Bauhaus and its Sites in Weimar, Dessau and Bernau

Last updated
Bauhaus and its Sites in Weimar, Dessau and Bernau
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Bauhaus Dessau.jpg
Bauhaus Dessau building
Location Germany
Criteria Cultural: ii, iv, vi
Reference 729
Inscription1996 (20th Session)
Extensions2017 (41st Session)
Germany adm location map.svg
Red pog.svg
Weimar
Red pog.svg
Dessau
Red pog.svg
Bernau

Bauhaus and its Sites in Weimar, Dessau and Bernau is a World Heritage Site in Germany, comprising six separate sites which are associated with the Bauhaus art school. It was designated in 1996 with four initial sites, and in 2017 two further sites were added. [1]

Contents

The Bauhaus was only in operation from 1919 until 1933 and it educated no more than 1,250 students, of whom only 155 actually graduated with a Bauhaus Diploma. [2] [3] Nevertheless, the school revolutionized 20th century architectural and aesthetic thinking and practice. [1]

"[The] buildings designed by the masters of the Bauhaus are fundamental representatives of Classical Modernism... For this reason, they are important monuments not only for art and culture, but also for the historic ideas of the 20th century." – Application for the extension of the UNESCO World Heritage Bauhaus and its Sites in Weimar and Dessau, German delegation to UNESCO, December 2015. [1]

Weimar

Bauhaus campus, Weimar

A studio, former main Bauhaus Weimar building, built 1904-11 Weimar Germany Bauhaus-University-02.jpg
A studio, former main Bauhaus Weimar building, built 1904–11

The Bauhaus was founded in Weimar in 1919 by Walter Gropius and remained there until 1925 when it moved to Dessau due to political pressure. [4] It was housed in two neighbouring buildings that had previously been two separate art schools, both designed in the Art Nouveau style by Henry van de Velde. These are:

The Van de Velde building has reconstructed murals by Oskar Schlemmer, originally created for the 1923 Bauhaus exhibition, and it is noted for the unconventional lighting of its central stairwell. [5]

The Main Building was restored by the German architect Thomas van den Valentyn in 1999. It has a sinuous, elliptical Art Nouveau main staircase. Walter Gropius' former office has been refitted with reconstructed furniture, fittings, and carpets. [6] [3]

After the Bauhaus in Weimar closed, the buildings were used by a number of successor arts-related educational institutions. Today, after various mergers, restructurings, and renamings, the present day Bauhaus-Universität Weimar, founded in 1996, operates on the former Bauhaus site, teaching art, design, and technology-related courses. [4]

The site was included in the World Heritage Site in 1996. The buildings operate as a teaching facility, but tours of the exterior and interior of the site are offered by the Bauhaus University Weimar. [7]

Haus am Horn

Haus am Horn, Weimar, built 1923 Haus am Horn, Weimar (Sudwestansicht).jpg
Haus am Horn, Weimar, built 1923

The Haus am Horn is a domestic house made of concrete and steel built for the first exhibition of work by the Bauhaus in 1923. The building was based on designs by Georg Muche, a painter and teacher at the school. It was the first building based entirely on Bauhaus design principles and it presented a revolutionary prototype for modern living. [8] [1]

In keeping with the Bauhaus philosophy of learning by practical experience, a number of staff and students were involved with the project, including Marcel Breuer, who was then a student, Alma Siedhoff-Buscher and László Moholy-Nagy. Every piece of furniture, including the lighting, was made in the Bauhaus workshops. [8] [9]

It was included in the World Heritage site in 1996. Since August 2017 the building has been owned by the Klassik Stiftung Weimar. In 2018–19 the house was closed to the public for a major restoration. It was reopened on 18 May 2019. [10] [11]

Dessau

Bauhaus Dessau building

The student accommodation wing, Bauhaus Dessau 6252 Dessau.JPG
The student accommodation wing, Bauhaus Dessau

The Bauhaus Dessau is one of the iconic buildings of the 20th century. It was designed by Walter Gropius and was officially opened on 4 December 1926, having taken just over a year to build. [12] It is "regarded as a 'built manifesto' of the Bauhaus's ideas, in which the functionality and aesthetics of the design coalesce to form a single entity". [13]

The building was commissioned by the city of Dessau, who financed the project and provided the building plot. The plans were drafted by Gropius's architectural firm as the Bauhaus did not have its own architecture department until 1927, but the interior fittings were made in the Bauhaus workshops. [14]

