List of largest European cities in history

Last updated

Over the centuries, cities in Europe have changed a great deal, rising and falling in size and influence. These tables give an idea of estimated population at various dates from the earliest times to the most recent:

Contents

Timeline 7000–1200 B.C.

This period covers the Neolithic and the Bronze Age.

Population of cities (7000–1200 B.C.)
City70006500 – 60005000400038003000 – 2500200016001300
Athens 10,000 – 15,000 [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21]
Akrotiri 8,000 – 15,000 – 30,000 [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30]
Choirokoitia 300 – 6002,000 [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37]
Dobrovody 10,000 – 16,000 [38] [39]
Dimini 300 [40]
Durrington Walls 4,000 [41] [42] [43]
Fedorivka 6,000 [39]
Gournia 4,000 [44] [45]
Knossos 1001,0001,300 – 2,00018,00020,000 – 40,000 – 100,00030,000 [3] [14] [22] [46] [47] [48] [49] [50] [51] [52]
Lepenski Vir 150 – 1,000 [53] [54] [55] [56] [57] [58]
Mycenae 20,000 [59] 30,000 – 35,000 [52] [60]
Manika 6000 – 15,000 [61] [62] [63] [64] [65] [66]
Malia 700 – 1,0005,000 – 10,000 – 12.500 [22]
Maidanetske 10,000 – 29,000 – 46,000 [38] [67] [68]
Nea Nikomedeia 500 – 700 [69]
Okolište 1000 – 3000 [67]
Palaikastro 18,000 [22] [70]
Vinča-Belo Brdo 2000 – 2500 [71] [72]
Sesklo 3001000 – 5000 [73] [74] [75] [76] [77]
Solnitsata 350 [78] [79]
Tiryns 1,200 – 1,80010,000 [80] [81] [82]
Nebelivka 17,000 [39]
Talianky 15,000 – 30,000 [39] [83] [84] [85]
Thebes, Greece 4,000 – 6,0008,000 [86] [87] [88] [89] [90]
Los Millares 1,000 – 2,300 [91] [92] [93]
Pavlopetri 5002,000 [94] [95]

Timeline 1000–1 B.C.

This period covers the Iron Age, ancient Greece, and the Roman Republic.

Population of cities (1000–1 B.C.)
City1000700600500 – 400300200100 – 1
Athens 2,500 – 5,0005,000 – 10,00070,000 – 100,000 – 130,000150,000 – 350,000 – 610,000120,000 – 200,000 – 300,000 – 431,000100,000 – 200,000 [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21]
Argos 600 – 1,2005,000 – 10,00030,000 – 60,000 [3] [14] [96] [97] [98] [99]
Aegina 20,000 – 40,000 [100]
Agrigento 200,000 – 800,000 [101] [102] [103] [104] [105]
Avaricum 40,000 [106]
Bibracte 30,000 [107]
Cerveteri 25,000 – 40,000 [108] [109] [110] [111] [112]
Capua 100,000300,000100,000 [113] [114] [115] [116] [117] [118]
Corinth 5,000 [119] 50,000 – 90,000 – 100,000 [82] [120] [121]
Crotone 50,000 – 80,000 [122]
Heuneburg 10,000 [123] [124] [125] [126]
Ischia 5,000 – 10,000 [127] [128] [129]
Knossos 5,000 – 10,000 [3] [14] [22] [46] [47] [48] [49] [50] [51] [52]
Populonia 25,000 – 40,000 [110] [111] [130] [131]
Tarquinia 20,000 – 25,000 – 40,000 [110] [111] [130] [131]
Veii 25,000 – 40,000 – 100,000 [110] [111] [130] [131] [132] [133] [134]
Volsinii 13,000 – 25,000 – 40,000 [110] [111] [130] [131]
Vulci 15,000 – 25,000 – 40,000 [110] [111] [130] [131]
Sparta 40,000 – 50,000 [2] [135]
Syracuse, Sicily 200,000 – 800,000 – 1,200,000200,000 – 400,000 [105] [136] [137] [138] [139] [140] [141] [142]
Sybaris 100,000 – 300,000 [143] [122] [144] [145] [146] [147]
Tiryns 15,000 [80] [81] [82]
Taranto 100,000 – 300,000 [118] [148] [149]
Thebes, Greece 30,000 – 60,000 [86] [87] [150] [151] [152]
Rome 3,145 – 7,40024,240 – 60,60080,000130,000250,000 – 300,000350,000500,000 – 1,000,000 [118] [153] [154] [155] [156] [157] [158] [159] [160] [161] [162] [163] [164]
Rhodes 100,000 – 200,000100,000 [20] [21] [165]

Timeline: Roman Empire–modern age (1–1800 A.D.)

City1 – 100200300400500600700800900100011001200130014001500160017001800
Agrigento 50,000 [166]
Athens 30,000 – 90,000110,00025,00035,000 – 50,00040,000 [167] [168] [169] [170]
Aquileia 12,000 – 100,000100,000 [171] [172] [173]
Augsburg 25,000 – 50,00025,000 – 50,00012,00050,00030,000 – 50,00045,000 – 50,000 – 100,00026,00028,000 – 32,000 [174] [175] [176] [177] [178] [179] [180]
Amalfi 80,000 [181]
Antwerp 5,00020,000100,000 – 200,00046,000 – 90,00075,000 [182] [183] [184] [185] [186]
Arles 75,000 – 100,000 [187] [188] [189]
Autun 40,000 – 100,000 [190] [191] [192]
Amsterdam 30,00065,000 – 100,000 – 175,000175,000 – 200,000 – 210,000195,000 – 201,000 [185] [193] [194] [195]
Barcelona 50,00060,000 – 70,000100,000 [195] [196] [197] [198]
Bruges 50,000125,000 – 200,000 [199] [200]
Bucharest 60,00050,000 [201]
Brussels 30,000100,000100,00070,000 [184] [194] [202]
Bordeaux 15,00030,000 – 40,00050,000100,000 [203] [204] [205] [169] [173]
Berlin 6,00012,00020,000172,000 [194] [206]
Bologna 35,00050,000 – 70,000 [169] [207] [208]
Bolgar 25,000 – 30,00050,000 [201]
Capua 30,000 [173]
Carnuntum 12,000 – 50,00050,00050,000 [209] [210] [211]
Cádiz 100,00087,000 [192] [212]
Corinth 100,000 – 200,000 – 700,00045,000 + in 856 AD. [213] [82] [214] [215] [216] [217]
Constantinople/
Istanbul 		12,000400,000400,000 – 800,000100,000 – 800,000100,000 – 800,000100,000 – 250,000500,000 – 1,000,000500,000300,000400,00070,000100,000400,000 – 660,000700,000300,000 – 700,000400,000 – 570,000 [218] [219] [220] [221] [222] [223] [224] [225] [226] [227] [169] [170]
Córdoba 45,000350,00060,000 [192] [207] [228]
Cologne 40,00040,00015,000 – 20,00021,00020,00021,000 – 50,00050,000 – 60,00050,000 – 60,00040,00045,00040,00050,000 [208] [229] [230] [231] [232] [233]
Gdańsk 30,00060,000 – 80,000 [174] [234]
Dublin 1,000 – 2,0004,000 – 5,00010,00020,00075,000200,000 [235] [236] [237] [238]
Edirne (Adrianople)10,00028,000125,000160,000 – 183,00093,000100,000 [201]
Feodosia 40,00085,000 – 88,00050,00040,00036,000 – 44,000 [201]
Florence 15,00050,000 – 60,00080,000 – 120,00070,00070,000 [239] [185] [208] [229] [240] [241]
Gela 30,000 [166]
Genoa 80,00050,000100,000100,00060,00070,00090,000 [239] [185] [208] [242] [243] [244]
Ghent 5,00010,00060,000 – 80,00070,000 – 80,00080,000 – 150,000 – 175,000 – 200,000 [183] [199] [245] [246] [247] [248] [249] [250] [196]
Gortyna 22,500 [251]
Granada 26,000150,000100,00070,000 [252] [253] [203]
Hamburg 8,00015,000 – 20,00040,000 – 60,000 – 100,00063,000 – 75,000117,000 – 130,000 [174] [176] [180] [234] [194] [254]
Kyiv 10,00018,000 [255] [256]
Lisbon 35,00050,000 – 60,00060,000 – 70,000 – 120,000120,000 – 140,000200,000237,000 [212] [257] [258] [259]
London 30,00045,000 – 50,000 – 60,00010,000 – 12,00020,000 – 25,00010,000 – 20,00020,000 – 25,00050,000 – 100,00050,000 – 100,000 – 120,000225,000 – 410,000550,000 – 700,000861,000 – 1,000,000 [227] [260] [261] [262] [263] [264] [265] [266] [267]
Lugdunum (Lyon)50,000 – 100,000 – 200,00050,000 – 100,000 – 200,00012,00020,00040,000 – 70,00040,000 – 70,000100,000150,000 [234] [268] [208] [269] [270] [271] [272] [273]
Leuven 45,000 [274]
Lublin 40,000 – 70,000 [201]
Lübeck 6,00024,00030,000 – 37,00032,00024,000 [201]
Madrid 60,000105,000182,000 [234] [194] [254]
Magdeburg 30,00040,000 – 45,000 [174] [233]
Marseille 15,00080,000 – 100,00080,00083,000 – 100,000 [234] [194] [195] [254] [169] [173]
Mainz 15,00020,00030,00025,00024,00020,00020,000 – 42,000 [275] [169] [173]
Messina 100,000 [193] [254] [276]
Milan 30,000 – 40,00040,000100,00090,000200,000125,000100,000180,000113,000122,000 – 250,000 [115] [239] [277] [192] [194] [243] [254] [278] [279] [280] [281] [173]
Metz 40,00025,00040,000 [268] [272] [282]
Montpellier 30,000 – 40,00015,00040,000 [268] [283]
Moscow 20,000 – 30,00030,000 – 40,000100,000200,000200,000270,000 [284] [285]
Narbonne 20,00030,000 – 50,00031,000 [190] [208] [169] [173]
Naples 30,00050,00030,00030,00050,000 – 60,000200,000350,000207,000500,000 [239] [194] [208] [286] [287] [288] [289] [290] [291] [292]
Nimes 40,000 – 60,00040,000 [268] [293] [294] [295] [296]
Nuremberg 10,00020,00020,00020,000 – 52,00040,000 – 50,000 – 100,00027,000 [176] [178] [180] [254] [297] [298] [299]
Ostia Antica 20,000 – 50,000 – 100,00050,000 – 100,000 [300] [301] [302] [303] [304] [305]
Ohrid 40,000 [201]
Palermo 60,000 – 350,000150,000150,00050,000100,000124,000135,000 [306] [193] [194] [307] [259]
Paris 8,00030,00020,000 – 30,00020,000 – 30,00020,00050,000110,000 – 160,000228,000 – 275,000 – 300,000280,000225,000245,000 – 420,000515,000546,000 – 830,000 [208] [227] [308] [309] [310] [268] [311] [312] [169] [313]
Padua 25,000 – 40,00025,000 – 40,00025,000 – 40,00040,000 [169] [314]
Philippi 10,000 – 100,000 [315] [170]
Pliska 44,000 [201]
Plovdiv 20,00020,00030,000 [201]
Pozzuoli 30,000 – 100,000 [115] [316] [177] [173]
Pskov 35,00052,000 – 60,000 [201]
Preslav 60,00060,000 [317]
Prague 10,000 [318] 22,00040,000 – 77,00095,000 – 100,00070,000100,00048,00077,000 – 100,000 [319] [194] [320]
Regensburg 25,00040,000 [277] [272]
Reims 30,000 – 50,00030,000 [190] [268]
Rome 1,000,000 – 1,650,0001,000,0001,200,0001,100,000100,00090,00040,000 – 50,00050,00030,00020,00050,000 – 55,00090,000 – 110,000120,000 – 150,000150,000 [153] [154] [155] [156] [157] [158] [159] [160] [161] [185] [218] [321] [322] [323] [324] [325] [326] [169] [173]
Ravenna 50,00050,000 [187]
Rhodes 40,000 [170]
Rouen 10,00030,00040,00070,00040,000 – 70,00040,000 – 70,00063,00080,000 – 90,000 [194] [268] [272] [273] [320] [327] [328]
Saint Petersburg 100,000+220,000 – 425,000 [195] [329]
Salerno 50,00050,00030,0004,000 [208] [307]
Smolensk 20,000 – 30,000 – 40,00025,00050,00064,00040,000 [330] [331]
Sarai 100,00 – 600,000 [332]
Speyer 30,000+30,00020,000 [201]
Seville 90,000150,00025,000100,000 – 300,00080,00096,000 [333] [193] [194] [203]
Siena 50,000 – 120,000 [334] 25,000 [335]
Stara Zagora 35,00030,00040,00038,000 [201]
Syracuse, Sicily 80,000 – 90,000 [192] [166]
Thessaloniki 30,000 – 200,00050,00040,000150,000150,000100,000 – 150,000100,000 – 150,000 [255] [336] [337] [338] [339] [340] [169] [170]
Trakai 50,000 [201]
Trnovo 48,00035,000 [201]
Targoviste 25,000 – 40,00050,000 – 60,00045,000 – 60,000 [201]
Trier 70,000 – 80,000 – 100,00070,000 – 80,000 – 100,00015,00020,000 [208] [272] [341] [342] [343] [187]
Toulouse 20,00040,00050,00030,00040,00024,00050,00043,00050,000 [344] [274] [268] [345] [346] [347] [348]
Venice 60,00080,000110,000 – 180,000110,000 – 150,000100,000 – 170,000200,000140,000140,000 [239] [277] [241] [242] [349]
Verona 20,000 – 25,00040,000 [350] [351]
Veliky Novgorod 10,000 – 15,000 – 18,00020,000 – 30,000 – 40,00050,000 – 60,000 – 400,00050,000 [352] [353] [354] [355]
Vienna 15,000 – 20,00015,000 – 20,00012,00020,00024,00045,00030,000 – 50,000 – 60,000100,000 – 113,000250,000 [174] [180] [234] [194] [299] [211] [356] [357]
Worms 28,000 – 60,00020,000 [201]
Ypres 40,000 – 80,000 – 200,00040,000 – 80,000 – 200,000 [208] [204] [358] [359] [360] [361] [362] [363]
Zadar 30,000 [364]

