Conurbation

A conurbation is a region comprising a number of metropolises, cities, large towns, and other urban areas which, through population growth and physical expansion, have merged to form one continuous urban or industrially developed area. In most cases, a conurbation is a polycentric urbanised area in which transportation has developed to link areas. They create a single urban labour market or travel to work area. ^[1]

Patrick Geddes coined the term in his book Cities In Evolution (1915). He drew attention to the ability of the new technology at the time of electric power and motorised transport to allow cities to spread and agglomerate together, and gave as examples "Midlandton" in England, the Ruhr in Germany, Randstad in the Netherlands, and the Northeastern Seaboard in the United States. ^[2]

The term as described is used in Britain whereas in the United States, each polycentric "metropolitan area" may have its own common designation such as San Francisco Bay Area or the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex. Internationally the term "urban agglomeration" is often used to convey a similar meaning to "conurbation". ^{[3] [4]} A conurbation should be contrasted with a megalopolis. In a megalopolis the urban areas are close but not physically contiguous, and the merging of labour markets has not yet developed. A conurbation should also be contrasted with a megacity. A megacity is hierarchical with an indisputable dominant urban core, whereas a conurbation is polycentric and no single urban centre has the dominant role over all other centres.

Africa

Mauritius

The cities and towns of Port Louis, Beau Bassin-Rose Hill, Curepipe, Quatre Bornes, Vacoas-Phoenix and other urbanized villages form a large and central conurbation on the island of Mauritius. A large part of this conurbation is located in the district of Plaines Wilhems. The network of urban areas has a total population of 606,650 (49% of the island's population) as of 2011.

Morocco

Rabat-Salé-Kénitra ^[5]

Nigeria

Lagos is a conurbation formed through the merged development of the initial Lagos city area with other cities and towns including Ikeja and Ojo. Also various suburban communities such as Agege, Alimosho, Ifako-Ijaiye, Kosofe, Mushin, Oshodi and Shomolu are included in the area. ^[6]

South Africa

Johannesburg, Ekurhuleni (East Rand), and Tshwane (greater Pretoria) merged to form a region that has a population of 14.6 million. ^[7]

Oceania

Australia

Albury-Wodonga

Albury and Wodonga are cross border cities which are geographically separated by the Murray River. Albury on the north of the river is part of New South Wales, while Wodonga on the south bank is in Victoria. In the early 1970s Albury-Wodonga was selected as the primary focus of the Whitlam government's scheme to arrest the uncontrolled growth of Australia's large metropolitan areas (in particular Sydney and Melbourne) by encouraging decentralisation. ^[8] The two cities combine to form an urban area with an estimated population of 93,603. ^[9]

Canberra-Queanbeyan

A cross border built-up area comprising the nation's capital Canberra in the Australian Capital Territory and the city of Queanbeyan in New South Wales, which is considered by the Australian Bureau of Statistics to have a single labour market. ^[10]

Newcastle, Sydney, Wollongong

Satellite photo from 2012 showing Sydney in the centre, with Wollongong visible on the left and the Central Coast on the right

This conurbation in New South Wales extends from Newcastle and surrounding satellite towns of the Hunter Valley through the Central Coast. It is broken up only by waterways and national parks, through to the greater Sydney metropolitan area and the Wollongong urban area. The total length from the top to the bottom of the conurbation is around 270km with a population of just over 6 million people. ^[11]

Transport is linked throughout the region by motorways, the M1, M2, M4, M5, M7, M8, M15 and M31. An extensive public transport network allows for commuting for work or services across and between multiple distinct but joined centres, with NSW TrainLink's intercity network serving Sydney, the Central Coast, Newcastle, the Hunter Valley and the Illawarra.

Plans for making Wollongong, Sydney and Newcastle a single city have been around since the 1960s. A report titled The Committee for Sydney contains a chapter called The Sandstone Mega-Region, Uniting Newcastle, the Central Coast, Sydney, Wollongong (since all of the cities are in a geological region called the Sydney Basin, which is made up of Sydney sandstone). The report says that the link would benefit the "six cities" within the region, which are: Illawarra and Wollongong, the Western City (Greater Western Sydney), the Central City (Parramatta), the Eastern City (Sydney central business district, eastern suburbs, and Northern Sydney), the Central Coast (Gosford) and Newcastle (including Lake Macquarie). ^[12]

Greater Perth

The Perth Metropolitan Region, and Peel regions form a continuous urban area in Western Australia more than 130 km (80 miles) long, on a north–south axis. It is sometimes known as Greater Perth and has a population of more than 2.3 million (2023). ^[13] Introduction of the Mandurah railway line in 2007 made it possible for commuters to travel the 70 km (43.5 mi) from Mandurah to Perth in 51 minutes.

South East Queensland

A built-up area 200 kilometres long ^[14] which is centred on Brisbane, includes the local government areas (LGAs) of Gold Coast, Ipswich, Logan City, Moreton Bay, Redland City, Sunshine Coast, Noosa Shire, and Tweed Heads, New South Wales. This area is served by a single public transport network, Translink.

Broader definitions of South East Queensland are also used, including the separate built-up area of Toowoomba (140 kilometres; 87 miles west of Brisbane), which is not part of the Translink network. Expansive definitions of South East Queensland give it a population of more than 3.4 million people (2014), ^[15] covers 22,420 square kilometres (8,660 sq mi), incorporates ten LGAs, and extends 240 kilometres (150 mi) from Noosa in the north to the Gold Coast (some sources include Tweed Heads).

Greater Darwin

Main article: Darwin metropolitan area

The Greater Darwin metropolitan area is a built-up urban area in the Northern Territory that spans across two cities: Darwin (the capital of the Northern Territory) and Palmerston (Darwin's satellite city). It lies within three local government areas: the City of Darwin, Litchfield Municipality and the City of Palmerston.

New Zealand

In 2010 Auckland became a unitary authority encompassing seven former city and district councils including Auckland City, Manukau City, North Shore City and Waitakere City as well as a number of smaller towns, rural area and the islands of the Hauraki Gulf. Auckland Council is the largest council in Australasia and the region has a population of 1,529,300, being almost 33% of the total population of New Zealand. The entire urban area rather than the constituent administrative city was often referred to as "Auckland" by New Zealanders long before formal recognition.

The Wellington Metropolitan Area compromises the four cities of Wellington City, Porirua and the cities of Lower Hutt and Upper Hutt, together known as Hutt Valley. The Wellington Metropolitan Area is the second largest urban population in New Zealand with a population of 440,900 as of the 2023 census (or 550,500 if the Wairarapa region is included), followed by Christchurch City at 396,200. ^[16]

North America

Canada

Golden Horseshoe (Ontario)

The "Golden Horseshoe" is a densely populated and industrialized region centred on the west end of Lake Ontario in Southern Ontario, Canada. The largest cities in the region are Toronto, Mississauga, Oakville, Burlington, St. Catharines, Niagara Falls, Brampton, and Hamilton. ^[17] If metropolitan areas (which are somewhat distinct from the core urban area of the Golden Horseshoe by about 30 to 50 km of less developed and semi-rural land) are included (similar to Combined Metropolitan Statistical Areas in the United States as defined by United States Office of Management and Budget), the total population is 8.8 million people. This is slightly over a quarter (25.6%) of the population of Canada, approximately 75% of Ontario's population, and one of the largest metropolitan areas in North America. ^[18]

The larger area is named the Greater Golden Horseshoe and includes the metropolitan areas of Kitchener (including adjacent cities it is often referred to as Waterloo Region), Barrie, Guelph, Peterborough, and Brantford. The Greater Golden Horseshoe is also part of the Windsor-Quebec Corridor and its southeastern boundary is across the Niagara River from the Buffalo–Niagara Falls metropolitan area in the United States.