Gropius was required to incorporate two schools into the building; the Bauhaus design school and a municipal vocational school. [13] The building consists of several interconnecting wings which are positioned asymmetrically. These are: a three-storey workshop wing; a three-storey vocational school; a two-storey administration wing; an auditorium, stage and cafeteria, and a five-story studio wing. The facade is characterised by the use of non-load-bearing glass curtain walls, a further development to that used in the Fagus Factory, built 1911–1913, which Gropius and Adolf Meyer designed. [12] [14] Construction features such as columns and supporting joists can be seen in the interior of the building. [13]

The five-storey studio wing, the "Prellerhaus", with 28 studio flats, each 20 m2, provided accommodation for students and junior masters. Bathroom and kitchen facilities were communal and there was a shared roof terrace. Sixteen of the studios had small balconies, whose regular symmetry characterises this wing of the building. [14] [3] Women lived on the first floor, the "ladies floor", whose residents included Gertrud Arndt, Marianne Brandt, Gunta Stölzl and Anni Albers. [15] There were 140 students in total, so most of them had to seek accommodation in the inner city area of Dessau. In 1930, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, then the Bauhaus director, converted some studios into classrooms. The building was renovated in 2006 to return it to its original layout. The studios are now let as tourist accommodation. [3] [16]

Due to political pressure, the Bauhaus Dessau closed in 1932 and Mies van der Rohe set up a privately funded Bauhaus in Berlin, although this also closed after less than a year. [3] The Bauhaus building in Dessau was used as a school for teaching women cooking and sewing, and just before the beginning of World War II in 1939, it became a training school for officers of the Nazi Party. [12] In 1941 it housed the press department of the aircraft manufacturer Junkers. [13] In 1945 the school was damaged in an air raid. After the war it was partially repaired to make it usable as an educational institution, but without respect to the integrity of the building. [12] It was not until 1972 that the East German government had the building listed as an historical monument. It underwent a restoration, led by Konrad Püschel, an architect who had trained at the Bauhaus. [17] The glass curtain walling, auditorium, stage and cafeteria were restored. [13] On 2 December 1976, 50 years after it first opened, the building was officially reopened for use as a science and culture centre, which included a collection of items from Bauhaus. Eighteen former Bauhaus students attended the ceremony. [18]

Bauhaus Dessau Foundation was founded in 1994 to research and preserve the heritage of the Bauhaus. The building was inscribed as part of the World Heritage site in 1996, after which extensive renovations were carried out. These were completed in 2006. [14] [1]

Today the north wing of the complex, where the vocational school was, is used by the Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, whose Dessau campus is next to the Bauhaus site. [19] [20] The Bauhaus Dessau Foundation uses the rest of the building for its administration; housing a museum, a shop and the restored cafeteria; letting out the former student rooms as tourist accommodation; and hiring out other areas of the building, such as the auditorium, for seminars and conventions. [21]

Meisterhäuser

Street view of the Kandinsky / Klee semi-detached houses Meisterhaus Kadinsky-Klee 2004.jpg
Street view of the Kandinsky / Klee semi-detached houses
Structure built in 2014 in the form of the destroyed director's house (the 'Gropius House') 6361 Dessau.JPG
Structure built in 2014 in the form of the destroyed director's house (the 'Gropius House')

The Meisterhäuser (Masters' houses) are a group of seven flat-roofed, cubic modernist houses about 600 metres from the Bauhaus Dessau building, designed by Walter Gropius for the senior staff of the Bauhaus. They were built in 1925–26 on commission from city of Dessau. They consisted of three pairs of semi-detached houses, and a detached house at the end of the row for Gropius, the school director. [22] The houses were built within a small pine wood, with the aim of respecting the character of the landscape. [22] The houses were spacious; the detached director's house was 350 m2, and others were over 250 m2. They had terraces and studios, as the artist-teachers were expected to work from home as well as on the school premises. In each semi-detached pair, the houses have the same layout, but they are turned at a 90 degree angle from each other, so they do not look symmetrical from the street. [23]

Along with their families, the original residents were: Lyonel Feininger and László Moholy-Nagy who lived next door to Gropius (although Feininger never taught at the Bauhaus in Dessau); Oskar Schlemmer and Georg Muche lived in the next pair of houses; Wassily Kandinsky and Paul Klee lived in the last pair. [23] Gropius and Maholy-Nagy fitted out their houses entirely with furniture designed by Marcel Breuer. Later residents included Hannes Meyer, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Josef and Anni Albers, Hinnerk Scheper and Alfred and Gertrud Arndt. [22]