Data from Hohenberg and Lees (1985)

Data from Chandler (1987)

CityCountry430 B.C.200 B.C.A.D. 100A.D. 361A.D. 500A.D. 622
Seville Spain 37–40,00040,000
London United Kingdom 30,000
Syracuse Italy 125,000100,00051–60,00045–50,000
Rome Italy 35,000150,000450,000150,000100,00050,000
Milan Italy 30,00040,000
Athens Greece 155,00075,00075,00050–60,000
Corinth Greece 70,00070,00050,000
Constantinople Turkey 36,000300,000400,000350,000
CityCountry80090010001100115012001250130013501400145015001550157516001650
London United Kingdom 15,00025,00040,00045,00050,00060,00050,00074,000112,000187,000410,000
Lisbon Portugal 15,00015,00015,00035,00045,00055,00060,00055,00062,00085,000100,000170,000
Córdoba Spain 160,000200,000450,00060,00060,00060,00040,00036,00030,00032,000
Seville Spain 35,00040,00090,000125,000125,000150,00075,00090,00060,00060,00060,00046,00070,000100,000126,00060,000
Granada Spain 60,00060,00060,00075,00090,00060,00090,000165,00070,00070,00060,00068,000
Madrid Spain 80,000125,000
Paris France 25,00020,00030,00050,000110,000160,000228,000215,000280,000150,000185,000210,000220,000245,000455,000
Amsterdam Netherlands 48,000165,000
Rome Italy 50,00040,00035,00035,00035,00030,00033,00038,00058,00070,000102,000110,000
Turin Italy 25,00030,00030,00035,00040,00040,00040,00075,000114,000209,000215,000224,000265,000
Milan Italy 25,00020,00030,00042,00045,00060,00065,00060,00050,00080,00083,00089,00075,00098,000107,000105,000
Palermo Italy 35,00075,00090,000125,000150,00075,00035,00025,00039,00060,00070,000105,000132,000
Venice Italy 35,00045,00055,00060,00070,00090,000110,00085,000110,000100,000115,000171,000157,000151,000134,000
Copenhagen Denmark 15,00022,00030,00040,00055,00076,00080,00084,00090,000110,000
Prague Czech Republic 25,00035,00035,00033,000
Constantinople/
Istanbul 		Turkey 250,000300,000300,000200,000200,000150,000100,000100,00080,00075,00045,000200,000660,000680,000700,000700,000
Smolensk Russia 80,000100,000120,000
Moscow Russia 30,00080,00075,00060,00080,000100,000
CityCountry167517001750177518001825185018621875190019141925193619501975
London United Kingdom 485,000550,000676,000710,000861,0001,335,0002,320,0002,803,0004,241,0006,480,0007,419,0007,742,0009,710,0008,860,00010,500,000
Lisbon Portugal 178,000188,000213,000219,000237,000258,000262,000280,000243,000363,000455,000567,000875,0001,600,000
Córdoba Spain 27,00028,00034,00052,000
Seville Spain 80,00068,00096,00083,000117,000148,000212,000383,000685,000
Granada Spain 35,00045,00053,00058,00075,000
Madrid Spain 115,000105,000110,000132,000182,000201,000216,000303,000373,000539,000623,000791,0001,220,0001,527,0004,150,000
Paris France 540,000530,000556,000600,000547,000855,0001,314,0001,800,0002,250,0003,330,0004,000,0004,800,0005,950,0005,900,0009,400,000
Amsterdam Netherlands 195,000210,000219,000209,000195,000196,000225,000268,000289,000510,000601,000718,000859,0001,800,000
Rome Italy 105,000138,000146,000148,000142,000125,000158,000194,000251,000438,000570,000758,0001,155,0001,665,0003,600,000
Naples Italy 170,000207,000310,000355,000430,000350,000413,000447,000450,000563,000691,000852,0001,210,0001,900,000
Milan Italy 114,000113,000110,000117,000122,000156,000182,000226,000267,000491,000655,000917,0001,103,0001,400,0003,800,000
Palermo Italy 128,000125,000111,000127,000135,000154,000170,000175,000188,000255,000370,000470,000672,000
Venice Italy 138,000143,000158,000151,000146,00099,000141,000171,000226,000354,000
Berlin Germany 26,000113,000136,000172,000222,000446,000582,0001,045,0002,707,0003,500,0004,013,0004,226,0003,707,0002,000,000
Budapest Hungary --------309,208733,385880,371960,9951,060,4311,629,0002,026,543
Prague Czech Republic 48,00058,00077,00098,000117,000474,000670,000745,000951,0001,275,000
Copenhagen Denmark 30,000181,000571,0001,140,0003,300,000
Istanbul Turkey 750,000700,000625,000600,000570,000675,000785,000820,000873,000900,0001,125,000817,0001,035,0003,200,000
Edirne Turkey 100,00085,00082,00080,00088,00085,000
Moscow Russia 105,000114,000146,000177,000248,000257,000373,000346,000600,0001,120,0001,805,0001,764,0004,050,0005,100,00010,700,000
Saint Petersburg Russia 74,000164,000220,000438,000502,000565,000764,0001,439,0002,133,0001,430,0002,983,0002,700,0004,280,000

