of the Lieutenancies Act 1997 and are based on the Local Government Act 1972 administrative counties which included a number of new counties such as Greater Manchester and Tyne and Wear. However, some counties introduced by the Local Government Act 1972, including Avon, Cleveland and Humberside no longer exist. The term "county", relating to any of its meanings, is used as the geographical basis for a number of institutions such as police and fire services, sports clubs and other non-government organisations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">County of London</span> County of England between 1889 and 1965

The County of London was a county of England from 1889 to 1965, corresponding to the area known today as Inner London. It was created as part of the general introduction of elected county government in England, by way of the Local Government Act 1888. The Act created an administrative County of London, which included within its territory the City of London. However, the City of London and the County of London formed separate ceremonial counties for "non-administrative" purposes. The local authority for the county was the London County Council (LCC), which initially performed only a limited range of functions, but gained further powers during its 76-year existence. The LCC provided very few services within the City of London, where the ancient Corporation monopolised local governance. In 1900, the lower-tier civil parishes and district boards were replaced with 28 new metropolitan boroughs. The territory of the county was 74,903 acres (303.12 km2) in 1961. During its existence, there was a long-term decline in population as more residents moved into the outer suburbs; there were periodic reviews of the local government structures in the greater London area and several failed attempts to expand the boundaries of the county. In 1965, the London Government Act 1963 replaced the county with the much larger Greater London administrative area.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ceremonial counties of England</span> Category of areas in England

Ceremonial counties, formally known as counties for the purposes of the lieutenancies, are areas of England to which lord-lieutenants are appointed. A lord-lieutenant is the monarch's representative in an area. Shrieval counties have the same boundaries and serve a similar purpose, being the areas to which high sheriffs are appointed. High sheriffs are the monarch's judicial representative in an area.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">London metropolitan area</span> Region of England

The London metropolitan area is the metropolitan area of London, England. It has several definitions, including the London Travel to Work Area, and usually consists of the London urban area, settlements that share London's infrastructure, and places from which it is practicable to commute to work in London. It is also known as the London commuter belt, or Southeast metropolitan area.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Inner London</span> Inner boroughs of Greater London

Inner London is the name for the group of London boroughs that form the interior part of Greater London and are surrounded by Outer London. With its origins in the bills of mortality, it became fixed as an area for statistics in 1847 and was used as an area of local government from 1855 to 1965 principally as the County of London or earlier as the Metropolitan Board of Works Area (metropolis). It now has two common definitions. The first is the statutory definition delineated in the London Government Act 1963, coming into force on 1 April 1965, comprising twelve Inner London boroughs and almost identical to the County of London that was abolished at the same time. The second is the definition used by the Office for National Statistics comprising eleven of the statutory Inner London boroughs and two of the statutory Outer London boroughs, as well as the City of London.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Borough of Halton</span> Unitary authority area in Cheshire, England

Halton is a unitary authority district with borough status in Cheshire, North West England. It was created in 1974 as a district of the non-metropolitan county of Cheshire, and became a unitary authority area on 1 April 1998 under Halton Borough Council. Since 2014, it has been a member of the Liverpool City Region Combined Authority. The borough consists of the towns of Runcorn and Widnes and the civil parishes of Daresbury, Hale, Halebank, Moore, Preston Brook, and Sandymoor. The district borders Merseyside, the Borough of Warrington and Cheshire West and Chester.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Metropolitan Borough of Walsall</span> Metropolitan borough in England

The Metropolitan Borough of Walsall is a metropolitan borough in the West Midlands, England. It is named after its largest settlement, Walsall, but covers a larger area which also includes Aldridge, Bloxwich, Brownhills, Darlaston, Pelsall and Willenhall.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Metropolitan Borough of Wigan</span> Borough of Greater Manchester, England