Greater Montreal (Quebec)

Greater Montreal is Canada's second-largest conurbation. ^[19] Statistics Canada defines the Census Metropolitan Area (CMA) as having 4,258.31 square kilometres (1,644.14 sq mi) and a population of 3,824,221 as of 2011, which represents almost half of the population of the province of Quebec. Slightly smaller, there are 82 municipalities grouped under the Montreal Metropolitan Community to coordinate issues such as land planning, transportation, and economic development.

Lower Mainland (British Columbia)

British Columbia's Lower Mainland is the most populated area in Western Canada. It consists of many mid-sized contiguous urban areas, including Vancouver, North Vancouver (city and district municipality), West Vancouver, Burnaby, New Westminster, Richmond, Surrey, and Coquitlam, among others. The Lower Mainland population is around 2.5 million (as of 2011) and the area has one of the highest growth rates on the continent of up to 9.2 percent from the 2006 census.

Ottawa-Gatineau / National Capital Region

The National Capital Region (NCR) is made up of the capital, Ottawa, and neighbouring Gatineau which is located across the Ottawa River. As Ottawa is in Ontario and Gatineau is in Quebec, it is a unique conurbation. Federal government buildings are located in both cities and many workers live in one city and work in the other. The National Capital Region consists of an area of 5,319 square kilometres that straddles the boundary between the provinces of Ontario and Quebec. The area of the National Capital Region is very similar to that of the Ottawa-Gatineau Census Metropolitan Area (CMA) although the National Capital Region contains a number of small neighbouring communities that are not contained within the CMA. When all the communities are included, the population of the area is about 1,500,000. Ottawa-Gatineau is the only CMA in the nation to fall within two provinces and is the fourth largest. ^[20]

Mexico

Mexico City (CDMX)

The "CDMX" is the most densely populated center in North America. Greater Mexico City refers to the conurbation around Mexico City, officially called Valley of Mexico Metropolitan Area (Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México), constituted by Mexico City itself composed of 16 Municipalities—and 41 adjacent municipalities of the states of Mexico and Hidalgo. However for normative purposes,^{[ further explanation needed ]} Greater Mexico City most commonly refers to the Metropolitan Area of the Valley of Mexico (Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México) an agglomeration that incorporates 18 additional municipalities. As of 2019 an estimated 27,782,000 people lived in Greater Mexico City, making it the largest metropolitan area in North America. It is surrounded by thin strips of highlands which separate it from other adjacent metropolitan areas, of which the biggest are Puebla, Toluca, and Cuernavaca-Cuautla, and together with which it makes up the Mexico City megalopolis.

Guadalajara Metropolitan Area (Zona Metropolitana de Guadalajara)

The Guadalajara conurbation in the state of Jalisco (colloquially known as the City of Guadalajara, as that is the state capital and most populous of the cities) comprises seven municipalities: Guadalajara, Zapopan, Tlaquepaque, Tonalá, El Salto, Zapotlanejo, and Tlajomulco de Zúñiga. Officially two other cities (Juanacatlán and Ixtlahuacán de los Membrillos) are also considered part of the Metropolitan Area, though they are not contiguous with the other seven. The area had an estimated population of 4 500 000 in 2010, spread over a combined area of 2,734 square kilometres (1,056 sq mi). ^[21]

United States

Nocturnal view of the New York City metropolitan area, the world's most brightly illuminated conurbation and largest urban landmass Long Island extends 120 miles eastward from Manhattan, the central core of the conurbation.

Puerto Rico

The Caribbean area has a conurbation in Puerto Rico consisting of San Juan, Bayamón, Guaynabo, Carolina, Canóvanas, Trujillo Alto, Toa Alta, Toa Baja, Cataño, and Caguas. This area is colloquially known as the "Área Metropolitana", and houses around 1.4 million inhabitants spread over an area of approximately 396.61 square kilometers (153.13 sq mi), making it the largest city in the Caribbean by area.

New York Tri-state area

One example of a conurbation is the expansive concept of the New York metropolitan area (the Tri-state region) centered on New York City, including 30 counties spread among New York State, New Jersey, Connecticut, and Pennsylvania, with an estimated population of 21,961,994 in 2007. ^[22] Approximately one-fifteenth of all U.S. residents live in the Greater New York City area, the world's most brightly illuminated urban conurbation and largest urban landmass. This conurbation is the result of several central cities whose urban areas have merged.^{[ citation needed ]}

Greater Boston Area

Holding a population of 7,427,336 as of 2005, the Combined Statistical Area including Greater Boston consists of Boston proper and a collection of distinct but intertwined cities including Providence, Rhode Island, Worcester, Massachusetts, and Manchester, New Hampshire. Most importantly, the cities that compose the Greater Boston CSA are interlinked by heavy public transportation infrastructure, maintain continuously urban interstices, and hold mutual commuting patterns.

San Francisco Bay Area

Another conurbation is the combination of the metropolitan areas of San Francisco, Oakland, and San Jose and several minor urban centers with a combined population of nearly 8 million people, known as the San Francisco Bay Area. ^[23]

Greater Los Angeles Area

The Greater Los Angeles Area consists of the merging of several distinct central cities and counties, including Los Angeles, Orange County, Riverside, San Bernardino, and Ventura. This area is also often referred to simply as Southern California or colloquially as SoCal (a larger region which includes San Diego). In 2016, Southern California had a population of 23,800,500, making it slightly larger than the New York Tri-State Area, and is projected to remain so due to a faster growth rate. But because Southern California is not yet a recognized Combined Statistical Area by the United States Office of Management and Budget, the New York Tri-State Area officially remains the nation's largest as of now.

Greater Houston area

An example of a conurbation is seen in Greater Houston. Centered in Houston, the area is continuously urbanized from the coastal areas of Galveston extending through the northern side of the metro area, including The Woodlands, Conroe, and Spring, and going up to Huntsville. The suburbs of Fort Bend County, Texas extend through the cities of the Galveston Bay Area and beyond. It has a population of 7,197,883. ^[24]

Baltimore–Washington Area

The traditionally separate metropolitan areas of Baltimore and Washington, D.C. have shared suburbs and a continuous urbanization between the two central cities (Baltimore–Washington metropolitan area).

San Diego–Tijuana

The largest conurbation between the United States and Mexico is San Diego–Tijuana. It includes the two countries' busiest border crossing and a shared economy. ^[25]

Dallas–Fort Worth

Three large cities—Dallas, Fort Worth, and Arlington—make up this area. Each city is linked by bordering city limits or suburbs. The area is also known as the Dallas–Fort Worth "metroplex", so called because it has more than one principal anchor city of nearly equal size or importance, and is included in the emerging megalopolis known as the Texas Triangle. According to Texas Monthly , the term is a portmanteau of the terms "metropolitan" and "complex" ^[26] and was created by a local advertising agency, TracyLocke. ^[26] The North Texas Commission trademarked the term "Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex" in 1972 as a replacement for the previously ubiquitous term "North Texas". ^[27] Urban areas with smaller secondary anchor cities (including Mexico City, New York City, Los Angeles, Houston, Chicago, and Phoenix) are not considered to be conurbations.

Detroit–Windsor

The major U.S. city of Detroit lies immediately across the Detroit River from Windsor, Ontario in Canada. In many respects—economically, historically, culturally, socially, and geographically—Windsor is more a part of Metro Detroit than of Ontario. The two cities and their surrounding suburbs are commonly referred to collectively as the Detroit–Windsor area. The Detroit-Windsor border is the largest commercial border crossing in North America and the busiest between the two countries. ^[28]

South Florida

The entire tri-county area also known as the Miami-Fort Lauderdale-West Palm Beach metropolitan area is now continuously urbanized along a roughly 100 miles (161 km) length of the Florida east coast as well as extending inland and continuing south of Miami as far as Florida City. Although this is generally all referred to as a single metropolitan area, not a conurbation, it is sometimes broken up into the Miami, Fort Lauderdale, and West Palm Beach metros.