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Thomas, C.G.; Conant, C. (2009). Citadel to City-State: The Transformation of Greece, 1200-700 B.C.E. Indiana University Press. p. 65. ISBN   978-0-253-00325-6.
  2. 1 2 3 Ian Morris (12 December 2005). "The growth of Greek cities in the first millennium BC" (PDF). Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Storey, G. (2006). Urbanism in the Preindustrial World: Cross-Cultural Approaches. University of Alabama Press. p. 37. ISBN   978-0-8173-5246-2.
  4. 1 2 Beer, J. (2004). Sophocles and the Tragedy of Athenian Democracy. Praeger. p. 4. ISBN   978-0-313-28946-0.
  5. 1 2 Schwartz, G.M.; Nichols, J.J. (2010). After Collapse: The Regeneration of Complex Societies. University of Arizona Press. p. 80. ISBN   978-0-8165-2936-0.
  6. 1 2 "Urban History of Athens Presentation" (PDF). 9 December 2008. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  7. 1 2 Kellogg, D.L. (2013). Marathon Fighters and Men of Maple: Ancient Acharnai. OUP Oxford. p. 36. ISBN   978-0-19-166386-4.
  8. 1 2 Hansen, M.H. (1988). Three Studies in Athenian Demography. Commissioner, Munksgaard. p. 7. ISBN   9788773041895.
  9. 1 2 Wilson, N. (2013). Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece. Taylor & Francis. p. 214. ISBN   978-1-136-78800-0.
  10. 1 2 O'Sullivan, L. (2009). The Regime of Demetrius of Phalerum in Athens, 317-307 BCE: A Philosopher in Politics. Brill. p. 110. ISBN   9789004178885.
  11. 1 2 Robert. "Greece, A History of Ancient Greece, Legacy". history-world.org. Archived from the original on 15 December 2014. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  12. 1 2 "BBC – History – Ancient History in depth: The Democratic Experiment". bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  13. 1 2 "The population of Sparta and Athens". ancientgreekbattles.net. Archived from the original on 8 October 2014. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 Ian Morris (12 December 2005). "The collapse and regeneration of complex society in Greece, 1500-500 BC" (PDF). Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  15. 1 2 Rocca, S. (2008). Herod's Judaea: A Mediterranean State in the Classical World. Coronet Books Incorporated. p. 333. ISBN   978-3-16-149717-9.
  16. 1 2 Lathrop, D.; Ruma, L. (2010). Open Government: Collaboration, Transparency, and Participation in Practice . O'Reilly Media. p.  169. ISBN   978-1-4493-8880-5.
  17. 1 2 Moreno, A. (2007). Feeding the Democracy: The Athenian Grain Supply in the Fifth and Fourth Centuries BC. OUP Oxford. ISBN   978-0-19-922840-9.
  18. 1 2 Van Wees, H. (2013). Ships and Silver, Taxes and Tribute: A Fiscal History of Archaic Athens. I. B. Tauris. ISBN   978-1-78076-686-7.
  19. 1 2 Kellogg, D.L. (2013). Marathon Fighters and Men of Maple: Ancient Acharnai. OUP Oxford. p. 37. ISBN   978-0-19-964579-4.
  20. 1 2 3 Keith Roberts (2013). The Origins of Business, Money and Markets. Columbia Business School Pub. ISBN   978-0-231-52685-2.
  21. 1 2 3 Beck, H. (2013). A Companion to Ancient Greek Government. Wiley. p. 55. ISBN   978-1-118-30318-4.
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 Castleden, R. (2002). Atlantis Destroyed. Taylor & Francis. p. 97. ISBN   978-1-134-70879-6.
  23. ↑ Freeman, C. (2014). Egypt, Greece, and Rome: Civilizations of the Ancient Mediterranean. OUP Oxford. p. 118. ISBN   978-0-19-150970-4.
  24. ↑ Thornton, I.; New, T. (2007). Island Colonization: The Origin and Development of Island Communities. Cambridge University Press. p. 80. ISBN   978-1-139-46231-0.
  25. ↑ Kupp, R.W. (2005). A Nuclear Engineer in the Twentieth Century. Trafford Publishing. p. 311. ISBN   978-1-4120-5003-6.
  26. ↑ "New York Magazine". Newyorkmetro.com. New York Media, LLC: 73. 5 March 1990. ISSN   0028-7369.
  27. ↑ "Civilization.ca – Greece: Secrets of the Past – Fast Facts". historymuseum.ca. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  28. ↑ Francis, P. (1993). Volcanoes: a planetary perspective. Clarendon Press. ISBN   978-0-19-854033-5.
  29. ↑ Yahya, H. (2000). The Truth of the Life of this World. Ta-Ha. p. 110. ISBN   978-1-897940-99-0.
  30. ↑ Stewart, I. (2012). Journeys From The Centre Of The Earth. Random House. p. 198. ISBN   978-1-4481-4942-1.
  31. ↑ Choirokoitia "Choirokoitia - World Heritage Site - Pictures, info and travel reports". Archived from the original on 3 April 2014. Retrieved 26 April 2014.
  32. ↑ Maric, V. (2009). Cyprus. Lonely Planet Publications. p. 25. ISBN   978-1-74104-803-2.
  33. ↑ MobileReference (2011). Travel Cyprus: Illustrated Guide, Greek and Turkish Phrasebooks & Maps (Mobi Travel). MobileReference. ISBN   978-1-61198-124-7.
  34. ↑ Bryant, S. (2008). Frommer's Cyprus With Your Family: From the Best Family Beaches to Mountain Villages. Wiley. p. 161. ISBN   978-0-470-72205-3.
  35. ↑ Spilling, M.; Spilling, J.A. (2010). Cyprus. Marshall Cavendish Benchmark. p. 23. ISBN   978-0-7614-4855-6.
  36. ↑ Abulafia, D. (2011). The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 8. ISBN   978-0-19-532334-4.
  37. ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica, inc (1995). The New Encyclopædia Britannica: Macropaedia. Encyclopædia Britannica. ISBN   978-0-85229-605-9.
  38. 1 2 "Settlements of the Trypillian culture in Ukraine" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 September 2008. Retrieved 15 December 2009.
  39. 1 2 3 4 "The effect of climatic variability on population dynamics of the Cucuteni-Tripolye cultural complex and the rise of the Western Tripolye giant-settlements" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 January 2014.
  40. ↑ "Ministry of Culture and Sports | Dimini". odysseus.culture.gr. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  41. ↑ Fokkens, Harry; Harding, Anthony (2013). "The Oxford Handbook of the European Bronze Age". Anthony Harding, Harry Fokkens Oxford University Press. p. 169. ISBN   978-0-19-957286-1.
  42. ↑ "Analysis of human remains rewrites the story of Stonehenge". University of York. 2013.
  43. ↑ "NEWSLETTER – December 2013". Andrew Morgan, East Dorset Antiquarian Society. 2013. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 28 October 2014.
  44. ↑ Gournia, Minoan Crete Retrieved 12 May 2013.
  45. ↑ Brewer, S.; Kollias, T. (2011). Frommer's Greece Day by Day. Wiley. p. 246. ISBN   978-1-118-02336-5.
  46. 1 2 Castleden, R. (2012). Knossos Labyrinth: A New View of the 'Palace of Minos' at Knossos. Taylor & Francis. ISBN   978-1-134-96785-8.
  47. 1 2 "Unicity Europe .:|:. Home". unicityeuro.com. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  48. 1 2 Castleden, R. (2002). Minoans. Taylor & Francis. p. 68. ISBN   978-1-134-88064-5.
  49. 1 2 Ring, T.; Watson, N.; Schellinger, P. (2013). Southern Europe: International Dictionary of Historic Places. Taylor & Francis. p. 172. ISBN   978-1-134-25958-8.
  50. 1 2 Mithen, S. (2012). Thirst: For Water and Power in the Ancient World. Harvard University Press. p. 77. ISBN   978-0-674-07219-0.
  51. 1 2 Humphrey, J.W. (2006). Ancient Technology. Greenwood Press. p. 56. ISBN   978-0-313-32763-6.
  52. 1 2 3 Denemark, R.A.; Friedman, J.; Gills, B.K.; Modelski, G. (2002). World System History: The Social Science of Long-Term Change. Taylor & Francis. ISBN   978-1-134-57144-4.
  53. ↑ Kongelige Danske videnskabernes selskab (2000). Historisk-filosofiske Skrifter. Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab. ISBN   9788778761774.
  54. ↑ Coles, B. (1981). Anthropology for Archaeologists: An Introduction. Cornell University Press. ISBN   978-0-8014-1398-8.
  55. ↑ Devdeep, S. (2011). The Oneness Revealed. Lulu.com. p. 63. ISBN   978-0-557-96338-6.
  56. ↑ Cummings, V.; Jordan, P.; Zvelebil, M. (2014). The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology and Anthropology of Hunter-gatherers. Oxford University Press. p. 523. ISBN   978-0-19-955122-4.
  57. ↑ Price, T.D. (2013). Europe Before Rome: A Site-by-Site Tour of the Stone, Bronze, and Iron Ages. OUP USA. p. 123. ISBN   978-0-19-991470-8.
  58. ↑ Schorn, D. (2008). Elder Gods of Antiquity: First Journal of the Ancient Ones. Ozark Mountain Publishing, Incorporated. p. 177. ISBN   978-1-886940-99-4.
  59. ↑ Tellier, Luc-Normand (1 January 2009). Urban World History: An Economic and Geographical Perspective. PUQ. ISBN   9782760522091.
  60. ↑ "11. NEGLECTING NATURE WORLD ACCUMULATION AND CORE-PERIPHERY RELATIONS, 2500 BC TO AD 1990 Sing C. Chew". abuss.narod.ru. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  61. ↑ "THE EARLY HELLADIC GRAVES OF MANIKA : CONTRIBUTION TO THE SOCIOECONOMIC CONDITIONS OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE" (PDF). 6 November 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  62. ↑ Wesleyan University (Middletown, Conn.). Classics Dept (1988). Old World Archaeology Newsletter. ISSN   0732-1635.
  63. ↑ Brünn. Moravské muzeum Oddĕleni pro diluvium "Anthropos". (2001). "Anthropologie". Anthropologie: International Journal of the Science of Man (vb. 39–40). Moravské muzeum, Ústav Anthropos. ISSN   0323-1119.
