Regensburg

For the district, see Regensburg (district). For the similarly named Swiss municipality, see Regensberg. For other uses, see Regensburg (disambiguation).

"Ratisbon" and "Ratisbonne" redirect here. For other uses, see Ratisbonne (disambiguation).

Not to be confused with Regen.

Regensburg
City
Saint Peter's Church and the Regensburg Town Hall in August 2009
Flag Coat of arms
Location of Regensburg
Regensburg Show map of Germany Regensburg Show map of Bavaria
Coordinates: 49°1′N12°5′E / 49.017°N 12.083°E / 49.017; 12.083 Coordinates: 49°1′N12°5′E / 49.017°N 12.083°E / 49.017; 12.083
Country	Germany
State	Bavaria
District	Urban district
Subdivisions	18 districts
Government
•  Lord mayor (2020–26)	Gertrud Maltz-Schwarzfischer [1] (SPD)
Area
• Total	80.76 km2 (31.18 sq mi)
Population  (2020-12-31) [2]
• Total	152,270
• Density	1,900/km2 (4,900/sq mi)
Time zone	UTC+01:00 (CET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+02:00 (CEST)
Postal codes	93001–93059
Dialling codes	0941
Vehicle registration	R
Website	www.regensburg.de
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Official name	Old town of Regensburg with Stadtamhof
Criteria	Cultural: ii, iii, iv
Reference	1155
Inscription	2006 (30th Session)
Area	182.8 ha
Buffer zone	775.6 ha

Regensburg ^{[lower-alpha 1]} is a city in eastern Bavaria, at the confluence of the Danube, Naab and Regen rivers. It is capital of the Upper Palatinate subregion of the state in the south of Germany. With more than 150,000 inhabitants, Regensburg is the fourth-largest city in the State of Bavaria after Munich, Nuremberg and Augsburg. From its foundation as an imperial Roman river fort, the city has been the political, economic and cultural centre of the surrounding region; it is still known in the Romance languages by a cognate of its Latin name of "Ratisbona" (the version "Ratisbon" was long current in English). Later, under the rule of the Holy Roman Empire, it housed the Perpetual Diet of Regensburg.

The medieval centre of the city was made a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2006 because of its well-preserved architecture and the city's historical importance for assemblies during the Holy Roman Empire. ^[4] In 2014, Regensburg was among the top sights and travel attractions in Germany. ^[5]

History

Early history

The remains of the East Tower of the Porta Praetoria from Roman times

The first settlements in the Regensburg area date from the Stone Age. The oldest Celtic name given to a settlement near Regensburg was Radasbona, a site where a Roman fort was built around AD 90.

In 179, a major new Roman fort, called Castra Regina ("fortress by the river Regen"), was built for Legio III Italica during the reign of Emperor Marcus Aurelius. ^[6] It was an important camp at the most northerly point of the Danube; it corresponds to what is today the core of Regensburg's Old City or Altstadt east of the Obere and Untere Bachgasse and west of the Schwanenplatz. It is believed that as early as in late Roman times the city was the seat of a bishop, and St Boniface re-established the Bishopric of Regensburg in 739.

From the early 6th century, Regensburg was the seat of a ruling family known as the Agilolfings. From about 530 to the first half of the 13th century, it was the capital of Bavaria. Regensburg remained an important city during the reign of Charlemagne. In 792, Regensburg hosted the ecclesiastical section of Charlemagne's General Assembly, the bishops in council who condemned the heresy of adoptionism taught by their Spanish counterparts, Elipandus of Toledo and Felix of Urgell. After the partition of the Carolingian Empire in 843, the city became the seat of the Eastern Frankish ruler, Louis II the German. Two years later, fourteen Bohemian princes came to Regensburg to receive baptism there. This was the starting point of Christianization of the Czechs, and the diocese of Regensburg became the mother diocese of that of Prague. These events had a wide impact on the cultural history of the Czech lands, as they were consequently part of the Roman Catholic and not the Slavic-Orthodox world. A memorial plate at St John's Church (the alleged place of the baptism) was unveiled a few years ago, commemorating the incident in the Czech and German languages.

In 800 the city had 23,000 inhabitants, and by 1000 this had increased to 40,000. ^[7]

On 8 December 899 Arnulf of Carinthia, a descendant of Charlemagne, died at Regensburg. ^[8]

In 1096, on the way to the First Crusade, Peter the Hermit led a mob of crusaders that attempted to force the mass conversion of the Jews of Regensburg and killed all those who resisted. ^[9]

Regensburg in the 16th century

Between 1135 and 1146, the Stone Bridge across the Danube was built at Regensburg. This bridge opened major international trade routes between northern Europe and Venice, and this began Regensburg's golden age as a residence of wealthy trading families. Regensburg became the cultural centre of southern Germany and was celebrated for its gold work and fabrics.