The Metropolitan Borough of Wigan is a metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester, England. It is named after its largest town, Wigan but covers a far larger area which includes the towns of Atherton, Ashton-in-Makerfield, Golborne, Hindley, Ince-in-Makerfield, Leigh and Tyldesley. The borough also covers the villages and suburbs of Abram, Aspull, Astley, Bryn, Hindley Green, Lowton, Mosley Common, Orrell, Pemberton, Shevington, Standish, Winstanley and Worsley Mesnes. The borough is also the second-most populous district in Greater Manchester.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Metropolitan Borough of Bolton</span> Borough of Greater Manchester, England

The Metropolitan Borough of Bolton is a metropolitan borough in Greater Manchester, England, named after its largest town, Bolton, but covering a larger area which includes Blackrod, Farnworth, Horwich, Kearsley, Westhoughton, and part of the West Pennine Moors. It had a population of 296,041 in 2021, making it the third-most populous district in Greater Manchester.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Metropolitan Borough of Bury</span> Borough of Greater Manchester, England

The Metropolitan Borough of Bury is a metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester in England. It is north of Manchester, to the east of Bolton and west of Rochdale. The borough is centred around the town of Bury but also includes other towns such as Ramsbottom, Tottington, Radcliffe, Whitefield and Prestwich. Bury bounds the Lancashire districts of Rossendale and Blackburn with Darwen to the north. With a population of 193,823 in 2021, it is the smallest borough in Greater Manchester.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Metropolitan Police District</span> Police area in Police area

The Metropolitan Police District (MPD) is the police area which is policed by the Metropolitan Police Service in London. It currently consists of the ceremonial county of Greater London, which excludes the City of London. The Metropolitan Police District was created by the Metropolitan Police Act 1829 as an ad hoc area of administration because the built-up area of London spread at the time into many parishes and counties without an established boundary. The district expanded as the built up area grew and stretched some distance into rural land. When county police forces were set up in England, those of Essex, Hertfordshire, Kent and Surrey did not cover the parts of the counties within the MPD, while Middlesex did not have a county force. Similarly, boroughs in the MPD that elsewhere would have been entitled to their own police force did not have them.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties of England</span> Subdivisions of England

Metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties are one of the four levels of subdivisions of England used for the purposes of local government outside Greater London and the Isles of Scilly. As originally constituted, the metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties each consisted of multiple districts, had a county council and were also the counties for the purposes of Lieutenancies. Later changes in legislation during the 1980s and 1990s have resulted in counties with no county council and 'unitary authority' counties with no districts. Counties for the purposes of Lieutenancies are now defined separately, based on the metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Metropolitan Borough of Stockport</span> Borough of Greater Manchester, England

The Metropolitan Borough of Stockport is a metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester in England. It is south-east of central Manchester and south of Tameside. As well as the towns of Stockport, Bredbury and Marple, it includes the outlying villages and suburbs of Hazel Grove, Bramhall, Cheadle, Cheadle Hulme, Gatley, Reddish, Woodley and Romiley. In 2021, it had a population of 295,243, making it the fourth-most populous borough of Greater Manchester.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Demography of Greater Manchester</span>

The demography of Greater Manchester is analysed by the Office for National Statistics and data is produced for each of its ten metropolitan boroughs, each of the Greater Manchester electoral wards, the NUTS3 statistical sub-regions, each of the Parliamentary constituencies in Greater Manchester, the 15 civil parishes in Greater Manchester, and for all of Greater Manchester as a whole; the latter of which had a population of 2,682,500 at the 2011 UK census. Additionally, data is produced for the Greater Manchester Urban Area. Statistical information is produced about the size and geographical breakdown of the population, the number of people entering and leaving country and the number of people in each demographic subgroup.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">City of Leeds</span> Metropolitan District in West Yorkshire, England

Leeds, also known as the City of Leeds, is a metropolitan borough with city status in West Yorkshire, England. The metropolitan borough includes the administrative centre of Leeds and the towns of Farsley, Garforth, Guiseley, Horsforth, Morley, Otley, Pudsey, Rothwell, Wetherby and Yeadon. It has a population of 809,036 (2021), making it technically the second largest city in England by population behind Birmingham, since London is not a single local government entity. Local governance sits with Leeds City Council and the city's 32 Parish Councils.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Borough of Slough</span> Borough and unitary authority in England

The Borough of Slough is a borough with unitary authority status in the ceremonial county of Berkshire, Southern England. The borough is centred around the town of Slough and includes Langley. It forms an urban area with parts of Buckinghamshire and extends to the villages of Burnham, Farnham Royal, George Green, and Iver. Part of the district's area was in Buckinghamshire prior to the district's formation and in Middlesex until 1965.