Minneapolis–St. Paul

Minneapolis–Saint Paul is the most populous urban area in the state of Minnesota, and is composed of 182 cities and townships built around the Mississippi, Minnesota, and St. Croix rivers. The area is also nicknamed the Twin Cities for its two largest cities, Minneapolis, with the highest population and Saint Paul, the state capital.

Quad Cities

The Quad Cities is a metropolitan area located along the border of Illinois and Iowa. Straddling the Mississippi River as it flows west, the area once known as the "Tri Cities" consists of a handful of larger cities and smaller municipalities that have grown together. The largest cities include Rock Island, Moline, and East Moline in Illinois as well as Davenport and Bettendorf in Iowa.

Stamford-Hartford

Hartford is the capital city of Connecticut and fourth largest by population. Together, with Waterbury, New Haven, Bridgeport, and Stamford, these five cities form a conurbation, as people continue moving into the suburbs of these cities from rural areas, and the Boston and New York City metropolitan areas. Majority of Connecticut's growth in the last decade was centered in and around these five cities. Combined, the population exceeds 1 million.

The Valley of the Sun

Phoenix is the capital and most populous city in Arizona. It is the center of The Valley of the Sun which is recognized by the United States Census Bureau as Chandler, Mesa, and Phoenix in the MSA. Other communities in the metropolitan area include Scottsdale, Glendale, Tempe, Gilbert, and Peoria.

The Front Range Urban Corridor

Denver is the capital and most populous city in Colorado, as well as the most populous municipality in the Front Range Urban Corridor. This conurbation encompasses 18 counties in Colorado and Wyoming and had an estimated population of 4,976,781 in 2018, an increase of 14.84% since the 2010 United States Census. ^[29]

South America

Argentina

	Conurbation	Population	Year	Note
	Buenos Aires Greater Buenos Aires	13,641,973 [30]	2010	Metro region excluding La Plata and its metro area (an additional 694,253 [ INDEC ]).

• Greater Buenos Aires (12.046.799) – Greater La Plata (694.253) – Zárate / Campana

Brazil

The entire Rio–São Paulo area is also sometimes considered a conurbation, and plans are in the works to connect the cities with a high-speed rail. However the government of Brazil does not consider this area a single unit for statistical purposes, and population data may not be reliable.

	Conurbation	Population	Year	Note
	São Paulo CME São Paulo	27,640,577 [31]	2009	The CME of São Paulo is federally defined as the São Paulo Metro region (RMSP) and its conurbations.
	Rio de Janeiro RM Rio de Janeiro	12,330,186 [32]	2016	Metropolitan region.
	Minas Gerais RM Belo Horizonte	5,916,189 [33]	2018	Usually referred to as the Greater Belo Horizonte, comprising 34 municipalities and some 16 other surrounding cities.

Colombia

	Conurbation	Population	Year	Note
	Bogotá D.C. Metropolitan Area of Bogotá	10,733,206 [34]	2014	Conurbation only between Bogota and Soacha
	Medellín Metropolitan Area of the Aburrá Valley	3,821,797 [34]	2014	Metro region

Peru

Lima Lima Metropolitan Area

9,500,000 [35]

2017

Lima is expected to become a megacity before the end of the decade, and this conurbation is estimated to have grown by over one million people between 2007 and 2017.

Asia

China

The ten largest urban centers in China

There are 3 well-known conurbations in China. ^[36]

• The Yangtze River Delta comprising Shanghai, Nanjing, Hangzhou and Ningbo, houses 150 million people and in 2016 it generated $2.76 trillion, 20 percent of China's national GDP. It is responsible for one-third of China's imports and exports. ^[37]
• The Jingjinji, comprising Tianjin, Beijing, Tangshan and Qinhuangdao, houses an estimated 130 million people and is responsible for a GDP of $1.1 trillion. ^[38]
• The Pearl River Delta including Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Dongguan, Hong Kong and Macau houses 60 million people and is responsible for a GDP of $1.5 trillion, 9% of China's national GDP. ^[39]

India

The Mumbai Metropolitan Region (MMR) consists of Mumbai and its satellite towns. Developing over a period of about 20 years, it consists of seven municipal corporations and fifteen smaller municipal councils. The region has an area of 4,355 km² and with a population of 20.5 million, ^[40] and is among the top ten most populated urban agglomerations in the world. It is linked together through the Mumbai Suburban Railway system and a large network of roads.

The National Capital Region (NCR) is a name for the coordinated planning region which encompasses the entire National Capital Territory of Delhi as well as several surrounding districts in the neighbouring states of Uttar Pradesh, Haryana and Rajasthan. However, the conurbation of Delhi is actually limited to the NCT of Delhi and the neighbouring contiguous urban areas comprising Gurgaon, Faridabad, Noida, Greater Noida and Ghaziabad. The area is officially known as the Central National Capital Region (CNCR), a small part of overall NCR. ^[41] The population of this conurbation was estimated 21.7 million in 2011. ^[42] It is the world's third most populous urban agglomeration.

The Amaravati Metropolitan Region (AMR) of Andhra Pradesh is a conurbation of three cities, namely Vijayawada, Eluru and Guntur and 11 other towns which include Mangalagiri, Tadepalle, Tenali, Ponnuru, Chilakaluripeta, Narasaraopeta, Sattenapally, Nandigama, Jaggayyapeta, Nuzividu, Gudivada and Vuyyuru. The new capital city of the state, Amaravati, is being developed between the cities of Vijayawada and Guntur at the center of the conurbation. The region holds a total population of 58 lakhs.

The Jamshedpur Metropolitan Area has a plan of Greater Jamshedpur. This place contains the area and city of Adityapur, Maango and Jugsalai

Bangladesh

The city of Dhaka is linked with Narayanganj and Gazipur city; there are no gaps between Dhaka and those two cities. This conurbation which consists of the areas of the city of Dhaka and its surrounding cities and towns is collectively knowns as the Greater Dhaka City. The city of Dhaka is the core city of the conurbation and has a population of about 10 Million. The satellite cities of the conurbation include Narayanganj, Gazipur, Tongi, Fatullah, Keraniganj, Tarabo, and Kaliganj.

Indonesia

Greater Jakarta or Jabodetabek comprises the largest urban area in Indonesia and the second-largest in the world with a population of around 30 million. ^[43] The center and national capital, Jakarta, has a population of 10.3 million within its borders. ^[44]

The second-most populated city in Indonesia, Surabaya, also forms a conurbation known as Gerbangkertosusila with a metropolitan population of about 10 million compared to the city proper of 3 million. ^[45] Conurbations are also present around Bandung and Medan.

Israel

• Gush Dan, Metropolitan Area of Tel Aviv, Central District (has about 45% of the country's total population)

Japan

The Taiheiyō Belt is the largest conurbation in Japan in every sense, extending from Ibaraki Prefecture to Fukuoka Prefecture, running almost 1,200 km, with the total population of 82.9 million. However, it is rarely referred to in Japan itself with each Prefecture maintaining separate identities. The Greater Tokyo Area, also called Shutoken (the National Capital Region), is a metropolitan area in the Kantō region, with the estimated population of 35,676,000 in 2007, often referred to as the most populous and economically largest metropolitan area in the world.

Jordan

More than 50% of Jordan’s population live in the conurbation of Amman-Russeifa-Zarqa.

