Walter Adolph Georg Gropius was a German-American architect and founder of the Bauhaus School, who, along with Alvar Aalto, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Le Corbusier and Frank Lloyd Wright, is widely regarded as one of the pioneering masters of modernist architecture. He is a founder of Bauhaus in Weimar (1919). Gropius was also a leading architect of the International Style.
The International Style or internationalism is a major architectural style that was developed in the 1920s and 1930s and was closely related to modernism and modernist architecture. It was first defined by Museum of Modern Art curators Henry-Russell Hitchcock and Philip Johnson in 1932, based on works of architecture from the 1920s. The terms rationalist architecture and modern movement are often used interchangeably with International Style, although the former is mostly used in the English-speaking world to specifically refer to the Italian rationalism, or even the International Style that developed in Europe as a whole.
The year 1938 in architecture involved some significant events.
Marcel Lajos Breuer, was a Hungarian American modernist architect and furniture designer. He moved to the United States in 1937 and became a naturalized American citizen in 1944.
The London-based Isokon firm was founded in 1929 by the English entrepreneur Jack Pritchard and the Canadian architect Wells Coates to design and construct modernist houses and flats, and furniture and fittings for them. Originally called Wells Coates and Partners, the name was changed in 1931 to Isokon, a name derived from Isometric Unit Construction, bearing an allusion to Russian Constructivism.
The Gropius House is a historic house museum owned by Historic New England at 68 Baker Bridge Road in Lincoln, Massachusetts, United States. It was the family residence of Modernist architect Walter Gropius, his wife Ise Gropius, and their daughter Ati Gropius. The house was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2000 for its association with Walter Gropius, as he was an influential teacher and leader of Modernist architecture. The house includes a collection of Bauhaus-related materials unparalleled outside Germany.
Six Moon Hill is a residential neighborhood and historic district of mid-century modern houses in Lexington, Massachusetts.
Eliot Fette Noyes was an American architect and industrial designer, who worked on projects for IBM, most notably the IBM Selectric typewriter and the IBM Aerospace Research Center in Los Angeles, California. Noyes was also a pioneer in development of comprehensive corporate-wide design programs that integrated design strategy and business strategy. Noyes worked on corporate imagery for IBM, Mobil Oil, Cummins Engine and Westinghouse.
John MacLane Johansen was an American architect and a member of the Harvard Five. Johansen took an active role in the modern movement.
The Woods End Road Historic District is a residential historic district at 68 Baker Bridge Rd., 1, 5, 9, and 10 Woods End Road in Lincoln, Massachusetts. The district consists of five houses, one of which is Colonial Revival in style, and the other four are in International Style. Helen Storrow, a wealthy philanthropist who owned the land, also funded the construction of the houses, which were among the earliest of their style to be built in the United States.
John Fitzgerald Kennedy Federal Building is a United States federal government office building located in the Government Center area of Boston, Massachusetts, adjacent to City Hall Plaza and diagonally across from Boston City Hall. An example of 1960s modern architecture, and designed by Walter Gropius and The Architects Collaborative with Samuel Glaser, it is a complex that consists of two offset 26-floor towers that sit on-axis to each other and a low rise building of four floors that connects to the two towers through an enclosed glass corridor. The two towers stand at a height of 387 feet (118 m). The complex was built in 1963-1966. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2021.
The Alan I W Frank House is a private residence in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, designed by Bauhaus founder Walter Gropius and partner Marcel Breuer, two of the pioneering masters of 20th-century architecture and design. This spacious, multi-level residence, its furnishings and landscaping were all created by Gropius and Breuer as a 'Total Work of Art.' In size and completeness, it is unrivaled. It was their most important residential commission, and it is virtually the same today as when it was built in 1939–40, original and authentic.
Waldenmark, also known as the Edward Fischer House, is a historic house, studio, garage, and guesthouse located in Wrightstown Township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania. The house, studio, and garage were designed by architects Walter Gropius and Marcel Breuer and built in 1939. The guesthouse was completed in 1948 and designed by Breuer. The main house is a two-level, flat roofed dwelling in the International Style. It is a frame structure with redwood and stone sections. It features curved walls, ribbon windows, and a freeform stone patio. The studio is a frame structure with redwood siding with a saltbox and shed roof profile. The guesthouse is a long two-story building with a cantilevered second floor and uneven gable roof. The complex was built for artist Edward L. Fischer and his wife Margrit, who were friends of Gropius and Breuer through Bauhaus.
William W. Landsberg was a Brooklyn-born modernist architect who designed dozens of homes, synagogues, and commercial buildings in the New York metropolitan area in the 50s and 60s. Landsberg studied at the Harvard Graduate School of Design under Marcel Breuer and Walter Gropius. He worked for both after graduation.
William Landsberg House is a historic home located on a hill in a wooded area of the Incorporated Village of Baxter Estates in Nassau County, New York. It was designed by architect William Landsberg for himself and his family.
The Julian Street Jr. residence is an early Modernist fieldstone house in Briarcliff Manor, New York. The house was designed by the New York architect Wallace K. Harrison for Julian Street Jr. and his wife, Narcissa, in 1938. Harrison, primarily known as a monuments architect through his works in New York City like Rockefeller Center and the United Nations complex, also designed a few private residences. Harrison designed and built the residence at 710 Long Hill Road West as an unconventional experiment in the early Modernist architecture that was just being introduced in America during the late 1930s.
Torin Building is a heritage-listed former factory and now factory and office space located at 26 Coombes Drive in the western Sydney suburb of Penrith in the City of Penrith local government area of New South Wales, Australia. It was designed by Marcel Breuer and built from 1975 to 1976. It is also known as the Former Torin Corporation Building and Breuer Building. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 15 May 2009.
The Marcel Breuer House II, also known as the New Canaan Breuer House I, is a historic house at 122 Sunset Hill Road in New Canaan, Connecticut. Built in 1947, it was designed by architect Marcel Breuer as a home for his family. It is an important early example of his Modern Movement designs, with a cantilevered design featuring glass and stone finishes. The house, occupied by his family for just four years, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010.
The Ariston Club is a building in Mar del Plata, Argentina designed by Marcel Breuer. It is part of the Modern Movement, and complies with four of the five Le Corbusier's Points of Architecture: pilotis, free designing of the floor plan, free designing of the façade, horizontal windows.