From 1932, when the Bauhaus in Dessau closed, the houses were rented out to other tenants. [22] In 1945, towards the end of World War II, the director's house and one wing of the neighbouring house, where Maholy-Nagy had lived, were destroyed in an air raid. In 1948 a standard suburban house was built on the site of the director's house. The other houses were occupied, but they were altered and eventually fell into considerable disrepair. [12]

The Meisterhäuser were restored in 1992 and added to the World Heritage site in 1996. [1] [22] The house built on the site of the director's house was pulled down in 2011. In 2014, in order to restore the original rhythm and form of the whole Meisterhäuser ensemble, structures which represent the form of the former director's house and the Maholy-Nagy house were built on sites of the destroyed buildings. [24] These were designed by the architectural firm Bruno Fioretti Marquez, with the interior layout by the artist Olaf Nicolai. [25] The interiors of these structures are used as exhibition spaces, with information about the history of the site. [3] These and the other houses, which are open to the public, are managed by the Bauhaus Dessau Foundation. The Feininger house is the base of the Kurt Weill Centre, which promotes the work of the composer Kurt Weill, who came from Dessau. [22]

In 1932 the Trinkhalle kiosk  [ de ], a refreshment kiosk, designed by Mies van der Rohe, was built on the corner of the director's house site and was integrated into a two-metre wall surrounding the property. It survived the war but was pulled down in 1962. In 2014 the wall and the kiosk were rebuilt and from 2016 it resumed its former function selling drinks and snacks to the public. [26]

From 2016 to 2019 the Kandinsky/Klee houses were closed for a major restoration carried out by the Wüstenrot Foundation  [ de ], to completely restore the interior of the houses, with a particular focus on recreating the original colour schemes. [22] They were reopened on 17 April 2019. The restoration cost about 1.5 million Euros and involved detailed scientific analysis of traces of original paints. Over 100 colours were recreated. [27]

Laubenganghäuser

One of the "Houses with Balcony Access" apartment blocks Laubenganghaus1.JPG
One of the "Houses with Balcony Access" apartment blocks

The Laubenganghäuser ('Houses with Balcony Access') are five blocks of apartment buildings, providing a total of 90 flats, in south Dessau which were built in 1930. They were designed by Hannes Meyer, who was then director of the Bauhaus. [28] [29]

They were built as social housing, with each 47 m2 (510 sq ft) apartment expected to house a family of up to four people, following Meyer's motto Volksbedarf statt Luxusbedarf ("People's needs rather than luxury consumption"). [30]

A key part of the design was to use all materials sparingly to save costs and to design the interiors to utilise the small space as effectively as possible. Even the door handles were designed so as to use a minimum amount of metal. The balconies were intended not only to provide economical and space saving access to the apartments, but to also facilitate social interaction between residents. The apartments all had central heating and bathrooms with terrazzo flooring and enamel baths, and were considered well appointed for social housing of the time. [30]

The apartments were built for the Dessauer Spar- und Baugenossenschaft, a housing cooperative. It ordered the work at the beginning of 1930 and all five buildings were already finished by August of the same year. The construction costs were RM 8,000 per apartment. Although the co-operative wanted the apartments to be inexpensive, it also wanted them to be well equipped and reasonably comfortable. The rent was to be controlled so that it was no more than a quarter of the occupant's income. [29]

All five apartment blocks still exist and they are still used as social housing. They were restored in the mid-1990s under historic protection criteria. Today they are owned and managed by the housing cooperative Wohnungsgenossenschaft Dessau eG. [29] One apartment is restored to its original design and is open to the public. [30]

The Laubenganghäuser were inscribed as part of the World Heritage Site in July 2017. [1]

Bernau

Restored dining room, Meyer-Wittwer Building, ADGB Trade Union School Bernau ADGB-Schule Meyer-Wittwer-Bau Speisesaal.jpg
Restored dining room, Meyer-Wittwer Building, ADGB Trade Union School

The ADGB Trade Union School in Bernau bei Berlin is a training centre campus built 1928–1930. It was designed by Hannes Meyer and Hans Wittwer in collaboration with Bauhaus students. It was constructed for the former Federation of German Trade Unions and it included seminar rooms, a dining hall, accommodation for trainees and teachers, sports facilities, and a library. [31] [32]