Malaysia

The Klang Valley conurbation in the state of Selangor is composed of these cities:

• Kuala Lumpur, the capital of Malaysia;
• Petaling Jaya;
• Ampang Jaya;
• Pandan Indah;
• Subang Jaya;
• Puchong;
• Batu Caves;
• Rawang;
• Seri Kembangan;
• Cheras;
• Shah Alam;
• Klang;
• Selayang;
• Gombak;
• Putrajaya;
• Cyberjaya;
• Sepang; and
• Kajang.

The second largest conurbation by population in Malaysia is Greater Penang. ^{[46] [47]} Centred in George Town which is the capital city of the State of Penang, the conurbation also includes these towns in Penang, and within the neighbouring states of Kedah and Perak.

• Butterworth
• Bukit Mertajam
• Perai
• Batu Kawan
• Nibong Tebal
• Sungai Petani, Kedah
• Kulim, Kedah
• Bandar Baharu, Kedah
• Parit Buntar, Perak
• Bagan Serai, Perak

The third largest conurbation by population in Malaysia is Johor Bahru Conurbation. Centred in Johor Bahru which is the capital city of the state of Johor, the conurbation also includes these towns in Johor.

• Johor Bahru, the centre of Iskandar Malaysia
• Tebrau
• Pasir Gudang
• Ulu Tiram
• Kempas
• Tampoi
• Skudai
• Iskandar Puteri
• Senai
• Kulai
• Pekan Nenas
• Kota Tinggi
• Pengerang

Pakistan

• Karachi – Hyderabad, Sindh, is one of the largest metropolitan areas of the world, with a population exceeding 20 million (2017).
• Rawalpindi – Islamabad, also known as the twin cities of Pakistan, were built about 8 miles apart and have now completely intertwined into each other due to massive population growth and the expansion of both cities.
• Lahore – Raiwind – Kala Shah Kaku, the second largest city in Pakistan with its adjoining towns of Kala Shah Kaku and Raiwind.

Palestine

The Gaza Strip conurbation has a population of 2.3 million.

Philippines

Metro Manila, also known as the National Capital Region, is a conurbation of the capital Manila, fifteen neighboring cities, and a small town to compose the largest urban center in the Philippines. Within the immediate periphery but not administratively part of the region, are cities and towns belonging to various provinces near the capital region. These include the cities of Antipolo, Bacoor, Dasmariñas, Meycauayan, San Jose del Monte and San Pedro; and the towns of Cainta, Marilao, Obando, Rodriguez, San Mateo and Taytay.

Taiwan

Satellite view of the Taipei-Taoyuan-Keelung Metropolitan Area, the largest metropolitan area in Taiwan

Satellite view of the Kaohsiung-Pingtung-Tainan metropolitan area

There are 3 major conurbations in Taiwan.

• The Taipei-Taoyuan-Keelung Metropolitan Area (also known as Northern Taiwan Conurbation) is located in northern Taiwan, comprising Taipei, New Taipei, Keelung and Taoyuan, houses 9.3 million people. It is the most populous and the most densely populated metropolitan area in Taiwan, with one-third of Taiwanese people living and working there. The region is the epicenter of Taiwanese culture, economy, education and government. Designated as a global city, the region exerts a significant impact on commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research, technology, education, and entertainment, both locally and internationally. ^[48]
• The Taichung–Changhua–Nantou metropolitan area (also known as Central Taiwan Conurbation), located in central Taiwan and comprising Taichung, Changhua, and Nantou, houses an estimated 4.6 million people, about a fifth of the Taiwanese population.
• The Kaohsiung–Pingtung–Tainan metropolitan area (also known as Southern Taiwan Conurbation), including Kaohsiung, Tainan and Pingtung, is located in southern Taiwan and houses approximately 5.4 million people.

Turkey

Asian part of Istanbul forms a conurbation together with Gebze, Darıca, Çayırova, Dilovası districts of Kocaeli Province and with town of Yalova on south of the İzmit Bay. ^[49] Each province has separate governments but they work in close coordination. Transport between Anatolian part of Istanbul and western end of Kocaeli is coordinated by both provinces and there are interprovincial urban buses between Kartal and İzmit and commuter rail service between Halkalı and Gebze via Bosphorus, dense ferry service between Yalova and İstanbul although each municipality has a clear boundary of service. Tri-province region makes 17.5 million, which is 20% of Turkey's population.

İzmir and Manisa forms a conurbation. Although there is a mountain between cities with D565 via Sabuncubeli Tunnel many people daily commutes for work, education and home. In addition, İZBAN commuter rail connects satellite towns with İzmir in north and south directions. Two cities metropolitan areas together makes up of a population of 3.3 million.

Thailand

Name	Population	Year	Notes
Krung Thep Conurbation (Bangkok and nearby cities)	14,954,100	2015	[50]
Chiang Mai Metropolitan Area	493,149
Phuket Metropolitan Area	426,293
Chonburi Metropolitan Area	392,467
Hat Yai Metropolitan Area	297,792
Pattaya Metropolitan Area	242,133
Nakhon Pathom Metropolitan Area	186,325
Si Racha Metropolitan Area	168,554
Phitsanulok Metropolitan Area	165,001
Songkhla Metropolitan Area	162,380
Nakhon Ratchasima Metropolitan Area	159,579
Khonkaen Metropolitan Area	154,057
Surat Thani Metropolitan Area	150,127
Udon Thani Metropolitan Area	149,983
Nakhon Si Thammarat Metropolitan Area	146,307
Rayong Metropolitan Area	138,423
Lopburi Metropolitan Area	128,924
Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya Metropolitan Area	126,849
Ubon Ratchathani Metropolitan Area	126,488
Ranong Metropolitan Area	118,553
Yala Metropolitan Area	111,221
Ban Chang Metropolitan Area	110,390
Kanchanaburi Metropolitan Area	102,628

United Arab Emirates

• Dubai Metropolitan Area (Dubai + Sharjah): 4,979,694 (2015) ^[50]
• Abu Dhabi Metropolitan Area (Greater Abu Dhabi): 787,746 (2015) ^[50]
• Al-Ain Metropolitan Area (Al-Ain + Al-Buraymi): 783,519 (2015) ^[50]
• Ras al-Haymah Metropolitan Area (Greater Ras al-Haymah): 181,691 (2015) ^[50]