Late Middle Ages and early modern period

Imperial City of Regensburg Reichsstadt Regensburg  (German)
1245–1803
Status	Free Imperial City of the Holy Roman Empire
Capital	Regensburg
Government	Republic
Historical era	Middle Ages
• Gained Imperial immediacy (Reichsfreiheit)a	1245
• City annexed by Bavaria	1486–96
•  Diet of Regensburg (1541)	1541
• City adopted Reformation	1542
• Made permanent seat of the Imperial Diet	1663
•  Mediatised to new Principality of Regensburg 2	27 April 1803
• Ceded to Bavaria by Treaty of Paris	1810
Preceded by Succeeded by Duchy of Bavaria Principality of Regensburg
a: The Bishopric of Regensburg acquired Imperial immediacy around the same time as the City. Of the three Imperial Abbeys in Regensburg, Niedermünster had already acquired immediacy in 1002, St. Emmeram's Abbey did in 1295 and Obermünster in 1315. b: The Bishopric, the Imperial City and all three Imperial Abbeys were mediatised simultaneously.

The Free Imperial City (yellow) and the Prince-Bishopric (purple) in the 18th century

In 1245 Regensburg became a Free Imperial City and was a trade centre before the shifting of trade routes in the late Middle Ages. Regensburg has always been a place where international meetings were held. This was also the case in 1471 when a war against the Turks was to be decided. ^[10] In 1486, Regensburg became part of the Duchy of Bavaria, but its independence was restored by the Holy Roman Emperor ten years later. The first Diet of Regensburg took place in 1541. The city adopted the Protestant Reformation in 1542 and its Town Council remained entirely Lutheran. From 1663 to 1806, the city was the permanent seat of the Imperial Diet of the Holy Roman Empire, which became known as the Perpetual Diet of Regensburg. Thus, Regensburg was one of the central towns of the Empire, attracting visitors in large numbers.

Ceremonial arrival at the Imperial Diet, 1711

A minority of the population remained Roman Catholic, and Roman Catholics were denied civic rights (Bürgerrecht). Although the Imperial city had adopted the Reformation, the town remained the seat of a Roman Catholic bishop and several abbeys. Three of these, St. Emmeram, Niedermünster and Obermünster, were free imperial estates within the Holy Roman Empire, meaning that they were granted a seat and a vote at the Imperial Diet (Reichstag). So there was the unique situation that the town of Regensburg comprised five independent "states" (in terms of the Holy Roman Empire): the Protestant city itself, the Roman Catholic bishopric, and the three monasteries. In addition, it was seen as the traditional capital of the region Bavaria (not the state), acted as functional co-capital of the Empire (second to the Emperor's court at Vienna) due to the presence of the Perpetual Diet, and it was the residence of the Emperor's Commissary-Principal to the same diet, who with one very brief exception was a prince himself (for many years the Prince of Thurn and Taxis, still resident in the town).

Late modern period

In 1803 the city lost its status as an imperial city following its incorporation into the Principality of Regensburg. It was handed over to the Archbishop-Elector of Mainz and Archchancellor of the Holy Roman Empire Carl von Dalberg in compensation for the territory of the Electorate of Mainz located on the left bank of the Rhine which had been annexed by France under the terms of the Treaty of Lunéville in 1801. The Archbishopric of Mainz was formally transferred to Regensburg. Dalberg united the bishopric, the monasteries, and the town itself, making up the Principality of Regensburg (Fürstentum Regensburg). Dalberg strictly modernized public life. Most importantly, he awarded equal rights to Protestants and Roman Catholics alike. In 1810 Dalberg ceded Regensburg to the Kingdom of Bavaria, he himself being compensated by the award of Fulda and Hanau to him under the title of "Grand Duke of Frankfurt".

Between April 19 and April 23, 1809, Regensburg was the scene of the Battle of Ratisbon between forces commanded by Henri Gatien Bertrand and Napoleon himself and the retreating Austrian forces. The city was eventually overrun, after supplies and ammunition ran out. The city suffered severe damage during the fight, with about 150 houses being burnt and others being looted. Robert Browning's poem Incident at the French Camp describes the battle from the French perspective, but is filled with historical errors.

Nazism and World War II

Memorial to the victims of the local subcamp of the Flossenbürg concentration camp

The Jewish community was persecuted after the Nazi Party came to power in Germany in 1933, many Jews fled in the following years, and some were also expelled to Poland; thanks, however, to a Polish-German agreement they were allowed to return to the city. ^[11] On November 9, 1938, during the Kristallnacht, the Regensburg Synagogue and several Jewish homes and stores were destroyed, and around 220 Jews were arrested, some were also deported to the Dachau concentration camp. ^[11] During World War II, many Jews emigrated to various countries, and in 1942, over 200 Jews were deported either to Piaski in German-occupied Poland or the Theresienstadt Ghetto in German-occupied Czechoslovakia. ^[12] In the final months of World War II, in March and April 1945, the Regensburg subcamp of the Flossenbürg concentration camp was located in the city, with 460 forced laborers of various nationalities, 40 of whom died. ^[13]

Regensburg was home to both a Messerschmitt Bf 109 aircraft factory and an oil refinery, which were bombed by the Allies on August 17, 1943, in the Schweinfurt-Regensburg mission, and on February 5, 1945, during the Oil Campaign of World War II. Although both targets were badly damaged, Regensburg itself suffered little damage from the Allied strategic bombing campaign, and the nearly intact medieval city centre is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The city's most important cultural loss was that of the Romanesque church of Obermünster, which was destroyed in a March 1945 air raid and was not rebuilt (the belfry survived). Also, Regensburg's slow economic recovery after the war ensured that historic buildings were not torn down and replaced by newer ones. When the upswing in restoration^{[ clarification needed ]} reached Regensburg in the late 1960s, the prevailing mindset had turned in favour of preserving the city's heritage.