  64. ↑ Erika Weiberg (12 February 2007). "Thinking the Bronze Age" (PDF). Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  65. ↑ Bintliff, J. (2012). The Complete Archaeology of Greece: From Hunter-Gatherers to the 20th Century A.D. Wiley. p. 107. ISBN   978-1-118-25519-3.
  66. ↑ Erika Weiberg. "Thinking the Bronze Age - Life and Death in Early Helladic Greece" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 May 2014.
  67. 1 2 Müller, Johannes; Rassmann, Knut; Videiko, Mykhailo (22 January 2016). Trypillia Mega-Sites and European Prehistory: 4100-3400 BCE. Routledge. ISBN   9781317247920.
  68. ↑ "High precision Tripolye settlement plans, demographic estimations and settlement organization".
  69. ↑ Milisauskas, S. (2011). European Prehistory: A Survey. Springer. p. 182. ISBN   978-1-4419-6633-9.
  70. ↑ Rodney Castelden (3 August 2005). "Minoans – Life_in_Bronze_Age Crete" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  71. ↑ "Rise of Metallurgy in Eurasia". ucl.ac.uk. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  72. ↑ "Archaeological Exhibitions". duncancaldwell.com. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  73. ↑ "hol προγράμματα | hellas online". users.hol.gr. Archived from the original on 12 September 2015. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  74. ↑ "Aegean Prehistoric Archaeology | This site contains information about the prehistoric archaeology of the Aegean". Archived from the original on 8 June 2003. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  75. ↑ Bintliff, J. (2012). The Complete Archaeology of Greece: From Hunter-Gatherers to the 20th Century A.D. Wiley. p. 58. ISBN   978-1-118-25520-9.
  76. ↑ Runnels, C.N.; Murray, P. (2001). Greece Before History: An Archaeological Companion and Guide. Stanford University Press. p. 146. ISBN   978-0-8047-4050-0.
  77. ↑ D'Amato, R.; Rava, G. (2013). Early Aegean Warrior 5000-1450 BC. Osprey Publishing Limited. ISBN   978-1-78096-860-5.
  78. ↑ Harding, A. (2013). Salt in Prehistoric Europe. Sidestone Press. p. 155. ISBN   9789088902383.
  79. ↑ "Bulgaria archaeologists find Europe's most prehistoric town Provadia-Solnitsata – Telegraph". telegraph.co.uk. 31 October 2012. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  80. 1 2 Yasur-Landau, A. (2010). The Philistines and Aegean Migration at the End of the Late Bronze Age. Cambridge University Press. p. 111. ISBN   978-1-139-48587-6.
  81. 1 2 UNESCO World Heritage Centre. "Archaeological Sites of Mycenae and Tiryns – UNESCO World Heritage Centre". whc.unesco.org. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  82. 1 2 3 4 Ring, Trudy; Salkin, Robert M.; Boda, Sharon La (1 January 1994). International Dictionary of Historic Places: Southern Europe. Taylor & Francis. ISBN   978-1-884964-02-2.
  83. ↑ The Anthropogene Archived 8 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  84. ↑ Kohl, Philip L. (22 January 2007). The Making of Bronze Age Eurasia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN   9781139461993.
  85. ↑ Baumer, Christoph (11 December 2012). The History of Central Asia: The Age of the Steppe Warriors. I.B.Tauris. ISBN   978-1-78076-060-5.
  86. 1 2 Kelder, Jorrit. "Greece during the Late Bronze Age | Jorrit Kelder – Academia.edu". academia.edu. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  87. 1 2 Vooraziatisch-Egyptisch Genootschap Ex Oriente Lux (2006). Jaarbericht.
  88. ↑ Buck, Robert J. (1 January 1979). A History of Boeotia. University of Alberta. ISBN   9780888640512.
  89. ↑ Clinton, Henry Fynes (1 January 1851). An Epitome of the Civil and Literary Chronology of Greece: From the Earliest Accounts to the Death of Augustus. University Press.
  90. ↑ Lemprière, John; Ogilby, John David (1 January 1839). Bibliotheca Classica, Or A Dictionary of All the Principal Names and Terms Relating to the Geography, Topography, History, Literature and Mythology of Antiquity and of the Ancients: With a Chronological Table. W.E. Dean.
  91. ↑ Chapman, Robert (19 April 1990). Emerging Complexity: The Later Prehistory of South-East Spain, Iberia and the West Mediterranean . Cambridge University Press. ISBN   9780521232074.
  92. ↑ "Los Millares – Chalcolithic Site of Los Millares". archaeology.about.com. Archived from the original on 7 January 2017. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  93. ↑ Haas, Jonathan (31 October 2001). From Leaders to Rulers. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN   9780306464218.
  94. ↑ "Ancient Greek city digitally recreated – Archaeology – Science – The Independent". independent.co.uk. 23 October 2011. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  95. ↑ "The Archaeology News Network: Divers to excavate 3500BC underwater city". archaeologynewsnetwork.blogspot.dk. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  96. ↑ Troy Dora P. Crouch Professor Emerita Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, NY (1993). Geology and Settlement : Greco-Roman Patterns: Greco-Roman Patterns. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 124. ISBN   978-0-19-535943-5.
  97. ↑ Diop, C.A.; Salemson, H.J.; De Jager, M. (1991). Civilization or Barbarism. L.M. Ngemi. p. 160. ISBN   978-1-55652-048-8.
  98. ↑ Blumberg, A. (1995). Great Leaders, Great Tyrants?: Contemporary Views of World Rulers who Made History. Greenwood Press. p. 242. ISBN   978-0-313-28751-0.
  99. ↑ Hall, J.M. (2013). A History of the Archaic Greek World, ca. 1200-479 BCE. Wiley. ISBN   978-1-118-34046-2.
  100. ↑ Hornblower, S.; Spawforth, A.; Eidinow, E. (2012). The Oxford Classical Dictionary. OUP Oxford. p. 16. ISBN   978-0-19-954556-8.
  101. ↑ Hooke, N. (1818). The Roman history, from the building of Rome to the ruin of the commonwealth... New ed. Printed for F.C. and J. Rivington. p. 17.
  102. ↑ Lemprière, J. (1842). A Classical Dictionary: Containing a Full Account of All the Proper Names Mentioned in Ancient Authors, with Tables of Coins, Weights, and Measures, in Use Among the Greeks and Romans. To which is Now Prefixed, a Chronological Table. T. Allman. p. 26.
  103. ↑ Royal Institution of Great Britain (1828). Quarterly Journal of Science, Literature, and the Arts. James Eastburn. p. 98.
  104. ↑ Maynard, J. (2005). The Light of Alexandria. Lulu Enterprises Incorporated. p. 35. ISBN   978-1-4116-5335-1.
  105. 1 2 Rollin, C.; Bell, J. (1870). The ancient history of the Egyptians, Carthaginians, Assyrians, Babylonians, Medes and Persians, Grecians and Macedonians: including a history of the arts and sciences of the ancients. Harper & Brothers. p. 286.
  106. ↑ Goldsworthy, Adrian (18 April 2013). Caesar: The Life Of A Colossus. Orion. ISBN   9780297864004.
  107. ↑ Maschner, Herbert D. G. (1 January 1996). New Methods, Old Problems: Geographic Information Systems in Modern Archaeological Research. Center for Archaeological Investigations, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale. ISBN   9780881040791.
  108. ↑ Pounds, N.J.G. (1976). An Historical Geography of Europe 450 B.C.-A.D. 1330. Cambridge University Press. ISBN   978-0-521-29126-2.
  109. ↑ Museo nazionale di Villa Giulia; Moretti, A.M.S.; Italy. Soprintendenza archeologica per l'Etruria meridionale (2001). The Villa Giulia National Etruscan Museum: Short Guide. L'Erma di Bretschneider. ISBN   9788882650124.
  110. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Turfa, J.M.I. (2013). The Etruscan World. Taylor & Francis. ISBN   978-1-134-05530-2.
  111. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Pounds, N.J.G. (1976). An Historical Geography of Europe 450 B.C.-A.D. 1330. Cambridge University Press. p. 54. ISBN   978-0-521-29126-2.
  112. ↑ Roberts, J.M. (1993). A Short History of the World. Oxford University Press. p. 110. ISBN   978-0-19-511504-8.
  113. ↑ "p.14-5. Italy: Handbook for Travellers: Southern Italy, Sicily, the Lipari Islands". forgottenbooks.com. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  114. ↑ Cramer, J.A. (1826). A Geographical and Historical Description of Ancient Italy. Clarendon. p.  205.
  115. 1 2 3 A Companion to Latin Studies. CUP Archive. 1963. p. 356.
  116. ↑ de Ligt, L. (2012). Peasants, Citizens and Soldiers: Studies in the Demographic History of Roman Italy 225 BC-AD 100. Cambridge University Press. p. 236. ISBN   978-1-107-01318-6.
  117. ↑ Randsborg, K. (1991). The First Millennium AD in Europe and the Mediterranean: An Archaeological Essay. Cambridge University Press. p. 93. ISBN   978-0-521-38787-3.
  118. 1 2 3 Facaros, D.; Pauls, M. (2004). Italy. Cadogan Guides. p. 11. ISBN   978-1-86011-113-6.
  119. ↑ Storey, Glenn (30 April 2006). Urbanism in the Preindustrial World: Cross-Cultural Approaches. University of Alabama Press. ISBN   978-0-8173-5246-2.
  120. ↑ HarperCollins (Firm) (1988). HarperCollins atlas of archaeology. Borders Press in association with HarperCollinsPublishers. ISBN   978-0-7230-1005-0.
  121. ↑ Rockwood, C. (1997). Fodor's Greece . Fodor's Travel Publications. ISBN   978-0-679-03227-4.
  122. 1 2 Jarde, A. (2013). The Formation of the Greek People. Taylor & Francis. p. 217. ISBN   978-1-136-19586-0.
