The county has a land area of 1,991 square kilometres (769sqmi) and a population of 892,336. Along the south coast is a near-continuous urban area which includes the towns of Bognor Regis (63,855),Littlehampton (55,706),and Worthing (111,338);the latter two are part of the Brighton and Hove built-up area,which extends into East Sussex and has a total population of 474,485. The interior of the county is generally rural;the largest towns are Crawley (118,493) and Horsham (50,934),both located in the north-east;Chichester is in the south-west and has a population of 26,795. West Sussex contains seven local government districts,which are part of a two-tier non-metropolitan county also called West Sussex. West Sussex and East Sussex were historically a single county.
The South Downs are a defining feature of the county,crossing it from east to west and dividing the north and south. The downs are a chalkescarpment which falls away sharply into the Weald to the north and more gently toward the south,where there is a narrow strip of flat land between the hills and the coast. The coastal strip widens to the west,where it is punctuated by Chichester Harbour,which together with Langstone and Portsmouth harbours in neighbouring Hampshire is a ria.
The foundation of the Kingdom of Sussex is recorded by the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle for the year AD 477;it says that Ælle arrived at a place called Cymenshore in three ships with his three sons and killed or put to flight the local inhabitants. The foundation story is regarded as somewhat of a myth by most historians,although the archaeology suggests that Saxons did start to settle in the area in the late 5th century.[9][10] The Kingdom of Sussex was absorbed into Wessex as an earldom and became the county of Sussex.
Until 1834 provision for the poor and destitute in West Sussex was made at parish level. From 1835 until 1948 eleven Poor Law Unions,each catering for several parishes,took on the job.[11]
West Sussex is bordered by Hampshire to the west,Surrey to the north and East Sussex to the east. The English Channel lies to the south. The area has been formed from Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous rock strata,part of the Weald–Artois Anticline. The eastern part of this ridge,the Weald of Kent,Sussex and Surrey has been greatly eroded,with the chalk surface removed to expose older Lower Cretaceous rocks of the Wealden Group.[13] In West Sussex the exposed rock becomes older towards the north of the county with Lower Greensand ridges along the border with Surrey including the highest point of the county at Blackdown. Erosion of softer sand and clay strata has hollowed out the basin of the Weald leaving a north facing scarp slope of the chalk which runs east and west across the whole county,broken only by the valleys of the River Arun and River Adur.[14] In addition to these two rivers which drain most of the county a winterbourne,the River Lavant,flows intermittently from springs on the dip slope of the chalk downs north of Chichester.[15] Some intermittent streams are known in the local dialect as "rifes".[16]
West Sussex is the sunniest county in the United Kingdom,according to Met Office records. Over the 29 years to 2011 it averaged 1902 hours of sunshine per year.[19] Sunshine totals are highest near the coast with Bognor Regis often having the highest in mainland England,including a total of 2237 hours in 1990. Mean annual temperature for southern coastal counties is around 11°C. The coldest month,January,has mean daily minimum temperatures of around 3°C near the coast and lower inland. July tends to be the warmest month when mean daily maxima tend to be around 20°C. A maximum temperature of 35.4°C occurred at North Heath,Pulborough on 26 June 1976. Coastal high temperatures are often moderated by cooler sea breezes.[20]
Monthly rainfall tends to be highest in autumn and early winter and lowest in the summer months,with July often being the driest month. There is less rainfall from summer convective showers and thunderstorms than in inland areas. The county can suffer both from localised flooding caused by heavy rainfall and from water shortages caused by prolonged periods of below average rainfall. Winter rainfall is needed to recharge the chalk aquifers from which much of the water supply is drawn.[20]
Land economy
West Sussex developed distinctive land uses along with its neighbours in the weald. The Landrace cattle transformed into Sussex cattle and Sussex chickens emerged about the time of the Roman conquest.[21] Some of the earliest evidence of horses in Britain has been found at Boxgrove,dated to 500,000 BC. Viticulture is a part of the economy,with wineries producing mainly sparkling wine of varied quality.[22]
Communications and transport
The M23 Motorway runs from London to the south of Crawley. The A23 and A24 roads run from London to Brighton and Worthing respectively with the A29 a little further west ending in Bognor Regis. Other major roads are the A272 which runs east to west through the middle of the county and the A27 which does the same but closer to the coast. The A259 is a local alternate route to the A27 in the eastern coastal strip.