History after 1945

Cancellation by the Ukrainian Camp Post at Regensburg DP Camp

Between 1945 and 1949, Regensburg was the site of the largest displaced persons (DP) camp in Germany. At its peak in 1946–1947, the workers' district of Ganghofersiedlung housed almost 5,000 Ukrainian and 1,000 non-Ukrainian refugees and displaced persons. With the approval of U.S. Military Government in the American Allied Occupation Zone, Regensburg and other DP camps organised their own camp postal service. In Regensburg, the camp postal service began operation on December 11, 1946. ^[14]

At the beginning of the 1960s, Regensburg invested heavily in technical and social infrastructure to attract industry. Siemens was the first multinational company to come to Regensburg, a significant step in the city's development after World War II. In 1965, Regensburg University was founded; Regensburg University of Applied Sciences was established in 1971. The second multinational company, BMW, arrived in 1986 and set up a large production plant. Since the 1990s, several well-known hightech companies have been located in Regensburg, such as Infineon and OSRAM, contributing to the city's current wealth.

In 1997, Regensburg was awarded the Europe Prize for its outstanding achievements in European integration. ^[15]

The World Heritage Committee listed Regensburg's Old Town a UNESCO World Heritage Site in July 2006. It is one of the largest medieval old towns north of the Alps and very well preserved, with the nickname "Italy's most northern city". ^[16] Close to the Stone Bridge, the city of Regensburg established a World Heritage Centre in the historic Salzstadl in 2007, where detailed information on Regensburg's 2000-year history is given.

Geography

Rhein-Main-Donau Canal at the Stadt-am-Hof locks, Regensburg

Topography

Regensburg is situated on the northernmost part of the Danube river at the geological crossroads of four distinct landscapes:

• to the north and northeast lies the Bavarian Forest with granite and gneiss mountains, wide forests and its national park
• to the east and south-east is the fertile Danube plain (Gäuboden) which are highly cultivated loess plains
• the south is dominated by the Tertiary Hill Country, a continuation of Alpine Foreland
• to the West is Franconian Jura

Climate

Regensburg straddles the humid continental (Dfb) and oceanic (Cfb) climate zones under the Köppen climate classification. While the average temperature of 8.5 °C (47.3 °F) in the period from 1971 to 2000 is slightly above the German average (7.8 °C or 46.0 °F), still only 5 of the 80 cities in Germany above 100,000 inhabitants are colder. The average precipitation of 636 millimetres (25.0 inches ) per year ranges slightly below the German average (approximately 700 millimetres or 28 inches). For the newer period from 1981 to 2010 the average temperature and precipitation rose up to 8.9 °C (48.0 °F) respectively 658 millimetres (25.9 inches ). As this increase in the average temperature can also be seen in the other cities, Regensburg still ranks fifth place (shared with Ingolstadt and Kiel) in the above-mentioned ranking. ^[17] With a total of 1670 sunshine hours per year, Regensburg is roughly 120 hours above German average. ^[18]

The warmest month of the year, on average, is July. The coolest month of the year, on average, is January.

Climate data for Regensburg
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Average high °C (°F)	2.6 (36.7)	4.1 (39.4)	10.5 (50.9)	17.3 (63.1)	20.6 (69.1)	24.2 (75.6)	26.3 (79.3)	24.5 (76.1)	20.6 (69.1)	14.4 (57.9)	7.2 (45.0)	2.9 (37.2)	14.6 (58.3)
Average low °C (°F)	−2.6 (27.3)	−2.8 (27.0)	0.1 (32.2)	4.4 (39.9)	8.1 (46.6)	11.8 (53.2)	13.6 (56.5)	12.5 (54.5)	9.3 (48.7)	5.1 (41.2)	1.8 (35.2)	−1.7 (28.9)	5.0 (41.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	51 (2.0)	34 (1.3)	37 (1.5)	41 (1.6)	76 (3.0)	77 (3.0)	81 (3.2)	79 (3.1)	43 (1.7)	38 (1.5)	45 (1.8)	56 (2.2)	658 (25.9)
Average relative humidity (%)	88	84	78	72	71	71	70	74	79	84	88	89	79
Mean monthly sunshine hours	44	73	140	194	211	226	240	194	158	105	45	37	1,667
Source 1: World Meteorological Organisation [19]
Source 2: German Weather Service [20]

Main sights

City

St. Peter's Church – the Regensburg Cathedral

Kohlenmarkt with Town Hall, site of the Perpetual Diet from 1663 to 1806.