  123. ↑ Walsh, J.S.P. (2013). Consumerism in the Ancient World: Imports and Identity Construction. Taylor & Francis. p. 49. ISBN   978-1-317-81284-5.
  124. ↑ "World Archaeology News 22 January 2013". archaeology.ws. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  125. ↑ Fernández-Götz, Manuel (29 May 2013). "Heuneburg. First city north of the Alps – Current World Archaeology | Manuel Fernandez-Gotz – Academia.edu". academia.edu. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  126. ↑ "Die Keltenfürstin von der Heuneburg - SWR4 Baden-Württemberg :: Programm :: Radio Tübingen | SWR.de". Archived from the original on 12 June 2014. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
  127. ↑ Osborne, R. (2004). Greek History. Routledge. p. 24. ISBN   978-0-415-31717-7.
  128. ↑ Gosden, C. (2004). Archaeology and Colonialism: Cultural Contact from 5000 BC to the Present. Cambridge University Press. p. 65. ISBN   978-0-521-78795-6.
  129. ↑ Gagarin, Michael (31 December 2009). Ancient Greece and Rome. pp. 1–253. ISBN   978-0-19-517072-6.
  130. 1 2 3 4 5 "ScholarWorks :: Home". scholarworks.umass.edu. Retrieved 19 September 2025.
  131. 1 2 3 4 5 Becker, H.W.; The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Classics (2007). Production, Consumption and Society in North Etruria During the Archaic and Classical Periods: The World of Lars Porsenna. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. p. 224. ISBN   978-0-549-55849-1.
  132. ↑ De Puy, W.H. (1887). The New People's Cyclopedia of Universal Knowledge: With Numerous Appendixes Invaluable for Reference in All Departments of Industrial Life ... Eaton & Mains.
  133. ↑ Ching, F.D.K.; Jarzombek, M.M.; Prakash, V. (2010). A Global History of Architecture. Wiley. p. 96. ISBN   978-1-118-00739-6.
  134. ↑ Chambers's encyclopaedia: a dictionary of universal knowledge for the people ... Appleton. 1865. p. 151.
  135. ↑ Nielsen, T.H. (2004). Once Again: Studies in the Ancient Greek Polis. Steiner. p. 22. ISBN   978-3-515-08438-3.
  136. ↑ Gates, C. (2011). Ancient Cities: The Archaeology of Urban Life in the Ancient Near East and Egypt, Greece and Rome. Taylor & Francis. ISBN   978-1-136-82327-5.
  137. ↑ Niebuhr, B.G. (1853). Lectures on Ancient Ethography and Geography: Comprising Greece and Her Colonies, Epirus, Macedonia, Illyricum, Italy, Gaul, Spain, Britain, the North of Africa, Etc. Walton Maberly. p. 261.
  138. ↑ Cicero, M.T.; Kelsall, C. (1812). The Two Last Pleadings of Marcus Tullius Cicero Against Caius Verres. White, Cochrane, and Company. p.  348.
  139. ↑ Wiseman, N.P. (1839). The Dublin Review. Tablet Publishing Company. p. 483.
  140. ↑ Schneider, W. (1963). Babylon is Everywhere: The City as Man's Fate. McGraw-Hill.
  141. ↑ Storey, G. (2006). Urbanism in the Preindustrial World: Cross-Cultural Approaches. University of Alabama Press. p. 44. ISBN   978-0-8173-5246-2.
  142. ↑ De Camp, L.S. (1972). Great cities of the ancient world . Doubleday. ISBN   9780385091879.
  143. ↑ Glotz, G. (2013). Ancient Greece at Work. Taylor & Francis. p. 108. ISBN   978-1-136-19558-7.
  144. ↑ Crawford, M.H.; Whitehead, D. (1983). Archaic and Classical Greece: A Selection of Ancient Sources in Translation. Cambridge University Press. p. 317. ISBN   978-0-521-29638-0.
  145. ↑ Grant, M. (2012). The Rise Of The Greeks. Orion. ISBN   978-1-78022-275-2.
  146. ↑ Tsetskhladze, G.R. (2006). Greek Colonisation: An Account of Greek Colonies and Other Settlements Overseas. Brill. ISBN   9789004122048.
  147. ↑ Durant, W. (2011). The Life of Greece: The Story of Civilization. Simon & Schuster. ISBN   978-1-4516-4758-7.
  148. ↑ Oppenheimer, Michael (1 January 2002). The Monuments of Italy: A Regional Survey of Art, Architecture and Archaeology from Classical to Modern Times. Tauris. ISBN   978-1-86064-570-9.
  149. ↑ Collier's Encyclopedia, with Bibliography and Index. Macmillan Educational Company. 1986.
  150. ↑ Buck, Robert J. (1 January 1979). A History of Boeotia. University of Alberta. ISBN   9780888640512.
  151. ↑ Clinton, Henry Fynes (1 January 1851). An Epitome of the Civil and Literary Chronology of Greece: From the Earliest Accounts to the Death of Augustus. University Press.
  152. ↑ Lemprière, John; Ogilby, John David (1 January 1839). Bibliotheca Classica, Or A Dictionary of All the Principal Names and Terms Relating to the Geography, Topography, History, Literature and Mythology of Antiquity and of the Ancients: With a Chronological Table. W.E. Dean.
  153. 1 2 Prof. John P. Adams, Modern and Classical Languages and Literatures. "Roman Census Figures". csun.edu. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  154. 1 2 Livy (8 November 2007). Rome's Mediterranean Empire: Books 41-45 and the Periochae. OUP Oxford. ISBN   9780191605390.
  155. 1 2 "The dynamics of life : demography and the history of Roman Italy (201 BC - AD 14) | Scholarly Publications" (PDF). openaccess.leidenuniv.nl. Retrieved 19 September 2025.
  156. 1 2 Cornell (1995) 204-5
  157. 1 2 Aldrete, Gregory S. (30 January 2007). Floods of the Tiber in Ancient Rome. JHU Press. ISBN   9780801884054.
  158. 1 2 Harris, P. M. G. (1 January 2001). The History of Human Populations: Forms of growth and decline. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN   9780275971311.
  159. 1 2 Herreros, F. "Size and Virtue | Francisco Herreros – Academia.edu". European Journal of Political Theory. 6 (4). academia.edu: 463–482. doi:10.1177/1474885107080651. S2CID   145139011 . Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  160. 1 2 Ward, Lorne H. (1 January 1990). "Roman Population, Territory, Tribe, City, and Army Size from the Republic's Founding to the Veientane War, 509 B.C.-400 B.C". The American Journal of Philology. 111 (1): 5–39. doi:10.2307/295257. JSTOR   295257.
  161. 1 2 John Rich (11 August 2010). "Warfare and the Army in Early Rome" (PDF). Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  162. ↑ Bairoch, P.; Braider, C. (1991). Cities and Economic Development: From the Dawn of History to the Present. University of Chicago Press. p. 81. ISBN   978-0-226-03466-9.
  163. ↑ Goldsworthy, A. (2013). Caesar's Civil War 49-44 BC. Taylor & Francis. ISBN   978-1-135-88181-8.
  164. ↑ Fulminante, F. (2014). The Urbanisation of Rome andLatium Vetus: From the Bronze Age to the Archaic Era. Cambridge University Press. p. 123. ISBN   978-1-107-65584-3.
  165. ↑ Berthold, R.M. (1984). Rhodes in the Hellenistic Age. Cornell University Press. p. 55. ISBN   978-0-8014-7597-9.
  166. 1 2 3 Bowman, A.; Wilson, A. (2011). Settlement, Urbanization, and Population. OUP Oxford. p. 183. ISBN   978-0-19-960235-3.
  167. ↑ Gibbon, Edward (12 December 2002). History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire -. Palm Digital Media Group. ISBN   978-0-7408-1698-7.
  168. ↑ Stark, Rodney (1 January 1996). The Rise of Christianity: A Sociologist Reconsiders History. Princeton University Press. ISBN   0-691-02749-8.
  169. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 de Ligt, L.; Northwood, S.J. (2008). People, Land, and Politics: Demographic Developments and the Transformation of Roman Italy 300 BC-AD 14. Brill. p. 150. ISBN   9789004171183.
  170. 1 2 3 4 5 Bowman, A.; Wilson, A. (2011). Settlement, Urbanization, and Population. OUP Oxford. p. 191. ISBN   978-0-19-960235-3.
  171. ↑ Hornblower, S.; Spawforth, A.; Eidinow, E. (2012). The Oxford Classical Dictionary. OUP Oxford. p. 129. ISBN   978-0-19-954556-8.
  172. ↑ Horodowich, E. (2013). A Brief History of Venice. Constable & Robinson Limited. ISBN   978-1-4721-0774-9.
  173. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Bowman, A.; Wilson, A. (2011). Settlement, Urbanization, and Population. OUP Oxford. p. 182. ISBN   978-0-19-960235-3.
  174. 1 2 3 4 5 Flood, J. (2006). Poets Laureate in the Holy Roman Empire: A Bio-bibliographical Handbook. De Gruyter. ISBN   978-3-11-091274-6.
  175. ↑ Boyle, N. (2008). German Literature: A Very Short Introduction. OUP Oxford. ISBN   978-0-19-157863-2.
  176. 1 2 3 Armstrong, A.; Hamer, J. (2002). The European Reformation, 1500–1610. Heinemann Educational. p. 43. ISBN   978-0-435-32710-1.
  177. 1 2 Scheidel, W. (2012). The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Economy. Cambridge University Press. p. 244. ISBN   978-1-107-49556-2.
  178. 1 2 McIntosh, T. (1997). Urban Decline in Early Modern Germany: Schwäbisch Hall and Its Region, 1650–1750. University of North Carolina Press. p. 2. ISBN   978-0-8078-5063-3.
  179. ↑ Sheehan, J.J. (1993). German History, 1770–1866. Clarendon Press. p. 74. ISBN   978-0-19-820432-9.
  180. 1 2 3 4 Morris, T.A. (2002). Europe and England in the Sixteenth Century. Taylor & Francis. p. 14. ISBN   978-1-134-74819-8.
  181. ↑ Tellier, L.N. (2009). Urban World History: An Economic and Geographical Perspective. Presses de l'Universite du Quebec. p. 270. ISBN   9782760522091.
  182. ↑ The Book of Commerce by Sea and Land … To which are Added a History of Commerce, and a Chronological Table … Illustrated by a Map and Numerous Engravings. Allen & Ticknor. 1834. p. 173.