Gatwick Airport,which handled over 33 million passengers and had over 250,000 aircraft movements in 2011,is located within the borders of Crawley,and is the second largest airport in the United Kingdom. There is also a considerably smaller local airport at Shoreham and a grass airfield handling light aircraft and helicopters at Goodwood. There are three main railway routes:the Brighton Main Line,the Arun Valley Line and the West Coastway Line. The Portsmouth Direct Line serves and occasionally enters the westernmost part of West Sussex,although it has no railway stations in the county.
West Sussex County Council (WSCC) is the authority that governs the non-metropolitan county of West Sussex. The county contains 7 district and borough councils (Adur, Arun, Chichester, Crawley, Horsham, Mid Sussex and Worthing), and 159 town, parish and neighbourhood councils.
West Sussex County Council has 70 councillors; the majority of them being Conservative. There are 46 Conservative councillors, 11 Liberal Democrats, 9 Labour Party councillors and 4 Green and Independent Alliance councillors.[24] The Chief Executive and their team of executive directors are responsible for the day-to-day running of the council.
West Sussex County Council is based at County Hall, Chichester and provides a large range of services including education, social services, fire and rescue, libraries, trading standards, town and country planning, refuse disposal and consumer services.
West Sussex Youth Cabinet
The West Sussex Youth Cabinet is a group of local representatives and four UK Youth Parliament (UKYP) representatives, who are elected by young people in West Sussex.[25] The Youth Cabinet represents the views of the young people West Sussex at county level. Elections for the Youth Cabinet and UKYP in West Sussex run every year in March.[citation needed]
Bosham Church is partly of Saxon construction and is shown on the Bayeux Tapestry as the local church of late Saxon and Danish kings of England.[30] Many other Saxon and early Norman churches have survived in the county with little alteration including the Church of St Mary the Blessed Virgin, Sompting, an 11th-century Anglo-Saxon church with a Rhenish helm unique in England and St. Nicholas Church, Worth, a 10th-century church in Worth, Crawley. Some Anglican churches and many of the numerous nonconformist chapels in the county have been converted to residential use. Cittaviveka is a Buddhist monastery in Chithurst.
Pallant House Gallery in Chichester houses one of the most significant collections of 20th-century British art outside London. It includes a substantial body of early and mid-20th-century work bequeathed by Walter Hussey and many later works donated by Sir Colin St John 'Sandy' Wilson.
This is a table of trend of regional gross value added of West Sussex at current basic prices published by Office for National Statistics with figures in millions of British Pounds Sterling.[36]
Significant companies in the county include Rolls-Royce Motor Cars, a substantial employer near Chichester. Gatwick Airport, with associated airlines including British Airways and Virgin Atlantic, is a major source of direct and indirect employment. Thales Group also has a presence in the county. Nestlé has their UK headquarters in Crawley.
The table below shows the population change up to the 2011 census, contrasting the previous census. It also shows the proportion of residents in each district reliant upon lowest income and/or joblessness benefits, the national average proportion of which was 4.5% as at August 2012, the year for which latest datasets have been published. It can be seen that the most populous district of West Sussex is Arun containing the towns of Arundel, Bognor Regis and Littlehampton:
West Sussex has a comprehensive education system, with a mix of county-maintained secondary schools and academies and over twenty independent senior schools. In addition primary education is provided through a mix of around 240 infant, junior, primary, first and middle schools.