St. Emmeram's Abbey, now Schloss Thurn und Taxis, a huge palace

Regensburg includes the largest medieval old town north of the Alps with nearly 1,500 listed buildings and a picturesque cityscape. Its most famous sights are located mainly in the Old Town, such as:

• The Dom (Cathedral) is an example of pure German Gothic and is regarded as the main work of Gothic architecture in Bavaria. It was founded in 1275 and completed in 1634, with the exception of the towers, which were finished in 1869. The interior contains numerous interesting monuments, including one of Peter Vischer's masterpieces. Adjoining the cloisters are two chapels which predate the cathedral. One of these, known as the old cathedral, goes back perhaps to the 8th century. ^[21] The official choir for the liturgical music at St Peter's Cathedral is the famous Regensburger Domspatzen ("cathedral sparrows").
• The stone bridge, built 1135–1146, is a highlight of medieval bridge building. The knights of the 2nd and 3rd crusades used it to cross the Danube on their way to the Holy Land.
• The Regensburg Sausage Kitchen is a major tourist destination, but locals eat there as well. It was originally built as the construction headquarters of the stone bridge and now lies adjacent to it.
• Remains of the Roman fortress' walls including the Porta Praetoria
• The Church of St. James, also called Schottenkirche, a Romanesque basilica of the 12th century, derives its name from the monastery of Irish Benedictines (Scoti) to which it was attached; the principal doorway is covered with very unusual grotesque carvings. ^[21] It stands next to the Jakobstor, a medieval city gate named after it.
• The old parish church of St. Ulrich is a good example of the Transition style of the 13th century, and contains a valuable antiquarian collection. ^[21] It houses the diocesan museum of religious art.
• Examples of the Romanesque basilica style are the church of Obermünster, dating from 1010, and the abbey church of St. Emmeram, built in the 13th century, remarkable as one of the few German churches with a detached bell tower. The cloisters of the ancient abbey, one of the oldest in Germany, are still in a fair state of preservation. In 1809 the conventual buildings were converted into a palace for the prince of Thurn and Taxis, hereditary postmaster-general of the Holy Roman Empire. ^[21]
• The Adler-Apotheke, located nearby the Regensburg Cathedral, was founded in 1610 and is one of the oldest pharmacies in Regensburg. The ancient interior and historical vessels can be viewed.
• Wealthy patrician families competed against each other to see who could build the highest tower of the city. In 1260, the Goldener Turm (golden tower) was built on Wahlenstraße.
• The Old Town Hall, dating in part from the 14th century, contains the rooms occupied by the Imperial Diet from 1663 to 1806. ^[21]
• The Gasthof zum Goldenen Kreuz (Golden Cross Inn) is also of historical interest: it is where Charles V made the acquaintance of Barbara Blomberg, the mother of Don John of Austria. ^[21]
• The statue of John of Austria, born 1547 in Regensburg, was erected 1978 on the fourth centenary of his death and is a copy of a monument in Messina, Italy.
• Perhaps the most pleasant modern building in the city is the Gothic villa of the king of Bavaria on the bank of the Danube. ^[21] The grounds are now opened to public and known as VillaPark.
• Among the public institutions of the city are the public library, picture gallery, botanical garden, and the institute for the making of stained glass. The city's colleges (apart from the University of Regensburg) include an episcopal clerical seminary, and a school of church music. ^[21]
• St. Emmeram's Abbey, now known as Schloss Thurn und Taxis, is a huge castle owned by the powerful Thurn and Taxis family.
• Schloss Höfling, a castle owned by the Thurn und Taxis family
• The City Park, the oldest and largest park in Regensburg with a lot of artwork.
• The Botanischer Garten der Universität Regensburg is a modern botanical garden located on the University of Regensburg campus.
• Herzogspark also contains several small botanical gardens.

The Stone Bridge, St. Peter's Church and the Old Town of Regensburg

Surroundings

Klenze's Walhalla, built in 1842

Bavarian Forest National Park stamp

Near Regensburg there are two very imposing classical buildings erected by Ludwig I of Bavaria as national monuments dedicated to German patriotism and greatness: ^[21]

• The more imposing of the two is the Walhalla , a costly reproduction of the Parthenon, erected as a Teutonic temple of fame on a hill rising from the Danube at Donaustauf, 10 kilometres (6.2 miles) to the east. The interior, which is richly decorated with coloured marble, gilding and sculptures, contains the busts of more than one hundred notable Germans. ^[21]
• The second of King Ludwig's buildings is the Befreiungshalle at Kelheim, 25 kilometres (16 miles) higher up the Danube. It is a large circular monument built for the glorification of the heroes of the 1813 War of Liberation. ^[21]

Weltenburg Abbey (Kloster Weltenburg), a Benedictine monastery, is located in Weltenburg near the town of Kelheim. The abbey is situated on a peninsula of the Danube, by what are known as the "Weltenburg Narrows" or "Danube Gorge". The monastery, founded by Irish or Scottish monks in about 620, is said to be the oldest monastery in Bavaria.

To the east of Regensburg lies the Bavarian Forest and its National Park, one of the most visited protected areas in Germany.

Regensburg is on the designated heritage route, the Route of Emperors and Kings. ^[22]

Culture

Museums and exhibitions

There are 20 museums in Regensburg. The Regensburg Museum of History covers the history, culture and arts of Regensburg and Eastern Bavaria from the Stone Age to the present. The Imperial Diet Museum (Reichstagsmuseum) in the Old Town Hall presents life during the Holy Roman Empire. Its main attractions are an original torture chamber and the Reichssaal, the rooms occupied by the Imperial Diet from 1663 to 1806. ^[21] The Kepler Memorial House (Keplergedächtnishaus) illustrates the life of the famous astronomer and mathematician Johannes Kepler. The Municipal Art Gallery (Leerer Beutel) houses art collections, film events and cultural festivals. The city has also added several outdoor museums, known as "Document" sites, which give an overview of specific topics such as Roman, Jewish and Bavarian history.