  183. 1 2 The American Travellers' Guides: Hand-books for Travellers in Europe and the East, Being a Guide Through Great Britain and Ireland, France, Belgium, Holland, Germany, Austria, Italy, Egypt, Syria, Turkey, Greece, Switzerland, Tyrol, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Russia, Spain, and Portugal. Fetridge & Company. 1 January 1865.
  184. 1 2 Spruyt, H. (1996). The Sovereign State and Its Competitors: An Analysis of Systems Change. Princeton University Press. p. 88. ISBN   978-0-691-02910-8.
  185. 1 2 3 4 5 Tellier, L.N. (2009). Urban World History: An Economic and Geographical Perspective. Presses de l'Universite du Quebec. p. 311. ISBN   9782760522091.
  186. ↑ Hinds, K. (2009). Everyday Life in the Renaissance. Marshall Cavendish Benchmark. p. 78. ISBN   978-0-7614-4483-1.
  187. 1 2 3 Fischer, Svante; Victor, Helena (19 December 2011). ""The Fall and Decline of the Roman Urban Mind" | Svante Fischer – Academia.edu". academia.edu. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  188. ↑ Steves, R.; Smith, S. (2013). Rick Steves' Provence & the French Riviera. Avalon Travel Publishing. ISBN   978-1-61238-874-8.
  189. ↑ Durrell, L. (1994). Provence. Arcade Publishing. p. 81. ISBN   978-1-55970-247-8.
  190. 1 2 3 de Planhol, X.; Claval, P. (1994). An Historical Geography of France. Cambridge University Press. p. 47. ISBN   978-0-521-32208-9.
  191. ↑ Crumley, C. (2013). Regional Dynamics Burgundian Landscapes in Historical Perspective. Elsevier Science. p. 390. ISBN   978-0-323-14402-5.
  192. 1 2 3 4 5 Stark, R. (1996). The Rise of Christianity: A Sociologist Reconsiders History. Princeton University Press. p. 131. ISBN   978-0-691-02749-4.
  193. 1 2 3 4 Rich, E.E.; Wilson, C.H. (1967). The Economy of Expanding Europe in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. Cambridge University Press. p. 82. ISBN   978-0-521-04507-0.
  194. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Turner, B.L. (1990). The Earth as Transformed by Human Action: Global and Regional Changes in the Biosphere Over the Past 300 Years. Cambridge University Press with Clark University. p. 104. ISBN   978-0-521-36357-0.
  195. 1 2 3 4 Delon, M. (2013). Encyclopedia of the Enlightenment. Taylor & Francis. p. 370. ISBN   978-1-135-95998-2.
  196. 1 2 Life & Work In Medieval Europe. Taylor & Francis. 2013. p. 315. ISBN   978-1-136-19641-6.
  197. ↑ Nicholas, D.M. (2014). The Later Medieval City: 1300–1500. Taylor & Francis. ISBN   978-1-317-90187-7.
  198. ↑ Gerli, E.M.; Armistead, S.G. (2003). Medieval Iberia. Routledge. p. 147. ISBN   978-0-415-93918-8.
  199. 1 2 Spruyt, Hendrik (1 January 1996). The Sovereign State and Its Competitors: An Analysis of Systems Change. Princeton University Press. ISBN   0691029105.
  200. ↑ Dunton, Larkin (1896). The World and Its People. Silver, Burdett. p. 160.
  201. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Chandler, Tertius; Fox, Gerald (24 September 2013). 3000 Years of Urban Growth. Elsevier. ISBN   9781483271255.
  202. ↑ Zuffi, S. (2006). European Art of the Sixteenth Century. J.P. Getty Museum. p. 181. ISBN   978-0-89236-846-4.
  203. 1 2 3 Mansbach, R.W.; Taylor, K.L. (2013). Introduction to Global Politics. Taylor & Francis. ISBN   978-1-136-51737-2.
  204. 1 2 Serrano, A.; Viguera, M.J.; López, J.P.; Méndez, J.M.C.; Fundación José Manuel Lara; Legado Andalusí; Alcázar (Seville, Spain) (2006). IBN JALDUN: STUDIES. Fundación El Legado Andalusí. p. 193. ISBN   9788496556348.
  205. ↑ Flügel, G.T.; Grund, F.J. (1834). The merchant's assistant, or, Merchantile instructer: containing a full account of the moneys, coins, weights and measures of the principal trading nations and their colonies, together with their values in United States currency, weights and measures. Hilliard, Gray & Co. p. 144.
  206. ↑ Ring, T.; Watson, N.; Schellinger, P. (2013). Northern Europe: International Dictionary of Historic Places. Taylor & Francis. p. 92. ISBN   978-1-136-63944-9.
  207. 1 2 Goff, J.L. (2009). The Birth of Europe. Wiley. p. 102. ISBN   978-1-4051-3726-3.
  208. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Diego Puga & Daniel Trefler (30 November 2009). "International trade and institutional change" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 September 2015. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  209. ↑ Fichtner, P.S. (2009). Historical Dictionary of Austria. Scarecrow Press. p. 54. ISBN   978-0-8108-6310-1.
  210. ↑ Beattie, A. (2010). The Danube: A Cultural History. Oxford University Press. p. 109. ISBN   978-0-19-976835-6.
  211. 1 2 Bowman, A.; Wilson, A. (2011). Settlement, Urbanization, and Population. OUP Oxford. p. 190. ISBN   978-0-19-960235-3.
  212. 1 2 Turner, B.L. (1990). The Earth as Transformed by Human Action: Global and Regional Changes in the Biosphere Over the Past 300 Years. Cambridge University Press with Clark University. p. 107. ISBN   978-0-521-36357-0.
  213. ↑ Gunn, Angus M. (1 January 2008). Encyclopedia of Disasters: Environmental Catastrophes and Human Tragedies. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN   9780313087479.
  214. ↑ Jeffers, James S. (7 October 1999). The Greco-Roman World of the New Testament Era: Exploring the Background of Early Christianity. InterVarsity Press. ISBN   978-0-8308-1589-0.
  215. ↑ Friesen, Steve; Schowalter, Daniel N.; Walters, James (14 June 2010). Corinth in Context: Comparative Studies on Religion and Society. BRILL. ISBN   978-9004181977.
  216. ↑ Jensen, Irving L. (1 June 1982). Jensen Survey-2 Volume Set -Old and New Testaments. Moody Publishers. ISBN   978-0-8024-8287-7.
  217. ↑ Morris, L. (1985). The First Epistle of Paul to the Corinthians: An Introduction and Commentary. Inter-Varsity Press. p. 18. ISBN   978-0-8028-0064-0.
  218. 1 2 Annette Lindblom. "History 303: Populations". tulane.edu. Archived from the original on 26 August 2015. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  219. ↑ "Europe in 1500". remus.shidler.hawaii.edu. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  220. ↑ Rosser, John H. (1 January 2012). Historical Dictionary of Byzantium. Scarecrow Press. ISBN   9780810875678.
  221. ↑ Bunson, Matthew (1 January 1991). A Dictionary of the Roman Empire. OUP USA. ISBN   9780195102338.
  222. ↑ Brown, Neville (29 June 2005). History and Climate Change: A Eurocentric Perspective. Routledge. ISBN   9781134977598.
  223. ↑ Davis, R. H. C. (16 August 2013). A History of Medieval Europe: From Constantine to Saint Louis. Routledge. ISBN   9781317867890.
  224. ↑ Hoffmann, Richard (10 April 2014). An Environmental History of Medieval Europe. Cambridge University Press. ISBN   9780521876964.
  225. ↑ Dawson, Christopher (9 August 2012). Medieval Essays (The Works of Christopher Dawson). CUA Press. ISBN   9780813218182.
  226. ↑ Collins, Paul (1 January 2013). The Birth of the West: Rome, Germany, France, and the Creation of Europe in the Tenth Century. PublicAffairs. ISBN   9781610390149.
  227. 1 2 3 "Cities in the central politicalimilitary network since ce 1200: size hierarchy and domination". Archived from the original on 28 March 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2014.
  228. ↑ "Top 10 Cities of the Year 1000". geography.about.com. Archived from the original on 5 June 2013. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  229. 1 2 Bruce, S.G. (2010). Ecologies and Economies in Medieval and Early Modern Europe: Studies in Environmental History for Richard C. Hoffmann. Brill. p. 48. ISBN   9789004180079.
  230. ↑ van Tilburg, C. (2007). Traffic and Congestion in the Roman Empire. Taylor & Francis. p. 42. ISBN   978-1-134-12975-1.
  231. ↑ Dudley, L. (2008). Information Revolutions in the History of the West. Edward Elgar. p. 26. ISBN   978-1-84844-280-1.
  232. ↑ "2010: Köln ist Millionenstadt" (PDF). 29 September 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 August 2014. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  233. 1 2 Holborn, H. (1982). A History of Modern Germany: The Reformation . Princeton University Press. p.  38. ISBN   978-0-691-00795-3.
  234. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Rich, E.E.; Wilson, C.H. (1967). The Economy of Expanding Europe in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. Cambridge University Press. p. 83. ISBN   978-0-521-04507-0.
  235. ↑ Grigg, D.B. (1980). Population Growth and Agrarian Change: An Historical Perspective . Cambridge University Press. p.  128. ISBN   978-0-521-29635-9.
  236. ↑ Duffy, S. (2005). Medieval Ireland: An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. p. 69. ISBN   978-1-135-94824-5.
  237. ↑ Hudson, B.T. (2005). Viking Pirates and Christian Princes: Dynasty, Religion, and Empire in the North Atlantic. Oxford University Press. p. 92. ISBN   978-0-19-516237-0.
  238. ↑ Hansen, M.H.; Københavns universitet. Polis centret (2000). A Comparative Study of Thirty City-state Cultures: An Investigation. Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab. p. 255. ISBN   9788778761774.
  239. 1 2 3 4 5 Spruyt, H. (1996). The Sovereign State and Its Competitors: An Analysis of Systems Change. Princeton University Press. p. 132. ISBN   978-0-691-02910-8.
