Kristallnacht (German pronunciation:[kʁɪsˈtalnaχt]lit. 'crystal night') or the Night of Broken Glass, also called the November pogrom(s) (German: Novemberpogrome, pronounced[noˈvɛm.bɐ.poˌɡʁoːmə] ), was a pogrom against Jews carried out by the Nazi Party's Sturmabteilung (SA) and Schutzstaffel (SS) paramilitary forces along with some participation from the Hitler Youth and German civilians throughout Nazi Germany on 9–10 November 1938. The German authorities looked on without intervening. The euphemistic name Kristallnacht comes from the shards of broken glass that littered the streets after the windows of Jewish-owned stores, buildings, and synagogues were smashed. The pretext for the attacks was the assassination of the German diplomat Ernst vom Rath by Herschel Grynszpan, a 17-year-old German-born Polish Jew living in Paris.
Plauen is, with a population of around 65,000, the fifth-largest city of Saxony, Germany after Leipzig, Dresden, Chemnitz and Zwickau, the second-largest city of the Vogtland after Gera, as well as the largest city in the Saxon Vogtland. The city lies on the river White Elster, in the Central Vogtlandian Hill Country. Plauen is the southwesternmost city of a string of cities sitting in the densely populated foreland of the Elster and Ore Mountains, stretching from Plauen in the southwest via Zwickau, Chemnitz and Freiberg to Dresden in the northeast. It is the capital of the Vogtland District. Plauen borders Thuringia to the north, and it is also situated near the Saxon border with Bavaria (Franconia) and the Czech Republic (Bohemia).
The New Synagogue on Oranienburger Straße in Berlin is a mid-19th century synagogue built as the main place of worship for the city's Jewish community, succeeding the Old Synagogue which the community outgrew. Because of its eastern Moorish style and resemblance to the Alhambra, the New Synagogue is an important architectural monument in Germany.
Roonstrasse Synagogue is an Orthodox Jewish congregation and synagogue, located at 50 Roonstraße in Cologne, Germany. The synagogue is the only surviving of the five synagogues of Cologne before the Nazi era.
The Old Synagogue is a former [Reform Judaism|Reform]] Jewish congregation and synagogue, located at Steeler Straße 29, in Essen, in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. The former synagogue was repurposed in 1960 as a Jewish museum.
The Fasanenstrasse Synagogue was a former liberal Jewish congregation and synagogue, that was located at 79–80 Fasanenstrasse off Kurfürstendamm, in the affluent neighbourhood of Charlottenburg, in Berlin, Germany. Completed on 26 August 1912, the synagogue was located close to the Berlin Stadtbahn and Zoo Station.
Ohel Jakob Synagogue is a Jewish congregation and synagogue, located at the Sankt-Jakobs-Platz in Munich, Germany. It was built between 2004 and 2006 as the new main synagogue for the Jewish community in Munich and is located at the. The synagogue was inaugurated on 9 November 2006 on the 68th anniversary of the Kristallnacht.
The Stolp Synagogue was a former Jewish congregation and synagogue, located in Stolp, Germany, that is now Słupsk, in the Pomeranian Voivodeship of Poland.
Hainsfarth is a municipality in the district of Donau-Ries in Bavaria in Germany.
The Worms Synagogue, also known as Rashi Shul, is a Jewish congregation and synagogue located in the northern part of the city center of Worms, in the Rhineland-Palatinate region of Germany.
The history of the Jews in Regensburg, Germany reaches back over 1,000 years. The Jews of Regensburg are part of Bavarian Jewry; Regensburg was the capital of the Upper Palatinate and formerly a free city of the German empire. The great age of the Jewish community in this city is indicated by the tradition that a Jewish colony existed there before the common era; it is undoubtedly the oldest Jewish settlement in Bavaria of which any records exist.
The history of the Jews in Innsbruck dates back to the 13th century, where the Jewish community of Innsbruck was relatively small with many expulsions occurring over the centuries.
The Kassel Synagogue is the description given to a succession of prayer houses of the Jewish community in Kassel, Hesse.
The Spandau Synagogue was a former Orthodox Jewish congregation and synagogue, located at 12 Lindenufer, in the Old Town area of Spandau, Berlin, Germany.
The Jewish community of Oldenburg in northwest Germany was established as early as the 14th century. It has existed consecutively ever since, except for occasional deportations by the local rulers of the Duchy of Oldenburg and undetr the Holocaust, which annihilated the majority of Jews left in the city. Nevertheless, after the Holocaust, Jewish survivors returned and resettled in Oldenburg, in a community that now operates actively within the Central Council of Jews in Germany.
The Old Synagogue was a former Jewish congregation and synagogue, located in Dortmund, in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Completed in 1900, the synagogue was abandoned in 1933 and demolished in 1938. Prior to its abandonment, the synagogue was the largest synagogue and cultural center of the Jewish community in Dortmund.
The Rottweil Synagogue was a former Jewish congregation and synagogue, located in Rottweil, in the state of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Completed in 1861, the synagogue was destroyed by Nazis during Kristallnacht, on November 9, 1938. The desecrated synagogue is located in Kameralamtsgasse 6, former Judengasse, close to Kapellenkirche and next to Bischöfliches Konvikt and gymnasium. The building was used as the Hartmut Benk driving school up until 2019.
The Wittlich Synagogue was a synagogue built in 1909–1910 in Wittlich, Germany. The restored building still stands and is located on Himmeroder Straße 44.
The Fraenkelufer Synagogue is a Conservative congregation and synagogue located on Kottbusser Ufer 48–50, today's Fraenkelufer 10-16, in the Kreuzberg district of Berlin, Germany.
The New Synagogue of Graz is a Jewish congregation and synagogue, located on David-Herzog-Place, on the right bank of the Mur River in the Gries neighborhood, in the city of Graz, Austria. The synagogue serves the Jews of Graz, Styria, Carinthia, and southern parts of Burgenland.