It is a textbook example of Bauhaus functionalist architecture, both in the finished product and in the analytical and collaborative approach used develop the design and complete the project. Next to the Bauhaus Dessau building, it was the second largest project ever undertaken by the Bauhaus. [33] [34]

It was designed to harmonise with the wooded, sloping site it occupies. The architectural historian Winfried Nerdinger described it as a "masterpiece of poetic functionalism". [33]

The school opened on 4 May 1930. It could accommodate 120 trainees. [35]

The complex has had various uses, including being the Reich Leadership School, where elite members of the Gestapo and SS were trained from 1933 until the end of World War II. It was restored between 2005 and 2007, and since then it has been used as an education centre by the Handwerkskammer Berlin (Berlin Chamber of Skilled Crafts). In 2008 the architects Brenne Gesellschaft von Architekten won the World Monuments Fund / Knoll Modernism prize for the restoration. [36]

ADGB Trade Union School was inscribed as part of the World Heritage Site in July 2017. [1] The complex is not open to the general public, but the Stiftung Baudenkmal Bundeschule Bernau runs guided tours of the school in German. [37]

Further reading

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bauhaus</span> German art school and art movement

The Staatliches Bauhaus, commonly known as the Bauhaus, was a German art school operational from 1919 to 1933 that combined crafts and the fine arts. The school became famous for its approach to design, which attempted to unify individual artistic vision with the principles of mass production and emphasis on function. Along with the doctrine of functionalism, the Bauhaus initiated the conceptual understanding of architecture and design.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Walter Gropius</span> German-American architect (1883–1969)

Walter Adolph Georg Gropius was a German-American architect and founder of the Bauhaus School, who, along with Alvar Aalto, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Le Corbusier and Frank Lloyd Wright, is widely regarded as one of the pioneering masters of modernist architecture. He was a founder of Bauhaus in Weimar (1919). Gropius was also a leading architect of the International Style.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dessau</span> Stadtteil of Dessau-Roßlau in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany

Dessau is a district of the independent city of Dessau-Roßlau in Saxony-Anhalt at the confluence of the rivers Mulde and Elbe, in the Bundesland of Saxony-Anhalt. Until 1 July 2007, it was an independent city. The population of Dessau is 67,747.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">International Style</span> 20th-century modern architectural style

The International Style or internationalism is a major architectural style that was developed in the 1920s and 1930s and was closely related to modernism and modernist architecture. It was first defined by Museum of Modern Art curators Henry-Russell Hitchcock and Philip Johnson in 1932, based on works of architecture from the 1920s. The terms rationalist architecture and modern movement are often used interchangeably with International Style, although the former is mostly used in the English-speaking world to specifically refer to the Italian rationalism, or even the International Style that developed in Europe as a whole.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bauhaus University, Weimar</span> Public university in Weimar, Germany

The Bauhaus-Universität Weimar is a university located in Weimar, Germany, and specializes in the artistic and technical fields. Established in 1860 as the Great Ducal Saxon Art School, it gained collegiate status on 3 June 1910. In 1919 the school was renamed Bauhaus by its new director Walter Gropius and it received its present name in 1996. There are more than 4000 students enrolled, with the percentage of international students above the national average at around 27%. In 2010 the Bauhaus-Universität Weimar commemorated its 150th anniversary as an art school and college in Weimar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hannes Meyer</span> Swiss architect (1889–1954)

Hans Emil "Hannes" Meyer was a Swiss architect and second director of the Bauhaus Dessau from 1928 to 1930.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bernau bei Berlin</span> Town in Brandenburg, Germany

Bernau bei Berlin is a town in the Barnim district in Brandenburg in eastern Germany, located about 10 km (6.2 mi) northeast of Berlin.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lucia Moholy</span> Austrian-born photographer and editor (1894–1989)

Lucia Moholy was a photographer and publications editor. Her photos documented the architecture and products of the Bauhaus, and introduced their ideas to a post-World War II audience. However Moholy was seldom credited for her work, which was often attributed to her husband László Moholy-Nagy or to Walter Gropius.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Weissenhof Estate</span> UNESCO World Heritage Site in Baden-Württemberg, Germany

The Weissenhof Estate is a housing estate built for the 1927 Deutscher Werkbund exhibition in Stuttgart, Germany. It was an international showcase of modern architecture's aspiration to provide cheap, simple, efficient, and good-quality housing.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haus am Horn</span> Bauhaus-style building in Weimar