Vietnam

Name	Population	Year	Notes
Ho Chi Minh (Sai Gon) Metropolitan Area	11,897,049	2015	[50]
Ha Noi Metropolitan Area	6,148,404
Tan Chau Metropolitan Area (Tan Chau + Long Xuyen)	1,359,497
Da Nang Metropolitan Area	1,075,589
Hai Phong Metropolitan Area	1,051,010
Can Tho Metropolitan Area	769,316
My Tho Metropolitan Area	759,179
Vinh Long Metropolitan Area	484,198
Nha Trang Metropolitan Area	468,627
Hue Metropolitan Area	419,391
Vung Tau Metropolitan Area	412,378
Thai Nguyen Metropolitan Area	363,000
Thanh Hoa Metropolitan Area	343,001
Vinh Metropolitan Area	326,520
Tay Ninh Metropolitan Area	319,289
Nam Dinh Metropolitan Area	292,782
Hai Duong Metropolitan Area	283,307
Qui Nhon Metropolitan Area	282,795
Rach Gia Metropolitan Area	276,783
Thai Binh Metropolitan Area	268,330
Buon Ma Thuot Metropolitan Area	254,680
Quang Ngai Metropolitan Area	246,708
Phan Thiet Metropolitan Area	243,919
Bac Giang Metropolitan Area	222,711
Play Cu Metropolitan Area	199,908
Bac Lieu Metropolitan Area	199,141
Phan Rang Metropolitan Area	198,679
Da Lat Metropolitan Area	195,370
Ca Mau Metropolitan Area	193,377
Ha Long Metropolitan Area	178,597
Lac Thanh Metropolitan Area	177,136
Cao Lanh Metropolitan Area	173,133
Cai Lay Metropolitan Area	172,776
Tra Vinh Metropolitan Area	159,016
Tuy Hoa Metropolitan Area	158,744
Binh Phuoc Metropolitan Area	155,011
Cao Mat Metropolitan Area	149,729
Kon Tum Metropolitan Area	144,425
Son Tay (Ha Noi) Metropolitan Area	139,803
Vinh Yen Metropolitan Area	139,418
Soc Trang Metropolitan Area	133,858
Viet Tri Metropolitan Area	129,341
Long Le Metropolitan Area	125,920
Mong Cai Metropolitan Area (Mong Cai + Dongxing)	125,104
Cam Pha Metropolitan Area	122,988
Ninh Binh Metropolitan Area	122,236
Cai Be Metropolitan Area	120,234
Tuyen Quang Metropolitan Area	114,216
Phu Ly Metropolitan Area	112,705
Tien Thanh Metropolitan Area	112,508
Tan Phu Metropolitan Area	111,991
Lang Son Metropolitan Area	110,770
Ho Kou Metropolitan Area (Ho Kou + Hekou)	105,453
Xuan Loc Metropolitan Area	103,836
Gia Rai Metropolitan Area	102,299
Yen Bai Metropolitan Area	102,149
Tam Ky Metropolitan Area	100,935
Vinh Tuy Metropolitan Area	100,364

Europe

Albania

• Tirane Metropolitan Area (Greater Tirane): 719,252 (2015) ^[50]
• Durres Metropolitan Area (Greater Durres): 128,104 (2015) ^[50]

Austria

• Vienna Metropolitan Area (Greater Vienna): 1,856,676 (2015) ^[50]
• Graz Metropolitan Area (Greater Graz): 262,476 (2015) ^[50]
• Linz Metropolitan Area (Greater Linz): 202,652 (2015) ^[50]
• Salzburg Metropolitan Area (Greater Salzburg): 140,052 (2015) ^[50]
• Innsbruck Metropolitan Area (Greater Innsbruck): 113,301 (2015) ^[50]

Belarus

Name	Population	Year	Notes
Minsk Metropolitan Area (Greater Minsk)	2,006,722	2015	[50]
Gomel Metropolitan Area (Greater Gomel)	429,237
Vitebsk Metropolitan Area (Greater Vitebsk)	354,209
Mogilev Metropolitan Area (Greater Mogilev)	334,165
Brest Metropolitan Area (Brest + Terespol)	326,182
Grodno Metropolitan Area (Greater Grodno)	309,064
Bobruisk Metropolitan Area (Greater Bobruisk)	197,539
Baranavici Metropolitan Area (Greater Baranavici)	162,854
Pinsk Metropolitan Area (Greater Pinsk)	132,029
Borisov Metropolitan Area (Greater Borisov)	112,218

Belgium

• Bruxelles Metropolitan Area (Greater Bruxelles): 1,381,517 (2015) ^[50]
• Antwerp Metropolitan Area (Greater Antwerp): 792,029 (2015) ^[50]
• Liege Metropolitan Area (Greater Liege): 381,673 (2015) ^[50]
• Gent Metropolitan Area (Gent + Sas van Gent): 263,643 (2015) ^[50]
• Charleroi Metropolitan Area (Greater Charleroi): 253,691 (2015) ^[50]

Bosnia and Herzegovina

• Sarajevo Metropolitan Area (Greater Sarajevo): 371,884 (2015) ^[50]
• Banja Luka Metropolitan Area (Greater Banja Luka): 159,289 (2015) ^[50]

Bulgaria

• Sofia Metropolitan Area (Greater Sofia): 926,881 (2015) ^[50]
• Plovdiv Metropolitan Area (Greater Plovdiv): 309,004 (2015) ^[50]
• Varna Metropolitan Area (Greater Varna): 283,835 (2015) ^[50]
• Burgas Metropolitan Area (Greater Burgas): 111,381 (2015) ^[50]

Croatia

• Zagreb Metropolitan Area (Greater Zagreb): 660,653 (2015) ^[50]
• Split Metropolitan Area (Greater Split): 218,497 (2015) ^[50]
• Rijeka Metropolitan Area (Greater Rijeka): 143,702 (2015) ^[50]

Czech Republic

• Prague Metropolitan Area (Greater Prague): 1,126,681 (2015) ^[50]
• Brno Metropolitan Area (Greater Brno): 316,980 (2015) ^[50]
• Ostrava Metropolitan Area (Greater Ostrava): 186,520 (2015) ^[50]
• Plzen Metropolitan Area (Greater Pizen): 142,249 (2015) ^[50]

Denmark

• Copenhagen Metropolitan Area (Greater Copenhagen): 1,225,959 (2015) ^[50]
• Aarhus Metropolitan Area (Greater Aarhus): 209,181 (2015) ^[50]
• Odense Metropolitan Area (Greater Odense): 124,557 (2015) ^[50]
• Aalborg Metropolitan Area (Greater Aalborg): 100,079 (2015) ^[50]

Estonia

• Tallinn Metropolitan Area (Greater Tallinn): 344,511 ^[50]

Finland

• Helsinki Metropolitan Area (Helsinki + Espoo): 907,386 (2015) ^[50]
• Tampere Metropolitan Area (Greater Tampere): 134,673 (2015) ^[50]
• Turku Metropolitan Area (Greater Turku): 112,492 (2015) ^[50]

France

Name	Population	Year	Notes
Ile-de-France Conurbation (Greater Paris)	9,711,512	2015	[50]
Lyon Metropolitan Area (Greater Lyon)	1,152,368
Marseille Metropolitan Area (Greater Marseille)	909,727
Lille Metropolitan Area (Lille + Mouscron)	903,281
Cote-d'Azur Conurbation (Nice + Cannes)	733,095
Toulouse Metropolitan Area (Greater Toulouse)	658,107
Bordeaux Metropolitan Area (greater Bordeaux)	585,031
Nantes Metropolitan Area (Greater Nantes)	436,853
Strasbourg Metropolitan Area (Strasbourg + Kehl)	422,097
Toulon Metropolitan Area (Greater Toulon)	368,851
Grenoble Metropolitan Area (Greater Grenoble)	338,199
Rouen Metropolitan Area (Greater Rouen)	320,960
Montpellier Metropolitan Area (Greater Montpellier)	293,865
Rennes Metropolitan Area (Greater Rennes)	227,572
Nancy Metropolitan Area (Greater Nancy)	213,797
Tours Metropolitan Area (Greater Tours)	211,591
Dijon Metropolitan Area (Greater Dijon)	208,040
Cambrin Metropolitan Area (Greater Cambrin)	207,779
Clermont-Ferrand Metropolitan Area (Greater Clermont-Ferrand)	191,311
Reims Metropolitan Area (Greater Reims)	189,743
Mulhouse Metropolitan Area (Greater Mulhouse)	189,297
Le Havre Metropolitan Area (Greater Le Havre)	187,643
Orleans Metropolitan Area (Greater Orleans)	179,869
Angers Metropolitan Area (Greater Angers)	176,839
Saint-Etienne Metropolitan Area (Greater Saint-Etienne)	172,766
Caen Metropolitan Area (Greater Caen)	164,788
Metz Metropolitan Area (Greater Metz)	151,221
Le Mans Metropolitan Area (Greater Le Mans)	147,383
Brest Metropolitan Area (Greater Brest)	142,527
Amiens Metropolitan Area (Greater Amiens)	136,532
Limoges Metropolitan Area (Greater Limoges)	129,255
Dunkerque Metropolitan Area (Greater Dunkerque)	127,529
Perpignan Metropolitan Area (Greater Perpignan)	115,845
Pau Metropolitan Area (Greater Pau)	112,672
Troyes Metropolitan Area (Greater Troyes)	109,941
Besançon Metropolitan Area (Greater Besançon)	108,712
Annecy Metropolitan Area (Greater Annecy)	102,728
Nimes Metropolitan Area (Greater Nimes)	101,743
Valenciennes Metropolitan Area (Greater Valenciennes)	101,583