References

  1. Park, Neil (21 December 2022). "Estimates of the population for the UK, England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
  2. "London Government Act 1963 - Latest Available". legislation.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 29 October 2021. Retrieved 12 October 2021.
  3. "London Government Act 1963 - Latest Available". legislation.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 29 October 2021. Retrieved 12 October 2021.
  4. Vision of Britain -Census 1901: Preliminary Report Archived 22 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  5. 1 2 Young, K. & Garside, P., Metropolitan London: Politics and Urban Change, (1982)
  6. Westergaard, J., The Structure of Greater London, London: Aspects of Change, (1961)
  7. The Motorway Archive — The origins of the London Orbital Motorway (M25) Archived 20 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  8. Saint, A., Politics and the people of London: the London County Council (1889–1965), (1989)
  9. London Local Government. The Times. 18 April 1921.
  10. Complex London: Big Task For Inquiry Commission. The Times. 5 August 1921.
  11. Greater London: Case for Central Authority: Area and Powers. The Times. 14 December 1921.
  12. Windsor and Greater London: Protests Against Proposals. The Times. 27 December 1921
  13. Greater London: Report of Royal Commission. The Times. 22 March 1923.
  14. 'The Government of London: the struggle for reform' by Gerald Rhodes (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson 1970 ISBN   0-297-00031-4
  15. Bathurst, David (2012). Walking the county high points of England. Chichester: Summersdale. pp. 82–85. ISBN   978-1-84-953239-6.
  16. The Greater London, Kent and Surrey Order, 1968
  17. The Greater London and Surrey Order, 1970
  18. Laurence Cawley (5 July 2013). "London Government Act: Essex, Kent, Surrey and Middlesex 50 years on". BBC News . Archived from the original on 20 June 2018. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
  19. "House of Commons Hansard Debates for 23 Jun 2009 (pt 0008)". Publications.parliament.uk. Archived from the original on 5 August 2017. Retrieved 19 August 2017.
  20. [ permanent dead link ] Royal Mail (2004)
  21. Jones, B. et al., Politics UK, (2004)
  22. Arden Chambers Barristers, A Guide to the Greater London Authority Act, (2000)
  23. Cox, Michael (30 November 2021). "'London is moving east': City Hall's Crystal move confirmed for New Year". Newham Recorder. Archived from the original on 2 December 2021. Retrieved 2 December 2021.
  24. Westminster City Council – One City — An Introduction Archived 22 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  25. HMSO, Lieutenancies Act 1997 Archived 30 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine , (1997)
  26. 1 2 3 Travers, T., The Politics of London, (2004)
  27. Mills, A., Dictionary of London Place Names, (2001), Oxford
  28. "Table QS213EW 2011 Census: Country of birth (expanded), regions in England and Wales". Office for National Statistics. 26 March 2013. Retrieved 15 July 2015.
  29. "2009 Round Demographic Projections for the London Plan" (PDF). 2 April 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 April 2013. Retrieved 17 January 2020.
  30. "Greater London Authority – Summary of 'Country-of-Birth' in London" (PDF). Greater London Authority. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 May 2008. Retrieved 6 June 2008.
  31. "London, France's sixth biggest city". BBC News. 30 May 2012. Archived from the original on 17 July 2018. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
  32. "Polish people in the UK". Office for National Statistics. 24 February 2011. Archived from the original on 19 March 2011.
  33. "2001 census – theme tables". NOMIS. Archived from the original on 20 November 2012. Retrieved 5 September 2014.
  34. "Ethnic Group by measures". NOMIS. Archived from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 2 September 2014.
  35. "Regional ethnic diversity". gov.uk. 22 December 2022. Retrieved 11 July 2023.
  36. "Home - Office for National Statistics". www.ons.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 19 December 1996. Retrieved 15 July 2020.