In addition, there are the Diocese Museums (Bistumsmuseen) of Regensburg and a branch of the Bavarian National Museum located in St. Emmeram's Abbey, which contains the Princely Treasure Chamber of the Thurn und Taxis family. The Domschatzmuseum where church treasures, monstrances and tapestries are displayed is in St. Peter's Cathedral. Other museums include the Kunstforum Ostdeutsche Galerie, the Naturkundemuseum Ostbayern, the Reptile Zoo, the Regensburg Museum of Danube Shipping (Donau-Schiffahrts-Museum), the Public Observatory Regensburg as well as the Watch Museum (Uhrenmuseum), the Golf Museum, the Post Museum and the Dinoraeum. To celebrate its centenary in 2018, the State of Bavaria opened the Museum of Bavarian History in Regensburg. ^[23] There are also guided tours of most of the historical monuments in Regensburg, as well as organized tours of the city available in several languages.

Theaters

Inside Regensburg Theater

The Theater Regensburg on the Bismarckplatz was established in 1804 and is the city's most important theater. Operas, operettas, musicals and ballets are performed there. In the summer open-air performances also take place. While the theater on the Bismarckplatz is the city's oldest and largest, the Theater Regensburg also has four other stages with programmes that complement each other. In the Neuhaussaal of the theater on the Bismarckplatz, concerts by the Philharmonic Orchestra Regensburg take place. The Velodrom Theater presents musicals and plays. In the Haidplatz Theater it is mainly literary and modern plays that are performed, whereas the Turmtheater at the Goliathplatz puts on cabarets, musicals and plays for children as well as modern plays. ^[24]

Music

Regensburg is home to the famous Regensburger Domspatzen. The Regensburger Schlossfestspiele has been held in the inner courtyard of the St. Emmeram's Abbey every July from 2003, sponsored by the former princely house of Thurn und Taxis. Meanwhile, those were attracting musicians like Elton John, David Garrett, Tom Jones, or Plácido Domingo. Modern music styles, especially jazz, are presented every summer during the Bavarian Jazz weekend during which over a hundred bands, combos, and soloists perform in the Old Town. In 2015, the House of Music was opened, giving a home to skilled musicians and their education.

Film and cinema

The international short film season is hosted annually in Regensburg. It is a non-profit event and takes place every March, being one of the most important of its type in Germany. Aside, there are several cinemas, such as CinemaxX, the largest one showing blockbusters and arthouse films, and smaller independent cinemas such as Garbo, Ostentor Kino and Regina Filmtheater. Regensburg has two open air cinemas as well.

Dialect

Although the German language is Germany's official language, Regensburg is considered a part of the Bavarian dialect language area (bairischer Sprachraum) which encompasses much of Bavaria, Austria, and the South Tyrolean region of northern Italy. ^[25] More specifically, the dialect attributed to Regensburg is called Central Bavarian (Mittelbairisch). ^[26] A 2019 report estimates that about half of Bavaria's 12 million inhabitants speak a variation of the Bavarian dialect. ^[27]

The first dictionary of a German dialect was Johann Ludwig Prasch's Glossarium Bavaricum. ^[28] Published in Regensburg in 1689, it contains 500 words from the Bavarian variation spoken in Regensburg. ^{[29] [30]} Regensburg's Bauerntheater, a type of farmers' or folk theater, has staged plays delivered in Bavarian for over 90 years. ^[31] Moreover, premiering in 2011, Joseph Berlinger's play "Mei Fähr Lady," a story about three "students" taking a crash course in Bavarian dialect, has been performed at Regensburg's Turmtheater over 300 times. ^[32] In fact, the role of the dialect professor is played by Ludwig Zehetner, professor emeritus in Bavarian dialectology at University of Regensburg. Manfred Rohm, whose pen name Sepp Grantelhauer takes on the Bavarian verb granteln for "to complain," writes a weekly satirical column solely in Bavarian for the Regensburger Rundschau. ^[33]

Buildings

The Old Town of Regensburg with nearly 1,500 listed buildings offers a huge cultural diversity from Roman to modern times.

Recreation

The Old Town of Regensburg is surrounded completely by a green belt. Numerous inner-city parks like the City Park (Stadtpark), the Herzogspark, the Dörnbergpark, the Villapark or the university's botanical garden are a source for recreation and leisure.

Memorial sites

The city of Regensburg has erected several memorials to combat racism, intolerance towards minorities, and all other forms of contempt for human dignity:

• Memorial for victims of the Holocaust
• Memorial for victims of forced "euthanasia"
• Memorial for concentration camp inmates and prisoners of war
• Memorial for violence against women

Particular to Regensburg are the so-called Stolpersteine (stumbling stones) in honor of Jews deported during Nazism.