Germany

Name	Population	Year	Notes
Ruhr Conurbation (Bonn + Cologne + Dusseldorf + Wuppertal + Dortmund + Hagen)	7,275,319	2015	[50]
Berlin Metropolitan Area (Greater Berlin)	3,390,255
Hamburg Metropolitan Area (Greater Hamburg)	1,677,733
Munich Metropolitan Area (Greater Munich)	1,573,652
Frankfurt am Main Metropolitan Area (Greater Frankfurt am Main)	1,523,808
Stuttgart Metropolitan Area (Greater Stuttgart)	1,160,180
Nurnberg Metropolitan Area (Greater Nurnberg)	679,089
Hannover Metropolitan Area (Greater Hannover)	599,164
Dresden Metropolitan Area (Greater Dresden)	513,723
Bremen Metropolitan Area (Greater Bremen)	506,342
Mannheim Metropolitan Area (Greater Mannheim)	466,696
Leipzig Metropolitan Area (Greater Leipzig)	455,581
Augsburg Metropolitan Area (Greater Augsburg)	312,094
Karlsruhe Metropolitan Area (Greater Karlsruhe)	286,982
Aachen Metropolitan Area (Aachen + Kerkrade)	226,264
Kassel Metropolitan Area (Greater Kassel)	222,869
Bielefeld Metropolitan Area (Greater Bielefeld)	214,193
Kiel Metropolitan Area (Greater Kiel)	209,786
Munster Metropolitan Area (Greater Munster)	207,455
Heidelberg Metropolitan Area (Greater Heidelberg)	196,429
Magdeburg Metropolitan Area (Greater Magdeburg)	193,706
Halle Metropolitan Area (Greater Halle)	185,076
Braunschweig Metropolitan Area (Greater Braunschweig)	180,612
Freiburg Metropolitan Area (Greater Freiburg)	179,912
Rostock Metropolitan Area (Greater Rostock)	168,453
Chemnitz Metropolitan Area (Greater Chemnitz)	168,021
Lubeck Metropolitan Area (Greater Lubeck)	150,413
Saarbrucken Metropolitan Area (Greater Saarbrucken)	146,109
Oldenburg Metropolitan Area (Greater Oldenburg)	144,961
Erfurt Metropolitan Area (Greater Erfurt)	141,749
Koblenz Metropolitan Area (Greater Koblenz)	138,095
Regensburg Metropolitan Area (Greater Regensburg)	133,794
Wurzburg Metropolitan Area (Greater Wurzburg)	121,062
Heilbronn Metropolitan Area (Greater Heilbronn)	121,015
Bremerhaven Metropolitan Area (Greater Bremerhaven)	116,975
Darmstadt Metropolitan Area (Greater Darmstadt)	116,051
Osnabruck Metropolitan Area (Greater Osnabruck)	105,944
Ulm Metropolitan Area (Greater Ulm)	103,439

Greece

• Athens Metropolitan Area (Greater Athens): 3,315,199 (2015) ^[50]
• Thessaloniki Metropolitan Area (Greater Thessaloniki): 813,775 (2015) ^[50]
• Patras Metropolitan Area (Greater Patras): 176,257 (2015) ^[50]
• Heraklion Metropolitan Area (Greater Heraklion): 155,251 (2015) ^[50]
• Larisa Metropolitan Area (Greater Larisa): 126,570 (2015) ^[50]
• Volos Metropolitan Area (Greater Volos): 104,289 (2015) ^[50]

Hungary

• Budapest Metropolitan Area (Greater Budapest): 1,758,468 (2015) ^[50]
• Debrecen Metropolitan Area (Greater Debrecen): 166,658 (2015) ^[50]
• Miskolc Metropolitan Area (Greater Miskolc): 124,422 (2015) ^[50]
• Pecs Metropolitan Area (Greater Pecs): 119,904 (2015) ^[50]
• Szeged Metropolitan Area (Greater Szeged): 112,516 (2015) ^[50]

Ireland

• Dublin Metropolitan Area (Greater Dublin): 1,004,263 (2015) ^[50]
• Cork Metropolitan Area (Greater Cork): 138,514 (2015) ^[50]

Italy

Some Regional Laws approved during the 1970-1980s ^{[51] [ circular reference ]} tried to define what an Italian conurbation is, but nowadays there's no government organization for a metropolitan area in Italy, so a conurbation has no official boundaries.

Name	Population	Year	Notes
Naples Metropolitan Area (Greater Naples)	3,699,987	2015	[50]
Milan Metropolitan Area (Greater Milan)	3,425,384
Rome Metropolitan Area (Greater Rome)	2,617,092
Turin Metropolitan Area (Greater Turin)	1,205,385
Florence Metropolitan Area (Greater Florence)	708,029
Palermo Metropolitan Area (Greater Palermo)	703,529
Catania Metropolitan Area (Greater Catania)	555,375
Genoa Metropolitan Area (Greater Genoa)	542,961
Bologna Metropolitan Area (Greater Bologna)	421,342
Bergamo Metropolitan Area (Greater Bergamo)	353,586
Bari Metropolitan Area (Greater Bari)	310,239
Cagliari Metropolitan Area (Greater Cagliari)	251,635
Venice Metropolitan Area (Greater Venice)	231,530
Padova Metropolitan Area (Greater Padova)	217,448
Pescara Metropolitan Area (Greater Pescara)	212,410
Verona Metropolitan Area (Greater Verona)	200,722
Messina Metropolitan Area (Greater Messina)	198,553
Brescia Metropolitan Area (Greater Brescia)	190,609
Trieste Metropolitan Area (Greater Trieste)	187,630
Livorno Metropolitan Area (Greater Livorno)	148,916
Modena Metropolitan Area (Greater Modena)	142,871
Parma Metropolitan Area (Greater Parma)	136,469
Reggio Calabria Metropolitan Area (Greater Reggio Calabria)	135,275
Taranto Metropolitan Area (Greater Taranto)	132,441
Foggia Metropolitan Area (Greater Foggia)	131,270
Massa Metropolitan Area (Greater Massa)	119,351
Rimini Metropolitan Area (Greater Rimini)	116,867
Reggio Emilia Metropolitan Area (Greater Reggio Emilia)	105,553
Bolzano Metropolitan Area (Greater Bolzano)	101,551

Kosovo

• Pristina Metropolitan Area (Greater Pristina): 196,913 (2015) ^[50]

Latvia

• Riga Metropolitan Area (Greater Riga): 556,672 ^[50]

Lithuania

• Vilnius Metropolitan Area (Greater Vilnius): 355,430 (2015) ^[50]
• Kaunas Metropolitan Area (Greater Kaunas): 276,335 (2015) ^[50]
• Klaipeda Metropolitan Area (Greater Klaipeda): 111,199 (2015) ^[50]

Luxembourg

• Luxembourg Metropolitan Area (Greater Luxembourg): 119,160 (2015) ^[50]

Malta

• Birkirkara Metropolitan Area (Valletta and nearby cities): 279,473 (2015) ^[50]