The Haus am Horn is a domestic house in Weimar, Germany, designed by Georg Muche. It was built for the Bauhaus Werkschau exhibition which ran from July to September 1923. It was the first building based on Bauhaus design principles, which revolutionized 20th century architectural and aesthetic thinking and practice.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bauhaus Dessau</span> Historic building in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany

Bauhaus Dessau, also Bauhaus-Building Dessau, is a building-complex in Dessau-Roßlau. It is considered the pinnacle of pre-war modern design in Europe and originated out of the dissolution of the Weimar School and the move by local politicians to reconcile the city's industrial character with its cultural past.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Berlin Modernism Housing Estates</span> Subsidised housing estates

Berlin Modernism Housing Estates is a World Heritage Site designated in 2008, comprising six separate subsidized housing estates in Berlin. Dating mainly from the years of the Weimar Republic (1919–1933), when the city of Berlin was particularly progressive socially, politically and culturally, they are outstanding examples of the building reform movement that contributed to improving housing and living conditions for people with low incomes through innovative approaches to architecture and urban planning. The estates also provide exceptional examples of new urban and architectural typologies, featuring fresh design solutions, as well as technical and aesthetic innovations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Grand-Ducal Saxon Art School, Weimar</span> Former art school in Weimar, Germany

The Grand-Ducal Saxon Art School, Weimar was founded on 1 October 1860, in Weimar, Germany, by a decree of Charles Alexander, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach. It existed until 1910, when it merged with several other art schools to become the Großherzoglich Sächsische Hochschule für Bildende Kunst. It should not be confused with the Weimar Princely Free Drawing School, which existed from 1776 to 1930 and, after 1860, served as a preparatory school.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bauhaus Dessau Foundation</span> German experimental design nonprofit organization

The Bauhaus Dessau Foundation is a nonprofit organization devoted to research and teaching in the field of experimental design. It was founded by the German Federal Government in 1994 and is based in the Bauhaus Dessau building in the state of Saxony-Anhalt. Its staff includes architects, town planners, sociologists, cultural scientists, artists, and art historians.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Klassik Stiftung Weimar</span> Cultural institution in Weimar, Germany

The Klassik Stiftung Weimar is one of the largest and most significant cultural institutions in Germany. It owns more than 20 museums, palaces, historic houses and parks, as well as literary and art collections, a number of which are World Heritage Sites.

Theodore Lukas Feininger was a German-American painter, avant-garde photographer, author, and art teacher who was born in Berlin to Julia Berg, née Lilienfeld, and Lyonel Feininger, an American living in Germany from the age of sixteen. His father was appointed as the Master of the Printing Workingshop at the newly formed Bauhaus art school in Weimar by Walter Gropius in 1919. He had two older full brothers, namely Andreas Feininger, and Laurence Feininger, as well as two half sisters, even older, including Lore Feininger, by Clara Fürst and his father.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">ADGB Trade Union School</span> Training centre complex in Bernau bei Berlin, Germany

The ADGB Trade Union School, is a training centre complex in Bernau bei Berlin, Germany. It was built for the former General German Trade Union Federation, from 1928 to 1930. It is a textbook example of Bauhaus functionalist architecture, both in the finished product and in the analytical and collaborative approach used to develop the design and complete the project. Next to the Bauhaus Dessau building, it was the second-largest project ever undertaken by the Bauhaus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Edmund Collein</span>

Edmund Collein was an East German architect and urban planner. He is also known for his photography while studying at the Bauhaus art school.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alma Siedhoff-Buscher</span> German designer (1899–1944)

Alma Siedhoff-Buscher, born Alma Buscher, was a German designer. She trained at the Reimann School in Berlin, the Unterrichtsanstalt des Kunstgewerbemuseums Berlin and the Bauhaus.