Events

Twice a year the Regensburg Dult takes place. This is the city's Volksfest, which is Bavaria's fourth largest. The Bürgerfest (citizen celebration) in the Old Town is held every two years, attracting over 100,000 visitors. Every second weekend in July, people dressed as knights and other medieval characters come together at the Regensburg Spectaculum, a medieval market, near the Stone Bridge. Every December, there are several Christmas markets all over the city.

Nightlife

With over 500 bars, restaurants, clubs, and other venues in the inner city alone, Regensburg provides a rich and diverse nightlife due to its young population.

Demographics

Population

In May 2017, Regensburg had 164,896 inhabitants, ^[34] making it the fourth largest city in Bavaria. Over the last hundred years, the city has experienced a strong increase in population, surpassing 100,000 inhabitants in 1945 due to Germans who were expelled from various Eastern and Central European countries, at the end of the war. Today, Regensburg is one of the fastest-growing cities in Germany.

International communities

Nearly 12% of the total population are foreign residents. Most of them come from Middle east and Southeastern Europe: ^[35]

Nation	Population (31.12 2019)
Romania	2,660
Bulgaria	1,970
Syria	1,605
Turkey	1,535
Iraq	1,480
Total:	30,535

Religion

A majority of Regensburg's population is Catholic. In 2017, about 51.4% of the city's inhabitants identified with the Catholic Church, 13.1% were registered Protestants and about 35.5% identified with other religions or did not have any registered religious affiliation. ^[36]

Politics

The city of Regensburg falls within the Regensburg electoral district, a constituency of the German federal parliament in Berlin (the Bundestag).

Government

The mayor and the City Council are elected for a period of six years. Both elections take place at the same time. The City Council is composed of 51 members and includes the mayor, two deputy mayors, five counsellors and the other council members.

The municipal elections in Bavaria of 2020 delivered the following results:

Party	votes	change	seats	change	cooperation
Social Democratic Party	12.2%	-21.5	7
Christian Social Union	32.8%	-7.1	13
The Greens	21.7%	+11.2	11
Free Voters	5.9%	-1.0	3
Ecological Democratic Party	7.2%	+0.8	3	-
BRÜCKE	12.4%	+12.4	6
Others	15.0%		8

Boroughs

Regensburg is subdivided into 18 boroughs (Stadtbezirke): Innenstadt, Stadtamhof, Steinweg-Pfaffenstein, Sallern-Gallingkofen, Konradsiedlung-Wutzlhofen, Brandlberg-Keilberg, Reinhausen, Weichs, Schwabelweis, Ostenviertel, Kasernenviertel, Galgenberg, Kumpfmühl-Ziegetsdorf-Neuprüll, Großprüfening-Dechbetten-Königswiesen, Westenviertel, Ober- und Niederwinzer-Kager, Oberisling-Graß, Burgweinting-Harting. Each borough contains a number of localities (Ortsteile), which can have historic roots in older municipalities that became urbanized and incorporated into the city.

Twin towns – sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany

Regensburg is twinned with: ^[37]

• Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom (1955)
• Brixen, Italy (1969)
• Clermont-Ferrand, France (1969)
• Tempe, United States (1976)
• Plzeň, Czech Republic (1993)
• Odessa, Ukraine (1980)
• Budavár (Budapest), Hungary (2005)
• Qingdao, China (2009)

Economy

Regensburg's economy counts among the most dynamic and fastest growing in Germany. ^[38] Focus is on manufacturing industries, such as automotive, industrial and electrical engineering.

Companies

There are several multinational corporations located in Regensburg, such as BMW, Continental, E.ON, General Electric, Infineon, Osram, Schneider Electric, Siemens, Telekom and Toshiba as well as hidden champions (Krones, MR).

BMW operates an automobile production plant in Regensburg; the Regensburg BMW plant produces 3 Series, 1 Series and (previously) Z4 vehicles. Continental AG, with the headquarters of its car component business, Osram Opto-Semiconductors, SGB-SMIT Group transformers and Siemens as well as Infineon, the former Siemens semiconductor branch, provide a high level of innovation and technical development in Regensburg. Other well known international companies, such as AREVA, Schneider Electric and Toshiba, have built plants in or near Regensburg. GE Aviation founded a greenfield site to innovate, develop and produce turbine machinery components with a new manufacturing casting technology. Amazon.com located its first German customer service centre in Regensburg. The hidden champions Maschinenfabrik Reinhausen (MR) and Krones both are headquartered in or close to Regensburg and are among the major employers.

Aside from the industrial sector, tourism contributes a lot to Regensburg's economical growth, especially since 2006, when the city gained status as UNESCO World Heritage Site. The University of Regensburg, the Regensburg University of Applied Sciences and mercantile trade also play major roles in Regensburg's economy. Increasingly, biotech companies were founded in Regensburg over the last two decades and have their headquarters and laboratories in the city's "BioPark". Another focus is on information technology, with the city running a start-up centre for IT firms. One of these former start-ups, CipSoft, now is a known video game company still based in Regensburg.