  240. ↑ "Firenze, Florence, Tuscany, Italy". italyworldclub.com. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  241. 1 2 Chant, C.; Goodman, D. (2005). Pre-Industrial Cities and Technology. Taylor & Francis. p. 141. ISBN   978-1-134-63620-4.
  242. 1 2 Abu-Lughod, J.L. (1991). Before European Hegemony: The World System A.D. 1250–1350. Oxford University Press. p. 125. ISBN   978-0-19-506774-3.
  243. 1 2 Scott, T. (2012). The City-State in Europe, 1000–1600: Hinterland, Territory, Region. OUP Oxford. p. 17. ISBN   978-0-19-927460-4.
  244. ↑ M. Ginatempo L. Sandri “L’Italia delle Città. Sec XIII XVI” Le Lettere 1990
  245. ↑ Lodge, R. Anthony (1 January 1993). French, from Dialect to Standard. Psychology Press. ISBN   978-0-415-08071-2.
  246. ↑ Campbell, B.M.S.; Overton, M. (1991). Land, Labour, and Livestock: Historical Studies in European Agricultural Productivity. Manchester University Press. p. 131. ISBN   978-0-7190-3171-7.
  247. ↑ Cohn, S.K.; Aiton, D. (2012). Popular Protest in Late Medieval English Towns. Cambridge University Press. p. 17. ISBN   978-1-107-02780-0.
  248. ↑ Ripley, G. (2012). The New American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge... Nabu Press. p. 235. ISBN   978-1-276-65397-8.
  249. ↑ Oppenheimer, P. (2002). Rubens: A Portrait. Cooper Square Press. p. 43. ISBN   978-0-8154-1209-0.
  250. ↑ Bairoch, P.; Braider, C. (1991). Cities and Economic Development: From the Dawn of History to the Present. University of Chicago Press. p. 181. ISBN   978-0-226-03466-9.
  251. ↑ Bowman, A.; Wilson, A. (2011). Settlement, Urbanization, and Population. OUP Oxford. p. 185. ISBN   978-0-19-960235-3.
  252. ↑ Tellier, L.N. (2009). Urban World History: An Economic and Geographical Perspective. Presses de l'Universite du Quebec. p. 260. ISBN   9782760522091.
  253. ↑ Meyer, M.C.; Beezley, W.H. (2000). The Oxford History of Mexico . Oxford University Press, USA. p.  31. ISBN   978-0-19-511228-3.
  254. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Koenigsberger, H.G.; Mosse, G.L.; Bowler, G. (2014). Europe in the Sixteenth Century. Taylor & Francis. ISBN   978-1-317-87586-4.
  255. 1 2 HOHENBERG, P.M.; Lees, L.H.; Hohenberg, P.M. (2009). The Making of Urban Europe, 1000–1994. Harvard University Press. p. 10. ISBN   978-0-674-03873-8.
  256. ↑ Allen, W.E.D. (2014). The Ukraine. Cambridge University Press. p. 38. ISBN   978-1-107-64186-0.
  257. ↑ Bairoch, P.; Braider, C. (1991). Cities and Economic Development: From the Dawn of History to the Present. University of Chicago Press. p. 180. ISBN   978-0-226-03466-9.
  258. ↑ SJ, L.F.; Reff, D.T.; Danford, R. (2014). The First European Description of Japan, 1585: A Critical English-language Edition of Striking Contrasts in the Customs of Europe and Japan by Luis Frois SJ, with a Critical Introduction by Daniel T Reff: A Critical English-Language Edition of Striking Contrasts in the Customs of Europe and Japan by Luis Frois, S.J. Taylor & Francis. p. 194. ISBN   978-1-317-91781-6.
  259. 1 2 Mansbach, R.W.; Taylor, K.L. (2013). Introduction to Global Politics. Taylor & Francis. p. 40. ISBN   978-1-136-51738-9.
  260. ↑ http://www.ctcwd.com/rrose/websites/london/history.htm%5B%5D
  261. ↑ Armstrong, L.; Elbl, M.M.; Elbl, I.; Armstrong, L.D.; Munro, J.H.A. (2007). Money, Markets and Trade in Late Medieval Europe: Essays in Honour of John H.A. Munro. Brill. p. 375. ISBN   9789004156333.
  262. ↑ "London Population". londononline.co.uk. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  263. ↑ "Greater London, Inner London Population & Density History". demographia.com. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  264. ↑ Self, A. (2014). The Birds of London. A&C Black. p. 8. ISBN   978-1-4081-9404-1.
  265. ↑ Tellier, L.N. (2009). Urban World History: An Economic and Geographical Perspective. Presses de l'Universite du Quebec. p. 200. ISBN   9782760522091.
  266. ↑ "Major Cities in the Middle Ages | Middle Ages". thefinertimes.com. 29 May 2012. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  267. ↑ Thirsk, J.; Chartres, J. (1990). Chapters from The Agrarian History of England and Wales: Volume 4, Agricultural Markets and Trade, 1500–1750. Cambridge University Press. p. 6. ISBN   978-0-521-36881-0.
  268. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Flügel, G.T.; Grund, F.J. (1834). The merchant's assistant, or, Merchantile instructer: containing a full account of the moneys, coins, weights and measures of the principal trading nations and their colonies, together with their values in United States currency, weights and measures. Hilliard, Gray & Co. p. 144.
  269. ↑ Bromwich, J. (2013). The Roman Remains of Northern and Eastern France: A Guidebook. Taylor & Francis. p. 388. ISBN   978-1-135-10372-9.
  270. ↑ Grimal, P.; Woloch, G.M. (1983). Roman Cities. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 176. ISBN   978-0-299-08934-4.
  271. ↑ Grimal, P.; Woloch, G.M. (1983). Roman Cities. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 335. ISBN   978-0-299-08934-4.
  272. 1 2 3 4 5 Bachrach, B. (2013). Charlemagne's Early Campaigns (768-777): A Diplomatic and Military Analysis. Brill. p. 67. ISBN   9789004244771.
  273. 1 2 Knecht, R.J. (2002). The French Religious Wars 1562–1598 . Osprey. p.  7. ISBN   978-1-84176-395-8.
  274. 1 2 Spruyt, H. (1996). The Sovereign State and Its Competitors: An Analysis of Systems Change. Princeton University Press. p. 87. ISBN   978-0-691-02910-8.
  275. ↑ Rogers, C.J.; DeVries, K.; France, J. (2012). Journal of Medieval Military History. Boydell & Brewer, Limited. p. 58. ISBN   978-1-84383-747-3.
  276. ↑ Spielvogel, Jackson J. (1 August 1999). Western Civilization . Wadsworth. ISBN   978-0-534-56837-5.
  277. 1 2 3 Tellier, L.N. (2009). Urban World History: An Economic and Geographical Perspective. Presses de l'Universite du Quebec. p. 266. ISBN   9782760522091.
  278. ↑ Gamrath, H. (2007). Farnese: Pomp, Power and Politics in Renaissance Italy. "L'Erma" di Bretschneider. ISBN   9788882654269.
  279. ↑ Clark, P. (2009). European Cities and Towns: 400-2000. OUP Oxford. p. 30. ISBN   978-0-19-956273-2.
  280. ↑ Morley, Neville (19 December 2002). Metropolis and Hinterland: The City of Rome and the Italian Economy, 200 BC-AD 200. Cambridge University Press. ISBN   978-0-521-89331-2.
  281. ↑ Macadam, Alta; Rossiter, Stuart; Blanchard, Paul; Muirhead, Findlay; Bertarelli, Luigi Vittorio (1 January 1971). Northern Italy, from Alps to Florence. A & C Black.
  282. ↑ Vigneron B. (1986) Metz antique: Divodurum Mediomatricorum. Eds. Maisonneuve. ISBN   2-7160-0115-4 (in French)
  283. ↑ Peters, G. (2012). The Musical Sounds of Medieval French Cities: Players, Patrons, and Politics. Cambridge University Press. p. 9. ISBN   978-1-139-57678-9.
  284. ↑ Bairoch, P.; Braider, C. (1991). Cities and Economic Development: From the Dawn of History to the Present. University of Chicago Press. p. 171. ISBN   978-0-226-03466-9.
  285. ↑ Colton, T.J. (1998). Moscow: Governing the Socialist Metropolis. Harvard University Press. p. 757. ISBN   978-0-674-58749-6.
  286. ↑ "Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn – Napoli – La Storia". szn.it. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  287. ↑ "Camper Club la Granda Italia: Home". camperclublagranda.it. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  288. ↑ "Campagne e città europee nel XVI secolo | babilonia61". babilonia61.com. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  289. ↑ Tuchman, B.W. (2011). A Distant Mirror: The Calamitous 14th Century. Random House Publishing Group. p. 96. ISBN   978-0-307-79369-0.
  290. ↑ Marino, J.A. (2010). Becoming Neapolitan: Citizen Culture in Baroque Naples. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 36. ISBN   978-0-8018-9939-3.
  291. ↑ P. Faiella, A.P.M.Z. (2007). Naples. Bonechi. ISBN   9788847621053.
  292. ↑ The Rebirth of a Communications Network: Europe at the time of the Carolingians By Edda Claus.
  293. ↑ Sear, F. (1983). Roman Architecture . Cornell University Press. p.  213. ISBN   978-0-8014-9245-7.
  294. ↑ Ring, T.; Watson, N.; Schellinger, P. (2013). Northern Europe: International Dictionary of Historic Places. Taylor & Francis. ISBN   978-1-136-63951-7.
  295. ↑ Mihalevich (25 September 2013). "The Roman Aqueduct of Nîmes, France" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 March 2014. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  296. ↑ Russell, Josiah Cox (1 January 1958). Late Ancient and Medieval Population. American Philosophical Society.
  297. ↑ van Gelderen, M.; Skinner, Q. (2002). Republicanism: Volume 1, Republicanism and Constitutionalism in Early Modern Europe: A Shared European Heritage. Cambridge University Press. p. 131. ISBN   978-0-521-80203-1.
  298. ↑ Coon, L.L.; Haldane, K.J.; Sommer, E.W. (1990). That Gentle Strength: Historical Perspectives on Women in Christianity . University Press of Virginia. p.  142. ISBN   978-0-8139-1293-6.
  299. 1 2 McKitterick, R.; Jones, M. (2000). The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 6, C.1300-c.1415. Cambridge University Press. p. 104. ISBN   978-0-521-36290-0.