Moldova

• Chisinau Metropolitan Area (Greater Chisinau): 460,761 (2015) ^[50]
• Tiraspol Metropolitan Area (Greater Tiraspol): 157,770 (2015) ^[50]
• Balti Metropolitan Area (Greater Balti): 109,172 (2015) ^[50]

Netherlands

Name	Population	Year	Notes
Rotterdam Metropolitan Area (Rotterdam + Delft + Den Haag)	1,913,888	2015	[50]
Amsterdam Metropolitan Area (Greater Amsterdam)	1,128,715
Utrecht Metropolitan Area (Greater Utrecht)	445,245
Leiden Metropolitan Area (Greater Leiden)	302,157
Eindhoven Metropolitan Area (Greater Eindhoven)	280,211
Heerlen Metropolitan Area (Heerlen + Herzongenrath)	262,204
Dordrecht Metropolitan Area (Greater Dordrecht)	240,823
Arnhem Metropolitan Area (Greater Arnhem)	199,884
Tilburg Metropolitan Area (Greater Tilburg)	196,361
Haarlem Metropolitan Area (Greater Haarlem)	195,554
Nijmegen Metropolitan Area (Greater Nijmegen)	180,486
Zoetermeer Metropolitan Area (Greater Zoetermeer)	166,121
Groningen Metropolitan Area (Greater Groningen)	163,386
Almere Metropolitan Area (Greater Almere)	162,857
Alkmaar Metropolitan Area (Greater Alkmaar)	154,296
Amersfoort Metropolitan Area (Greater Amersfoort)	142,167
Breda Metropolitan Area (Greater Breda)	135,821
Enschede Metropolitan Area (Greater Enschede)	131,601
Velsen Metropolitan Area (Greater Velsen)	126,175
's-Hertongenbosch Metropolitan Area (Greater 's-Hertongenbosch)	121,267
Maastricht Metropolitan Area (Maastricht + Maasmechelen)	113,653
Apeldoorn Metropolitan Area (Greater Apeldoorn)	107,444
Zwolle Metropolitan Area (Greater Zwolle)	101,499

Northern Macedonia

• Skopje Metropolitan Area (Greater Skopje): 428,210 (2015) ^[50]

Norway

• Oslo Metropolitan Area (Greater Oslo): 782,172 (2015) ^[50]
• Stavanger Metropolitan Area (Greater Stavanger): 161,284 (2015) ^[50]
• Bergen Metropolitan Area (Greater Bergen): 148,005 (2015) ^[50]
• Trondheim Metropolitan Area (Greater Trondheim): 147,468 (2015) ^[50]

Poland

Name	Population	Year	Notes
Warsaw Metropolitan Area (Greater Warsaw)	1,789,294	2015	[50]
Katowice Metropolitan Area (Greater Katowice)	1,526,062
Krakow Metropolitan Area (Greater Krakow)	664,581
Lodz Metropolitan Area (Greater Lodz)	606,991
Gdansk Metropolitan Area (Greater Gdansk)	603,020
Wroclaw Metropolitan Area (Greater Wroclaw)	529,209
Ponzan Metropolitan Area (Greater Ponzan)	527,670
Bydgoszcz Metropolitan Area (Greater Bydgoszcz)	324,027
Lublin Metropolitan Area (Greater Lublin)	320,313
Bialystok Metropolitan Area (Greater Bialystok)	289,226
Szczecin Metropolitan Area (Greater Szczecin)	269,836
Walbrzych Metropolitan Area (Greater Walbrzych)	182,732
Rzeszow Metropolitan Area (Greater Rzeszow)	180,696
Czestochowa Metropolitan Area (Greater Czestochowa)	177,138
Torun Metropolitan Area (Greater Torun)	171,535
Radom Metropolitan Area (Greater Costanta)	163,742
Kielce Metropolitan Area (Greater Kielce)	153,301
Olsztyn Metropolitan Area (Greater Olsztin)	146,867
Bielsko-Biala Metropolitan Area (Greater Bielsko-Biala)	136,717
Tychy Metropolitan Area (Greater Tychy)	106,186

Portugal

• Lisbon Metropolitan Area (Greater Lisbon): 2,169,391 (2015) ^[50]
• Porto Metropolitan Area (Greater Porto): 998,283 (2015) ^[50]
• Braga Metropolitan Area (Greater Braga): 119,657 (2015) ^[50]
• Funchal Metropolitan Area (Greater Funchal): 119,440 (2015) ^[50]

Romania

Name	Population	Year	Notes
Bucharest Metropolitan Area (Greater Bucharest)	1,774,128	2015	[50]
Calarasi Metropolitan Area (Greater Calarasi)	369,759
Timisoara Metropolitan Area (Greater Timisoara)	288,523
Cluj-Napoca Metropolitan Area (Greater Cluj-Napoca)	278,493
Constanta Metropolitan Area (Greater Costanta)	249,829
Iasi Metropolitan Area (Greater Iasi)	237,903
Craiova Metropolitan Area (Greater Craiova)	228,226
Brasov Metropolitan Area (Greater Brasov)	200,225
Galati Metropolitan Area (Greater Galati)	196,601
Ploiesti Metropolitan Area (Greater Ploiesti)	175,454
Oradea Metropolitan Area (Greater Oradea)	156,341
Giurgiu Metropolitan Area (Giurgiu + Ruse)	141,675
Braila Metropolitan Area (Greater Braila)	138,888
Pitesti Metropolitan Area (Greater Pitesti)	132,100
Targu-Mures Metropolitan Area (Greater Targu-Mures)	118,255
Sibiu Metropolitan Area (Greater Sibiu)	117,695
Bacau Metropolitan Area (Greater Bacau)	117,407
Arad Metropolitan Area (Greater Arad)	112,052
Oltenita Metropolitan Area (Greater Oltenita)	108,928

Serbia

• Beograd Metropolitan Area (Greater Beograd): 1,106,870 (2015) ^[50]
• Novi Sad Metropolitan Area (Greater Novi Sad): 263,087 (2015) ^[50]
• Nis Metropolitan Area (Greater Nis): 188,293 (2015) ^[50]
• Kragujevac Metropolitan Area (Greater Kragujevac): 126,766 (2015) ^[50]

Slovakia

• Bratislava Metropolitan Area (Greater Bratislava): 352,002 (2015) ^[50]
• Kolce Metropolitan Area (Greater Kolce): 220,297 (2015) ^[50]

Slovenia

• Ljubljana Metropolitan Area (Greater Ljubljana): 250,335 (2015) ^[50]