OTTI, the Eastern Bavaria Technology Transfer-Institut e.V., is headquartered in Regensburg. ^[39]

Tourism

The city recorded 912,238 overnight hotel stays and 531,943 hotel guests in 2012. ^[40] Tourism figures have nearly doubled within the last 15 years and Regensburg has become one of the most-visited German cities from 100,000 to 500,000 residents. In 2014, Regensburg was ranked as a Top-30 travel attraction in Germany by international tourists. ^[5]

Infrastructure

Transport

Main railway station

Regensburg Hauptbahnhof (central station) is connected to lines to Munich, Nuremberg, Passau, Weiden and Hof and Ingolstadt and Ulm. The city lies also on two motorways, the A3 from Cologne and Frankfurt to Vienna, and the A93 from Holledau to Hof.

The local transport is provided by a bus network run by the RVV (Regensburger Verkehrsverbund). ^[41]

Energy

Regensburg's energy is mainly supplied by the German company E.ON, one of the world's largest electric utility service providers. Its subsidiary Bayernwerk runs the local hydropower station in the Danube River. In 2012, about 9.1% of the total electricity consumption was generated by renewable energy sources, about 5.1% of the total heat consumption were generated by renewables. ^[42] Both figures show, that Regensburg is behind other Bavarian cities in this context. Therefore, the municipal government presented an energy plan in 2014, which should enhance the transformation towards renewable energy sources over the next decade.

Health

Regensburg has one of the most modern university hospitals in Europe, the Universitätsklinikum Regensburg. In addition there are several other well-known hospitals such as the Krankenhaus Barmherzige Brüder and the St. Josef-Krankenhaus. Psychiatric illnesses are treated in the Bezirksklinikum. With 19.4 hospital beds per 1000 residents, Regensburg has the fourth-highest ratio of beds to residents in Germany ^[43] as well as the third-highest ratio of medical doctors to residents in Germany (339 per 100,000 residents). ^[44]

The city's BioPark, home to Bavaria's second largest biotech cluster, hosts numerous research institutions and biotech companies.

Education

University of Regensburg, Vielberth building, faculty of business

Regensburg University of Applied Sciences, campus

Universities and academia

Regensburg is known for its higher education institutions, the largest being the University of Regensburg. Founded in 1962, it is one of Germany's newest universities and ranked among the Top 400 universities worldwide. Among the prominent intellectuals associated with the university are Pope Benedict XVI, Udo Steiner and Wolfgang Wiegard. The campus is situated in a single location together with the Regensburg University of Applied Sciences.

Since 1874 there has been a College of Catholic Music in the city, the Hochschule für Katholische Kirchenmusik und Musikpädagogik Regensburg.

Research

In addition to the research centres and institutes of the universities, there are several research institutions situated in the city of Regensburg. Among them are the Leibniz-Institute for East and Southeast European Studies (IOS), the Regensburg Centre for Interventional Immunology (RCI), the Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM) and the BioPark, the Bavarian biotech cluster.

Schools

There are eighteen elementary schools in Regensburg. The city also has several secondary education institutions, both public and private, representing all levels of the German school system. There are eight Gymnasien, five Realschulen, six Hauptschulen and four vocational schools (Berufsschulen). In addition, there are several folk high schools with different specialisations.

The SIS Swiss International School provides international educational. ^[45] Founded in 2002, the Sportinternat Regensburg was Europe's first baseball boarding school. ^[46]

Sports

Arena Regensburg football stadium

Football

SSV Jahn Regensburg is the local football club and attracts a fairly large local following. The team was part of a larger sports club founded in 1889 as Turnerbund Jahn Regensburg which took its name from Friedrich Ludwig Jahn, whose ideas of gymnastics greatly influenced German sport in the 19th century. The football department was created in 1907. The footballers and swimmers left their parent club in 1924 to form Sportbund Jahn Regensburg.

Ice hockey

EV Regensburg  [ de ] is the local ice hockey club, currently playing in the Oberliga Süd, Germany's third highest professional league.

Baseball

Regensburg Legionäre is the baseball and softball club from Regensburg. The team is also known as Buchbinder Legionäre, following a sponsorship of the Buchbinder company. The club plays in the German Bundesliga and is one of the most famous and most successful baseball clubs in Germany. Several players now in the MLB formerly played at the club. Its arena, Armin-Wolf-Arena, was built in 1996 and has a capacity of 10,000 spectators, making it to Germany's largest baseball stadium.

Athletics

The local athletics club, LG TELIS FINANZ Regensburg, offers a wide range of different competitions and is counted among the most successful clubs in Germany.

Notable people

Honorary photo for Pope Benedict XVI in Regensburg Cathedral

Johannes Kepler (1610)