  37. 1 2 "2016 Mid-Year Estimates – London Datastore". Archived from the original on 7 May 2019. Retrieved 7 May 2019.
  38. "T 08: Quinary age group and sex for local authorities in England and Wales; estimated resident population based on the 1991 Census; Mid-1981 Population Estimates". Office for National Statistics. 22 August 2007. Archived from the original on 11 January 2009. Retrieved 22 August 2007.
  39. "T 08h: Mid-1988 Population Estimates; Quinary age groups and sex for local authorities in England and Wales; estimated resident population revised in light of results of the 2001 Census". Office for National Statistics. 22 August 2007. Archived from the original on 27 June 2008. Retrieved 22 August 2007.
  40. "T 09a: Mid-1991 Population Estimates; Quinary age groups and sex for local authorities in the United Kingdom; estimated resident population". Office for National Statistics. 22 August 2007. Archived from the original on 11 January 2009. Retrieved 22 August 2007.
  41. "T 08: Selected age groups for local authorities in the United Kingdom; estimated resident population; revised in light of the local authority population studies; Mid-2001 Population Estimates". Office for National Statistics. 22 August 2007. Archived from the original on 11 January 2007. Retrieved 22 August 2007.
  42. "T 09L: Quinary age groups and sex for local authorities in the United Kingdom; estimated resident population Mid-2002 Population Estimates; reflecting the revisions due to improved international migration". Office for National Statistics. 22 August 2007. Archived from the original on 11 January 2009. Retrieved 22 August 2007.
  43. "T 09m: Quinary age groups and sex for local authorities in the United Kingdom; estimated resident population Mid-2003 Population Estimates; reflecting the revisions due to improved international migration". Office for National Statistics. 22 August 2007. Archived from the original on 11 January 2009. Retrieved 22 August 2007.
  44. "T 09n: Quinary age groups and sex for local authorities in the United Kingdom; estimated resident population Mid-2004 Population Estimates; reflecting the revisions due to improved international migration". Office for National Statistics. 22 August 2007. Archived from the original on 11 January 2009. Retrieved 22 August 2007.
  45. "T 09p: Quinary age groups and sex for local authorities in the United Kingdom; estimated resident population Mid-2005 Population Estimates; reflecting the revisions due to improved international migration". Office for National Statistics. 22 August 2007. Archived from the original on 11 January 2009. Retrieved 22 August 2007.
  46. 1 2 "T 08: 2011 Census – Population and Household Estimates for England and Wales, March 2011" (PDF). Office for National Statistics. 16 July 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 February 2016. Retrieved 16 July 2012.
  47. "Population Estimates for UK, England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland, Mid-2013". 26 June 2014. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
  48. "MYE2: Population Estimates by single year of age and sex for local authorities in the UK, mid-2014". ONS. Office for National Statistics. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
  49. 1 2 "Regional GDP per capita in 2009: seven capital regions in the ten first places" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 March 2012. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
  50. 1 2 Tomlinson, S., Education in a post-welfare society, (2001)
  51. BBC News – What future for grammar schools? Archived 11 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine . 15 February 2003.
  52. OFSTED, Improvements in London schools 2000–06 Archived 5 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine , (2006)
  53. The Mayor of London's City Partnerships webpage Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  54. Sister City Relationships between China and the United Kingdom Archived 11 March 2019 at the Wayback Machine , Chinese Embassy, 16 July 2015.
  55. "Beijing, London to be sister cities Archived 15 December 2018 at the Wayback Machine ", China Daily, 11 April 2006. Retrieved on 6 June 2006.
  56. "Sister City – London". nyc.gov. Archived from the original on 14 January 2007. Retrieved 3 February 2007.