Sussex is an area within South East England which was historically a kingdom and, later, a county. It includes the ceremonial counties of East Sussex and West Sussex.
Arun is a local government district in West Sussex, England. Its council is based in Littlehampton. The district's other towns are Arundel and Bognor Regis. The district is named after the River Arun, which runs through the centre of the district. Parts of the district fall within the South Downs National Park.
Pease Pottage is a village in the Mid Sussex District of West Sussex, England. It lies on the southern edge of the Crawley built-up area, in the civil parish of Slaugham.
Sussex, from the Old English 'Sūþsēaxe', is a historic county in South East England.
Billingshurst is a village and civil parish in the Horsham District of West Sussex, England. The village lies on the A29 road at its crossroads with the A272, 6 miles (10 km) south-west of Horsham and 5.5 miles (9 km) north-east of Pulborough.
Sussex is a historic county and cultural region in the south of England corresponding roughly in area to the ancient Kingdom of Sussex. It is bounded on the north by Surrey, north-east by Kent, south by the English Channel, and west by Hampshire, and is divided for local government into West Sussex and East Sussex and the city of Brighton and Hove. The city of Brighton & Hove was created a unitary authority in 1997, and was granted City status in 2000. Until then Chichester had been Sussex's only city. By convention, Chichester is Sussex's capital city and Lewes is Sussex's county town.
West Sussex County Council is the upper tier local authority for the non-metropolitan county of West Sussex in England.
The Rape of Bramber is one of the rapes, the traditional sub-divisions unique to the historic county of Sussex in England. It is the smallest Sussex rape by area. Bramber is a former barony whose original seat was the castle of Bramber and its village, overlooking the river Adur.
The geology of West Sussex in southeast England comprises a succession of sedimentary rocks of Cretaceous age overlain in the south by sediments of Palaeogene age. The sequence of strata from both periods consists of a variety of sandstones, mudstones, siltstones and limestones. These sediments were deposited within the Hampshire and Weald basins. Erosion subsequent to large scale but gentle folding associated with the Alpine Orogeny has resulted in the present outcrop pattern across the county, dominated by the north facing chalk scarp of the South Downs. The bedrock is overlain by a suite of Quaternary deposits of varied origin. Parts of both the bedrock and these superficial deposits have been worked for a variety of minerals for use in construction, industry and agriculture.
Religion in Sussex has been dominated over the last 1,400 years by Christianity. Like the rest of England, the established church in Sussex is the Church of England, although other Christian traditions exist. After Christianity, the religion with the most adherents is Islam, followed by Hinduism, Buddhism, Judaism and Sikhism.
The history of Christianity in Sussex includes all aspects of the Christianity in the region that is now Sussex from its introduction to the present day. Christianity is the most commonly practised religion in Sussex.
The history of local government in Sussex is unique and complex. Founded as a kingdom in the 5th century, Sussex was annexed by the kingdom of Wessex in the 9th century, which after further developments became the Kingdom of England. It currently corresponds to two counties, East Sussex and West Sussex.
↑ A History of Britain, Richard Dargie (2007), p. 8–9
↑ H. Cleere & D. Crossley, Iron industry of the Weald (2nd edn, Merton Priory Press, Cardiff, 1995), 79–84; based on work by H. F. Cleere, including 'Some operating parameters for Roman ironworks' Inst Archaeol. Bull. 13 (1976), 233–46.
↑ Gallois R.W. & Edmunds M.A. (4th Ed 1965), The Wealden District, British Regional Geology series, British Geological Survey, ISBN0-11-884078-9
↑ Mantell, Gideon Algernon; Jones (1857). The Wonders of Geology. Vol.I. Thomas Rupert (7thed.). London: Henry G. Bohn. p.371. Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
↑ Hobson, Jeremy and Lewis, Celia. Choosing & Raising Chickens: The complete guide to breeds and welfare. Daniel and Charles Publishing. London. 2009. p 94-95
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