• Pope Benedict XVI, professor of theology at the University of Regensburg from 1969 to 1977, who retains the title honorary professor; he is not a former resident of the city of Regensburg, but his house, less than 1 kilometer from the city, lies in Pentling in the district of Regensburg. He has been an honorary citizen since 2006
• The Princely House of Thurn und Taxis, a German noble family and one of Europe's largest landowners
• John of Austria (1547–)
• Joseph Hanisch, musician, composer and organist ^[47]
• Albrecht Altdorfer (printmaker, painter of landscapes, historical and Biblical subjects of the Renaissance)
• Benjamin Appl (born 1982), German-British lyric baritone
• Willie Duncan (Spider Murphy Gang)
• Ulrich Eberl, science and technology journalist
• The Rev. Dr. Franz Xaver Haberl, one of the most important Roman Catholic musicians in history, teacher of Perosi (see also Cecilian Movement)
• Johann Georg Gichtel (1638–1710), was a German mystic and religious leader who was a critic of Lutheranism ^[48]
• Johannes Kepler (mathematician and astronomer)
• Konrad of Megenberg, scholar and academic ^[49]
• Simone Laudehr (German national team footballer, women's world cup champion 2007)
• Albertus Magnus (13th century polymath)
• Judah ben Samuel of Regensburg, a 12th–13th century rabbi and mystic, founder of Chassidei Ashkenaz
• Maximilian Oberst, physician who introduced the Oberst method of block anesthesia
• Petachiah of Ratisbon, a 12th–13th century rabbi, best known for his extensive travels throughout Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, and the Middle East
• Elise Barensfeld (1796–after 1820), soprano
• Hisham Zreiq (born 1968), award-winning Palestinian Christian Independent filmmaker, poet and visual artist
• Walter Röhrl (born 1947), (racing driver)
• Saint Emmeram, Christian bishop and a martyr, St. Emmeram's Abbey
• Andrea Maria Schenkel (born 1962), best-selling author of Tannöd and other works
• Emanuel Schikaneder (Librettist of The Magic Flute)
• Oskar Schindler (1908–1974), German industrialist (after World War II until his emigration to Argentina)
• Ulrich Schmidl (supposed co-founder of Buenos Aires) ^{[ citation needed ]}
• Anton Vilsmeier (1894–1962), German chemist best known for the Vilsmeier-Haack reaction, born in Burgweinting, which is now part of Regensburg, and attended the Altes Gymnasium in Regensburg
• Charles von Hügel (1795–1870), Austrian army officer, diplomat, botanist, and explorer
• Ulrich of Zell, Cluniac reformer of Germany, abbot, founder and saint
• Wolfgang of Regensburg, Bishop of Regensburg
• Elisabeth Elli Erl, winner of German Pop Idol 2004 – singer and teacher at a German secondary school in Düsseldorf
• Ludwig Bemelmans (1898–1962), Austro-Hungarian born American writer of children's books and internationally renowned gourmet, spent his early life in Regensburg
• Anton Hackl (1915–1984), Luftwaffe Flying Ace
• Christian Jagodzinski, multimillionaire, entrepreneur, and investor; Co-founder of Telebuch.de which later became Amazon.com's presence in Germany; grew up in Regensburg, now Miami
• Allan Zeman (born 1949), Hong Kong businessman

Gallery

• 
  The Interior of Regensburg Cathedral
• 
  The Stone Bridge and Regensburg Cathedral by night
• 
  New Parish Church (Neupfarrkirche)
• 
  The romanic chapel St. George and Afra
• 
  The Danube seen from the Stone Bridge
• 
  The bay window of the Old Town Hall
• 
  Goliath House  [ de ]
• 
  Monument of Don Juan de Austria
• 
  St. Emmeram's Abbey
• 
  Dampfnudel bakery in the Baumburger Turm
• 
  The Stone Bridge
• 
  Little Boy (Bruckmandl) on the Stone Bridge
• 
  Old city gate

See also

• Germany portal

• History of the Jews in Regensburg
• List of mayors of Regensburg
• List of the prince-bishops and bishops of Regensburg
• Regensburg (district)

Notes

1. German: [ˈʁeːɡn̩sbʊʁk] ( listen ); historical English: Ratisbon ( /ˈrætɪsbɒn/ ); ^[3] Bavarian: Rengschburg or Rengschburch

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3. Noah Webster (1884) A Practical Dictionary of the English Language
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9. Herald of Destiny by Berel Wein. New York: Shaar Press, 1993, page 144.
10. Konstantin Moritz Langmaier: Eine Stadt organisiert eine Reichsversammlung. Die Vorbereitungen auf den großen Christentag in Regensburg und die Einzüge von Kardinallegat und Kaiser in die Reichsstadt (1471). Ein Beitrag zur spätmittelalterlichen Kulturgeschichte. In: Verhandlungen des Historischen Vereins für Oberpfalz und Regensburg. Band 161, 2021, 33–80.
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Sources

• David L. Sheffler, Schools and Schooling in Late Medieval Germany: Regensburg, 1250–1500 (Leiden, Brill, 2008) (Education and Society in the Middle Ages and Renaissance, 33).

External links

• Old town of Regensburg with Stadtamhof UNESCO Official Website
• Explore the Old town of Regensburg with Stadtamhof in the UNESCO collection on Google Arts and Culture
• Official website (in German)
• Virtual tour of Regensburg
• Stone Bridge of Regensburg Digital Media Archive (creative commons-licensed photos, laser scans, panoramas), mainly covering the medieval Stone Bridge but also including surrounding areas, with data from a Christofori und Partner/CyArk research partnership
• Regensburg – Pictures, Sights and more
• Great privilege for Regensburg by King Philip of Swabia for Regensburg from 1207 taken from the collections of the Lichtbildarchiv älterer Originalurkunden at Marburg University
• "Here Their Stories Will Be Told…" The Valley of the Communities at Yad Vashem, Regensburg, at Yad Vashem website.