Kristallnacht (German pronunciation:[kʁɪsˈtalnaχt]lit. 'crystal night') or the Night of Broken Glass, also called the November pogrom(s) (German: Novemberpogrome, pronounced[noˈvɛm.bɐ.poˌɡʁoːmə] ), was a pogrom against Jews carried out by the Nazi Party's Sturmabteilung (SA) and Schutzstaffel (SS) paramilitary forces along with some participation from the Hitler Youth and German civilians throughout Nazi Germany on 9–10 November 1938. The German authorities looked on without intervening. The euphemistic name Kristallnacht comes from the shards of broken glass that littered the streets after the windows of Jewish-owned stores, buildings, and synagogues were smashed. The pretext for the attacks was the assassination of the German diplomat Ernst vom Rath by Herschel Grynszpan, a 17-year-old German-born Polish Jew living in Paris.
Prudnik is a town in southern Poland, located in the southern part of Opole Voivodeship near the border with the Czech Republic. It is the administrative seat of Prudnik County and Gmina Prudnik. Its population numbers 21,368 inhabitants (2016). Since 2015, Prudnik is a member of the Cittaslow International.
The New Synagogue on Oranienburger Straße in Berlin is a mid-19th century synagogue built as the main place of worship for the city's Jewish community, succeeding the Old Synagogue which the community outgrew. Because of its eastern Moorish style and resemblance to the Alhambra, the New Synagogue is an important architectural monument in Germany.
The Oświęcim Synagogue, also called the Auschwitz Synagogue, is the only active synagogue in the town of Oświęcim, Poland. The formal, as well as pre-war, name of the synagogue is Chevre Loymdei Mishnayos. It is now part of the Auschwitz Jewish Center, which includes a Jewish Museum, a cafe in the house of Shimson Kleuger and an education center.
The Fasanenstrasse Synagogue was a former liberal Jewish congregation and synagogue, that was located at 79–80 Fasanenstrasse off Kurfürstendamm, in the affluent neighbourhood of Charlottenburg, in Berlin, Germany. Completed on 26 August 1912, the synagogue was located close to the Berlin Stadtbahn and Zoo Station.
The Polnische Schul was an Orthodox Jewish synagogue, located in Leopoldsgasse, Vienna, Austria.
The Pazmanitentempel, also known as the Jubiläumstempel, was a Jewish synagogue, located at Pazmanitengasse 6, Leopoldstadt, in the 2nd district of Vienna, Austria. Completed in 1913, the synagogue was destroyed on Kristallnacht in 1938.
Ohel Jakob Synagogue is a Jewish congregation and synagogue, located at the Sankt-Jakobs-Platz in Munich, Germany. It was built between 2004 and 2006 as the new main synagogue for the Jewish community in Munich and is located at the. The synagogue was inaugurated on 9 November 2006 on the 68th anniversary of the Kristallnacht.
The Great Synagogue, was a synagogue of the Jewish Community of Danzig in the city of Danzig, Germany. It was built in 1885–1887 on Reitbahnstraße, now Bogusławski Street. It was the largest synagogue in the city, and was demolished by the Free City authorities in May 1939.
The Regensburg Synagogue is an Orthodox Jewish congregation and synagogue, located in Regensburg, in Bavaria, southern Germany. Synagogues were completed in 1227, 1841 and again in 1912; each destroyed; most recently by Nazis on November 9, 1938, during Kristallnacht.
The New Synagogue was a former Reform Jewish congregation and synagogue, located in Oppeln, Germany. The synagogue was destroyed by Nazis on November 9, 1938, during Kristallnacht.
The Stolp Synagogue was a former Jewish congregation and synagogue, located in Stolp, Germany, that is now Słupsk, in the Pomeranian Voivodeship of Poland.
Bytom Synagogue or Beuthen Synagogue was a synagogue in Beuthen, in the Prussian Province of Silesia, a border–town between Germany and the Second Polish Republic prior to German invasion of Poland in World War II. After the plebiscite of 1922, the border passed just east of Beuthen, so that neighboring Katowice was in Poland.
The Königsberg Synagogue, called at the time, the New Synagogue, was a former Orthodox Jewish congregation and synagogue, located in Königsberg in Prussia, East Prussia, Germany.
The Wörlitz Synagogue is a former Jewish congregation and synagogue built in 1790 by order of Duke Leopold III of Anhalt-Dessau. It is located within the Dessau-Wörlitz Garden Realm, a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2000.
The White Stork Synagogue is a nineteenth-century synagogue in Wrocław, Poland. Rededicated in 2010 after a decade-long renovation, it is the religious and cultural centre of the local Jewish community, under the auspices of the Union of Jewish Religious Communities in Poland. It is the only synagogue in Wrocław to have survived the Holocaust.
The Jewish Community of Gdańsk dates back to at least the 15th century though for many centuries it was separated from the rest of the city. Under Polish rule, Jews acquired limited rights in the city in the 16th and 17th centuries and after the city's 1793 incorporation into Prussia the community largely assimilated to German culture. In the 1920s, during the period of the Free City of Danzig, the number of Jews increased significantly and the city acted as a transit point for Jews leaving Eastern Europe for the United States and Canada. Antisemitism existed among German nationalists and the persecution of Jews in the Free City intensified after the Nazis came to power in 1933. During World War II and the Holocaust the majority of the community either emigrated or were murdered. Since the fall of communism Jewish property has been returned to the community, and an annual festival, the Baltic Days of Jewish Culture, has taken place since 1999.
The Spandau Synagogue was a former Orthodox Jewish congregation and synagogue, located at 12 Lindenufer, in the Old Town area of Spandau, Berlin, Germany.
The Synagogue of Kłodzko was located in Kłodzko, in Kłodzko County in Lower Silesia, Poland. The synagogue was built 1884–1885 on the Grünestraße, now Wojska Polskiego Street, but was destroyed in 1938 during the Nazi Kristallnacht anti-Jewish pogrom.
The Grand Synagogue of Nuremberg was a former Reform Jewish congregation and synagogue, located in Nuremberg, in the state of Bavaria, Germany.