Spain

Name	Population	Year	Notes
Madrid Metropolitan Area (Greater Madrid)	4,894,295	2015	[50]
Barcelona Metropolitan Area (Greater Barcelona)	3,832,012
Valencia Metropolitan Area (Greater Valencia)	1,323,120
Sevilla Metropolitan Area (Greater Sevilla)	861,043
Malaga Metropolitan Area (Greater Malaga)	799,997
Bilbao Metropolitan Area (Greater Bilbao)	778,852
Zaragoza Metropolitan Area (Greater Zaragoza)	503,982
Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Metropolitan Area (Greater Las Palmas de Gran Canaria)	443,141
Palma de Mallorca Metropolitan Area (Greater Palma de Mallorca)	388,090
Granada Metropolitan Area (Greater Granada)	355,806
Murcia Metropolitan Area (Greater Murcia)	354,693
Alicante Metropolitan Area (Greater Alicante)	331,089
Santa Cruz de Tenerife Metropolitan Area (Greater Santa Cruz de Tenerife)	324,645
Pamplona Metropolitan Area (Greater Pamplona)	296,609
Valladolid Metropolitan Area (Greater Valladolid)	290,636
Vigo Metropolitan Area (Greater Vigo)	265,407
A Coruna Metropolitan Area (Greater A Coruna)	249,861
Gijon Metropolitan Area (Greater Gijon)	229,261
Algericas Metropolitan Area (Algericas + Gibraltar)	215,007
San Sebastian Metropolitan Area (Greater San Sebastian)	214,645
Santander Metropolitan Area (Greater Santander)	206,816
Vitoria Metropolitan Area (Greater Vitoria)	203,909
Alcala de Henares Metropolitan Area (Greater Alcala de Henares)	184,497
Oviedo Metropolitan Area (Greater Oviedo)	170,846
Almeria Metropolitan Area (Greater Almera)	169,121
Castellon de la Plana Metropolitan Area (Greater Castellon de la Plana)	158,875
Salamanca Metropolitan Area (Greater Salamanca)	143,857
Logrono Metropolitan Area (Greater Logrono)	142,370
Ceuta Metropolitan Area (Ceuta + Fnideq)	137,945
Girona Metropolitan Area (Greater Girona)	132,100
Tarragona Metropolitan Area (Greater Tarragona)	131,944
Jerez de la Frontera Metropolitan Area (Greater Jerez de la Frontera)	130,424
Cadiz Metropolitan Area (Greater Cadiz)	130,037
Melilla Metropolitan Area (Melilla + Ait Mansor)	126,133
Matarò Metropolitan Area (Greater Matarò)	123,418
Marbella Metropolitan Area (Greater Marbella)	119,627
Burgos Metropolitan Area (Greater Burgos)	117,187
Huelva Metropolitan Area (Greater Huelva)	113,533
Torrevieja Metropolitan Area (Greater Torrevieja)	105,360

Sweden

• Stockholm Metropolitan Area (Greater Stockholm): 1,305,076 (2015) ^[50]
• Goteborg Metropolitan Area (Greater Goteborg): 496,226 (2015) ^[50]
• Malmo Metropolitan Area (Greater Malmo): 297,226 (2015) ^[50]
• Uppsala Metropolitan Area (Greater Uppsala): 109,542 (2015) ^[50]

Switzerland

Name	Population	Year	Notes
Zurich Metropolitan Area (Greater Zurich)	732,493	2015	[50]
Geneve Metropolitan Area (Geneve + Annemasse)	476,816
Basel Metropolitan Area (Basel + Lorrach + Buschwiller)	428,721
Lausanne Metropolitan Area (Greater Lausanne)	256,647
Bern Metropolitan Area (Greater Bern)	197,761
Luzern Metropolitan Area (Greater Luzern)	140,814

United Kingdom

Main article: List of conurbations in the United Kingdom

Industrial and housing growth in the United Kingdom during the 19th and early 20th centuries produced many conurbations. Greater London is by far the largest urban area and is usually counted as a conurbation in statistical terms, but differs from the others in the degree to which it is focused on a single central area. In the mid-1950s the Green Belt was introduced to stem the further urbanisation of the countryside in South East England.

The list below shows the most populous urban areas in the UK as defined by the Office for National Statistics (ONS). Different organisations define conurbations in the UK differently for example, the Liverpool–Manchester or the Manchester–Liverpool conurbation ^[52] is defined as one conurbation by AESOP in a comparison report published by the University of Manchester in 2005 found here. The Liverpool–Manchester Conurbation has a population of 5.68 million.

v t e Largest urban areas of the United Kingdom (England and Wales: 2011 census built-up area; [53] Scotland: 2016 estimates settlement; [54] Northern Ireland: 2001 census urban area) [55]
Rank	Urban area	Pop.	Principal settlement	Rank	Urban area	Pop.	Principal settlement
1	Greater London	9,787,426	London	11	Bristol	617,280	Bristol
2	Greater Manchester	2,553,379	Manchester	12	Edinburgh	512,150	Edinburgh
3	West Midlands	2,440,986	Birmingham	13	Leicester	508,916	Leicester
4	West Yorkshire	1,777,934	Leeds	14	Belfast	483,418	Belfast
5	Greater Glasgow	985,290	Glasgow	15	Brighton & Hove	474,485	Brighton
6	Liverpool	864,122	Liverpool	16	South East Dorset	466,266	Bournemouth
7	South Hampshire	855,569	Southampton	17	Cardiff	390,214	Cardiff
8	Tyneside	774,891	Newcastle upon Tyne	18	Teesside	376,633	Middlesbrough
9	Nottingham	729,977	Nottingham	19	Stoke-on-Trent	372,775	Stoke-on-Trent
10	Sheffield	685,368	Sheffield	20	Coventry	359,262	Coventry

Ukraine

Name	Population	Year	Notes
Kyiv Metropolitan Area (Greater Kyiv)	2,737,789	2015	[50]
Kharkiv Metropolitan Area (Greater Kharkiv)	1,430,661
Donetsk Metropolitan Area (Greater Donetsk)	1,158,998
Odesa Metropolitan Area (Greater Odesa)	1,117,970
Dnipro Metropolitan Area (Greater Dnipro)	903,205
Zaporizhzhia Metropolitan Area (Greater Zaporizzhya)	728,145
Lviv Metropolitan Area (Greater Lviv)	687,060
Krivyy Rih Metropolitan Area (Greater Krivyy Rih)	584,156
Mikolaiv Metropolitan Area (Greater Mikolaiv)	469,017
Mariupol Metropolitan Area (Greater Mariupol)	436,133
Luhansk Metropolitan Area (Greater Luhansk)	415,351
Vinnitsa Metropolitan Area (Greater Vinnitsa)	383,836
Simferopol Metropolitan Area (Greater Simferopol)	338,634
Chernihiv Metropolitan Area (Greater Chernihiv)	278,668
Cherkasy Metropolitan Area (Greater Cherkasy)	278,510
Poltava Metropolitan Area (Greater Poltava)	275,189
Kherson Metropolitan Area (Greater Kherson)	269,644
Khmelnitskyy Metropolitan Area (Greater Khmelnitskyy)	259,104
Zhytomir Metropolitan Area (Greater Zhytomir)	242,883
Chernivtsi Metropolitan Area (Greater Chernivtsi)	240,725
Ivano-Frankivsk Metropolitan Area (Greater Ivano-Frankivsk)	237,552
Rivne Metropolitan Area (Greater Rivne)	228,212
Kropivnitskyy Metropolitan Area (Greater Kropivnitskyy)	225,913
Kamianske Metropolitan Area (Greater Kamianske)	223,589
Lutsk Metropolitan Area (Greater Lutsk)	218,316
Sumy Metropolitan Area (Greater Sumy)	214,376
Kremenchuk Metropolitan Area (Greater Kremenchuk)	213,125
Bialitserkva Metropolitan Area (Greater Bialitserkva)	207,328
Horlivka Metropolitan Area (Greater Horlivka)	195,806
Sevastopol Metropolitan Area (Greater Sevastopol)	189,598
Ternopil Metropolitan Area (Greater Ternopil)	187,740
Melitopol Metropolitan Area (Greater Melitopol)	166,662
Kramatorsk Metropolitan Area (Greater Kramatorsk)	150,246
Alchevsk Metropolitan Area (Greater Alchevsk)	139,091
Nikopol Metropolitan Area (Greater Nikopol)	132,379
Sloviansk Metropolitan Area (Greater Sloviansk)	132,301
Uzhhorod Metropolitan Area (Greater Uzhhorod)	124,809

See also

• Ecumenopolis
• Ekistics
• Megalopolis
• Transborder agglomeration
• Urban sprawl

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Further reading

Patrick Geddes – "Cities In Evolution"

Edward Soja – "Postmetropolis"