  300. ↑ Ring, T.; Salkin, R.M.; Boda, S.L. (1995). International Dictionary of Historic Places: Southern Europe. Fitzroy Dearborn. p. 50. ISBN   978-1-884964-02-2.
  301. ↑ Clarke, J.R. (1991). The Houses of Roman Italy, 100 B.C.-A.D. 250: Ritual, Space, and Decoration. University of California Press. p. 268. ISBN   978-0-520-08429-2.
  302. ↑ Roma, Lozzi (1 January 1999). Archaeological Rome as it was, as it is. Lozzi Roma. ISBN   9788886843881.
  303. ↑ Paul Norton. "TRAVEL THRU HISTORY – History". travelthruhistory.com. Archived from the original on 14 April 2014. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  304. ↑ Tigay, A.M. (1994). The Jewish Traveler: Hadassah Magazine's Guide to the World's Jewish Communities and Sights. Jason Aronson. p. 436. ISBN   978-1-56821-078-0.
  305. ↑ Garwood, D. (2009). Mediterranean Europe. Lonely Planet. p. 467. ISBN   978-1-74104-856-8.
  306. ↑ E. Buringh (2011). Medieval Manuscript Production in the Latin West: Explorations with a Global Database. Brill. p. 73. ISBN   9789004175198.
  307. 1 2 Bairoch, P.; Braider, C. (1991). Cities and Economic Development: From the Dawn of History to the Present. University of Chicago Press. p. 161. ISBN   978-0-226-03466-9.
  308. ↑ Mansbach, Richard W.; Taylor, Kirsten L. (17 June 2013). Introduction to Global Politics. Routledge. ISBN   9781136517389.
  309. ↑ "Regeneration". english.upenn.edu. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  310. ↑ Frassetto, M. (2013). The Early Medieval World: From the Fall of Rome to the Time of Charlemagne [2 Volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 444. ISBN   978-1-59884-996-7.
  311. ↑ Kibler, W.W. (1995). Medieval France: An Encyclopedia. Garland Pub. p. 1316. ISBN   978-0-8240-4444-2.
  312. ↑ Lodge, R.A. (2013). French. Taylor & Francis. ISBN   978-1-134-89414-7.
  313. ↑ Bowman, A.; Wilson, A. (2011). Settlement, Urbanization, and Population. OUP Oxford. p. 188. ISBN   978-0-19-960235-3.
  314. ↑ Bowman, A.; Wilson, A. (2011). Settlement, Urbanization, and Population. OUP Oxford. p. 148. ISBN   978-0-19-960235-3.
  315. ↑ Bock, Darrell L. (1 July 2002). Studying the Historical Jesus: A Guide to Sources and Methods. Baker Academic. ISBN   978-0-8010-2451-1.
  316. ↑ MacArthur, J.F. (1996). Acts 13-28 MacArthur New Testament Commentary. Moody Publishers. p. 364. ISBN   978-1-57567-600-5.
  317. ↑ Tellier, L.N. (2009). Urban World History: An Economic and Geographical Perspective. Presses de l'Universite du Quebec. p. 247. ISBN   9782760522091.
  318. ↑ Corvey), Widukind (of (1 December 2014). Deeds of the Saxons. CUA Press. ISBN   978-0-8132-2693-4.
  319. ↑ Tellier, L.N. (2009). Urban World History: An Economic and Geographical Perspective. Presses de l'Universite du Quebec. p. 290. ISBN   9782760522091.
  320. 1 2 HOHENBERG, P.M.; Lees, L.H.; Hohenberg, P.M. (2009). The Making of Urban Europe, 1000–1994. Harvard University Press. p. 10. ISBN   978-0-674-03873-8.
  321. ↑ Bairoch, Paul; Braider, Christopher (18 June 1991). Cities and Economic Development: From the Dawn of History to the Present. University of Chicago Press. ISBN   978-0-226-03466-9.
  322. ↑ Freeman, Charles (15 February 2011). AD 381: Heretics, Pagans and the Christian State. Random House. ISBN   978-1-4464-1924-3.
  323. ↑ Gross, Hanns (22 April 2004). Rome in the Age of Enlightenment: The Post-Tridentine Syndrome and the Ancien Régime. Cambridge University Press. ISBN   978-0-521-89378-7.
  324. ↑ Brown, Peter (18 December 2012). The Rise of Western Christendom: Triumph and Diversity, A.D. 200-1000. Wiley. ISBN   978-1-118-33881-0.
  325. ↑ Chew, Sing C. (19 December 2006). The Recurring Dark Ages: Ecological Stress, Climate Changes, and System Transformation. Rowman Altamira. ISBN   978-0-7591-1402-9.
  326. ↑ Heiken, Grant; Funiciello, Renato; Rita, Donatella de (24 October 2013). The Seven Hills of Rome: A Geological Tour of the Eternal City. Princeton University Press. ISBN   978-1-4008-4937-6.
  327. ↑ Lane, M.Y. (2013). Approach the Throne. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. p. 378. ISBN   978-1-4827-0574-4.
  328. ↑ Lodge, R.A. (1993). French: From Dialect to Standard. Routledge. p. 143. ISBN   978-0-415-08071-2.
  329. ↑ Zelnik, R.E.; Columbia University. Russian Institute (1971). Labor and Society in Tsarist Russia: The Factory Workers of St. Petersburg, 1855–1870. Stanford University Press. p. 49. ISBN   978-0-8047-0740-4.
  330. ↑ Butlin, R.A.; Dodgshon, R.A. (1998). An Historical Geography of Europe. Clarendon Press. p. 302. ISBN   978-0-19-874179-4.
  331. ↑ Magocsi, P.R. (2010). A History of Ukraine: The Land and Its Peoples. University of Toronto Press. p. 89. ISBN   978-1-4426-1021-7.
  332. ↑ "Golden Horde (ancient division, Mongol Empire) -- Encyclopædia Britannica". britannica.com. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  333. ↑ Tellier, L.N. (2009). Urban World History: An Economic and Geographical Perspective. Presses de l'Universite du Quebec. p. 304. ISBN   9782760522091.
  334. ↑ Marino, John A. (29 December 2010). Becoming Neapolitan: Citizen Culture in Baroque Naples. JHU Press. ISBN   9780801899393.
  335. ↑ Smith, T.B.; Steinhoff, J.B. (2012). Art as Politics in Late Medieval and Renaissance Siena. Ashgate. p. 77. ISBN   978-1-4094-0066-0.
  336. ↑ McKitterick, R.; Jones, M. (2000). The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 6, C.1300-c.1415. Cambridge University Press. p. 811. ISBN   978-0-521-36290-0.
  337. ↑ Treadgold, W.T. (1997). A History of the Byzantine State and Society. Stanford University Press. p. 702. ISBN   978-0-8047-2630-6.
  338. ↑ Karl Kaser (2011). The Balkans and the Near East: Introduction to a Shared History. Lit. p. 196. ISBN   978-3-643-50190-5.
  339. ↑ Barber, R. (2004). Once Upon a Time. Sword of the Lord Publishers. p. 335. ISBN   978-0-87398-639-7.
  340. ↑ Wilton, C.C. (2012). The Wilton Translation of the New Testament. Trafford Publishing. p. 285. ISBN   978-1-4669-0856-7.
  341. ↑ "AntiquitiesCard". TRIER THE CENTER OF ANTIQUITY IN GERMANY. 8 March 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  342. ↑ LaVerne, F.K. (1991). Europe by Eurail 2010: Touring Europe by Train. Globe Pequot Press. p. 337. ISBN   978-0-7627-6163-0.
  343. ↑ Baker, M. (2013). Beyond Our World: The Exciting Story of a Treasure Hunter, Historian, and Adventurer. Dorrance Publishing Company. p. 182. ISBN   978-1-4809-0187-2.
  344. ↑ Pailler, Jean-Marie (2015). Toulouse, naissance d'une ville. Editions Midi-Pyrénéennes.
  345. ↑ Benedict, P. (2005). Cities and Social Change in Early Modern France. Taylor & Francis. ISBN   978-1-134-89218-1.
  346. ↑ Lepage, J.D.G.G. (2010). Castles and Fortified Cities of Medieval Europe: An Illustrated History. McFarland. p. 275. ISBN   978-0-7864-6027-4.
  347. ↑ Lot, F. (2013). The End of the Ancient World. Taylor & Francis. p. 71. ISBN   978-1-136-20233-9.
  348. ↑ Le Stang, Anne (2012). Histoire de Toulouse illustrée. Le pérégrinateur éditeur.
  349. ↑ Dursteler, E. (2013). A Companion to Venetian History, 1400–1797. Brill. p. 257. ISBN   9789004252523.
  350. ↑ Abulafia, D. (2004). Italy in the Central Middle Ages. OUP Oxford. p. 51. ISBN   978-0-19-924704-2.
  351. ↑ Miller, M.C. (1993). The Formation of a Medieval Church: Ecclesiastical Change in Verona, 950-1150 . Cornell University Press. p.  7. ISBN   978-0-8014-2837-1.
  352. ↑ Jonassohn, K.; Björnson, K.S. Genocide and Gross Human Rights Violations: In Comparative Perspective. Transaction Publishers. p. 202. ISBN   978-1-4128-2445-3.
  353. ↑ "OpenStax CNX". cnx.org. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  354. ↑ Ungewitter, F.H. (1852). Europe, past and Present: A Comprehensive Manual of European Geography and History,[etc.]. G.P.Putnam. p. 50.
  355. ↑ Martin, J. (2007). Medieval Russia, 980-1584. Cambridge University Press. p. 68. ISBN   978-0-521-85916-5.
  356. ↑ Singh, S.J.; Haberl, H.; Chertow, M.; Mirtl, M.; Schmid, M. (2012). Long Term Socio-Ecological Research: Studies in Society-Nature Interactions Across Spatial and Temporal Scales. Springer. p. 251. ISBN   9789400711778.
  357. ↑ Ziak, Karl (1 January 1964). Unvergängliches Wien: ein Gang durch die Geschichte von der Urzeit bis zur Gegenwart. Europa-Verlag.
  358. ↑ Boissonnade (5 September 2013). Life & Work In Medieval Europe. Routledge. ISBN   978-1-136-19641-6.
  359. ↑ "See chapter 5.6.2 (in Dutch)". Ethesis.net. 23 November 1914. Retrieved 13 September 2013.
  360. ↑ Nicholas, D.M.; Nicholas, P.H.D. (2014). Medieval Flanders. Taylor & Francis. p. 130. ISBN   978-1-317-90155-6.
  361. ↑ Zimmerman, L.M.; Veith, I. (1993). Great Ideas in the History of Surgery. Norman Pub. p. 130. ISBN   978-0-930405-53-3.
  362. ↑ Encyclopedia Americana: Wilmot Proviso to Zygote . Scholastic Library Pub. 1 January 2006. ISBN   978-0-7172-0139-6.
  363. ↑ "Ypres (Belgium) -- Encyclopædia Britannica". global.britannica.com. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  364. ↑ Bowman, A.; Wilson, A. (2011). Settlement, Urbanization, and Population. OUP Oxford. p. 189. ISBN   978-0-19-960235-3.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.