Friedrich Konrad Püschel was a German architect, town planner and university professor who was educated at the Bauhaus design school. He worked in East Germany, the Soviet Union and North Korea.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Bauhaus and its Sites in Weimar, Dessau and Bernau". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. Retrieved 29 December 2018.
  2. ↑ Arts in Exil. Objects. Konrad Püschel:List of Names Archived 2021-05-27 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 24 April 2019
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Knorr, Susan; Kern, Ingolf; Welzbacher, Christian (2012) Bauhaus Reisebuch, Bonn: Dumont
  4. 1 2 Bauhaus-Universität Weimar. History. Retrieved 29 December 2019
  5. 1 2 Bauhaus-Universität Weimar. Van de Velde Building. Retrieved 29 December 2019
  6. 1 2 Bauhaus-Universität Weimar. Main Building. Retrieved 2 January 2019
  7. ↑ Bauhaus University Weimar. Bauhaus Walk. Retrieved 29 December 2018
  8. 1 2 Klassik Stiftung Weimar. Haus am Horn Archived 2018-11-24 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 24 November 2018
  9. ↑ Bauhaus100. Alma Siedhoff-Buscher Archived 2020-05-03 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 24 November 2018
  10. ↑ Bauhaus University Weimar. Freundekskreis. Haus am Horn.. Retrieved 25 November 2018
  11. ↑ Klassik Stifftung Weimar. Haus Am Horn ab 18. Mai 2019 wiedereröffnet. Retrieved 24 May 2019
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 Charrier, Julie (director) (2000) Architectures – Le Bauhaus de Dessau (Das Bauhaus von Dessau). Arte / French ministry of culture and communication / Centre Pompidou. (YouTube 28 min.). Retrieved 30 December 2018
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 Markgraf, Monika (ed.) (2017) Bauhaus World Heritage Site. Leipzig: Spector Books
  14. 1 2 3 4 Bauhaus Dessau Foundation. The Bauhaus building by Walter Gropius (1925–26) Archived 2018-12-28 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 29 December 2019
  15. ↑ Architectuul. Bauhaus Prellerhaus. Retrieved 30 December 2018
  16. ↑ Bauhaus Dessau. Sleeping at the Bauhaus. Retrieved 30 December 2018
  17. ↑ Püschel, Konrad (1997) Wege eines Bauhäuslers. Dessau: Anhaltische Verlagsgesellschaft mbH
  18. ↑ Sack, M. (10 December 1976) Feier ohne Fest: Die DDR erinnert sich an ein Stück deutscher Vergangenheit in Die Zeit
  19. ↑ Wikiarquitectura. Bauhaus building in Dessau. Retrieved 30 December 2018
  20. ↑ Hochschule Anhalt. Campus. Retrieved 30 December 2016
  21. ↑ Bauhaus Dessau Foundation. Service. Retrieved 30 December 2018
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Bauhaus Dessau. Masters' houses by Walter Gropius (1925–26). Retrieved 29 December 2018
  23. 1 2 Lorch, Catrin (8 August 2019) "Gemälde in drei Dimensionen" in Süddeutsche Zeitung (Feuillteton, p.9)
  24. ↑ Bauahus Dessau. New Masters' Houses. Retrieved 29 December 2018
  25. ↑ Ranke, Lydia (writer/director) (2019) BauhausWorld: Der Code – 100 Jahre Bauhaus. Deutsche Welle. YouTube (42:30 min). Retrieved 6 April 2019
  26. ↑ Bauhaus Dessau. Kiosk, Mies van der Rohe (1932). Retrieved 29 December 2018
  27. ↑ "Kandinsky und Klee: Saniertes Meisterhaus wiedereröffnet" in Zeit Online , 17 April 2019. Retrieved 9 August 2019
  28. ↑ Bauhaus Dessau. Laubenganghäuser von Hannes Meyer (1929–30). Retrieved 23 November 2018
  29. 1 2 3 Wohnungsgenossenschaft Dessau. Laubenganghäuser – UNESCO Welterbestätte Bauhaus. Retrieved 29 December 2018
  30. 1 2 3 Dr. Helga Huskamp (ed.) (2017) Bauhaus Dessau. Talks. Houses with Balcony Access. Film 7:30 min. Retrieved 29 December 2018
  31. ↑ Bauhaus100.Hans Wittwer. Retrieved 23 November 2018
  32. ↑ Stiftung Baudenkmal Bundesschule Bernau. Bedeutung Archived 2020-01-04 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 23 November 2018
  33. 1 2 Architectuul: ADGB trade union school (2013). Retrieved 27 October 2016
  34. ↑ Bauhaus100. The “School in the Woods” as a Socio-pedagogical Ideal . Retrieved 17 April 2019
  35. ↑ History. Bauhaus trade union school Archived 2019-08-12 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 23 November 2018
  36. ↑ World Monuments Fund / Knoll Modernism Prize brochure (pdf) (2008). Retrieved 15 November 2016
  37. ↑ Führung im UNESCO-Welterbe Bauhaus Denkmal Bundesschule Bernau Archived 2019-04-28 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 28 April 2019.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.