Historical urban community sizes

Last updated

This article lists historical urban community sizes based on the estimated populations of selected human settlements from 7000 BC – AD 1875, organized by archaeological periods.

Contents

Many of the figures are uncertain, especially in ancient times. Estimating population sizes before censuses were conducted is a difficult task. [1]

Neolithic settlements

TownLocation7000 BC6000 BC5000 BC4000 BC3800 BC3700 BC
'Ain Ghazal Jordan2,501 [2]
Beidha Jordan1,000 [3]
Çatalhöyük Turkey1,000 [3] [2] –10,000 [4]
Choirokoitia [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] Cyprus300–6002,000
Lepenski Vir Serbia150–1,000 [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17]
Nea Nikomedeia Greece500–700 [18]
Okoliste Bosnia and Herzegovina1,000–3,000 [19]
Vinča-Belo Brdo Serbia2,000–2,500 [20] [21]
Sesklo Greece1,000–5,000 [22] [23] [24] [25]
Dobrovody Ukraine16,000 [26] 10,000–16,000 [27] [28] [29]
Fedorovka Ukraine6,000 [26]
Mehrgarh Pakistan1,000–10,000 [30]
Maydanets Ukraine10,000 [26] 10,000–46,000 [lower-alpha 1] [31]
Nebelivka Ukraine17,000 [26]
Talianki Ukraine15,000–25,000–30,000 [26] [32] [33] 10,000–15,000 [34] [35] [ unreliable source? ]
Tell Brak Syria4,000 [3] 5,000 [3]
Uruk Iraq5,000 [3]

Bronze Age

Table 1: 3700–2600 BC
CityLocation3700 BC3400 BC3100 BC2800 BC2600 BC
Adab Iraq11,000 [36]
Anshan Iran10,000 [36] 10,000 [36]
Bad-tibira Iraq16,000 [36]
Eridu Iraq6,000–10,000 [36]
Habuba Kabira Syria6,000–8,000 [36]
Harappa Pakistan35,000 [37]
Kish Iraq40,000 [36]
Lagash Iraq40,000 [38]
Larak/Larsa Iraq10,000 [36] 10,000 [36]
Manika, Greece [39] [40] [41] [42] [43] [44] [45] Greece6,000–15,0006,000–15,000
Memphis Egypt30,000
Mohenjo-daro Pakistan41,250 [37]
Nekhen Egypt5,000–10,000 [36]
Nippur Iraq13,000 [36]
Shahr-i Sokhta Iran20,000 [2]
Shuruppak Iraq20,000 [36]
Suheri13,000 [36] 10,000 [36]
Susa Iran8,000 [3]
Tell Brak Syria8,000 [3] 22,000 [36] 20,000 [36]
Thebes, Greece Greece4,000–6,000 [45]
Umma Iraq26,000 [36]
Ur Iraq6,000 [36]
Uruk Iraq8,000 [3]
14,000 [36] 		20,000 [36] 40,000 [38] –50,000 [36] 80,000 [36] 80,000 [38]
Table 2: 2500–1200 BC
CityLocation2500 BC2300 BC2000 BC1800 BC1600 BC1360 BC1200 BC
Athens [46] [47] Greece10,00010,000–15,000
Akrotiri (prehistoric city) [48] [49] [50] [51] [52] [53] [54] [55] Greece8,000–30,000
Adab Iraq13,000 [36] 10,000 [36] 10,000 [36] 10,000 [36]
Akkad Iraq36,000 [36]
Amarna Egypt
Anshan Iran10,000 [36] 10,000 [36] 10,000 [36] 10,000 [36]
Avaris/Pi-Ramses Egypt100,000 [38] 160,000 [38]
Babylon Iraq65,000 [3] 80,000 [3]
Dur-Kurigalzu Iraq
Ebla Syria30,000 [36]
Erlitou China24,000 [3] –35,000 [36]
Harappa Pakistan10,000 [36]
Hattusa Turkey40,000 [56] 40,000 [56]
Hazor Israel
Heliopolis Egypt
Heracleopolis Egypt
Isin Iraq40,000 [36] 20,000 [36]
Kerma Sudan
Kesh Iraq11,000 [36]
Kish Iraq25,000 [36] 10,000 [36] 40,000 [38]
Knossos [48] [57] [58] [59] [60] [61] [62] [63] [64] [65] [66] Greece1,300–2,00018,00020,00030,000
Lagash Iraq40,000 [36] 10,000 [36] 30,000 [36] [38] 10,000 [36]
Larak/Larsa Iraq10,000 [36] 40,000 [36] 20,000 [36]
Manika, Greece [45] Greece6,000–15,0006,000–15,000
Malia Greece5,000–10,000–12,500 [48] [65]
Mari Syria
Memphis Egypt30,000 [36] –35,000 [3] 60,000 [3] [36] [38] 30,000 [36] 22,000 [67] 32,000 [67] 50,000 [67]
Mohenjo-daro Pakistan20,000 [36] 20,000 [36] 10,000 [36]
Mozah15,000 [36] 15,000 [36]
Mycenae Greece20,000 [68] 30,000–35,000 [62] [69] 30,000 [56]
Namazga-Tepe Turkmenistan14,000 [36] 14,000 [36]
Nekhen Egypt21,000 [56]
Niniveh Iraq23,000 [56] 33,000 [56]
Nippur Iraq20,000 [36] 10,000 [36] 10,000 [36]
Palaikastro Greece18,000 [48] [65]
San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán Mexico7,500 [70]
Shahr-i Sokhta Iran20,000 [36] 20,000 [36]
Shuruppak Iraq17,000 [36]
Suheri10,000 [36] 10,000 [36] 10,000 [36]
Susa Iran25,000 [36] 25,000 [36]
Taosi China10,000 [3] 14,000 [3]
Tell Brak Syria15,000 [36] 15,000 [36]
Tell Churra20,000 [36]
Tell Leilan Syria20,000 [36] 20,000 [36]
Thebes Egypt40,000 [36] 40,000 [36] 80,000 [3] 80,000 [3]
Thebes, Greece [45] [71] [72] Greece4,000–6,0008,000
Tiryns [45] [73] [46] [47] Greece1,200–1,80010,00010,000–15,000
Umma Iraq34,000 [36] 20,000 [36] 10,000 [36] 20,000 [36]
Ur Iraq60,000 [3]
65,000 [56]
Uruk Iraq50,000 [3] [36] 75,000 [3]
Yin (Anyang)China50,000 [3] –120,000 [38]
Zabala Iraq10,000 [36] 10,000 [36] 10,000 [36]
Zhengzhou China35,000 [3]

Iron Age

Table 1: 1000-400 BC
CityLocation1000 BC900 BC800 BC700 BC650 BC600 BC500 BC430 BC400 BC
Aegina Greece20,000–40,000 [74] 20,000–40,000
Anuradhapura Sri Lanka48,000 [56] [67]
Anyi100,000 [38] 100,000 [38]
Athens [64] [75] [76] [77] [78] Greece2,500–5,000 [75] 2,500–5,000 [75] 2,500–5,000 [75] 10,000 [75] 20,000 [75] 40,000 [75] 25,000 [75]
Agrigento Italy40,00040,000
Argos Greece30,000–60,000 [64] [76] [79] [80] [81] [82] 30,000–60,000
Ayodhya India
Babylon Iraq45,000 [67] –100,000 [lower-alpha 2] 47,000 [67] 60,000 [67] 125,000 [3] 150,000 [3] 200,000 [56] 150,000 [3]
Benares India
Capua Italy100,000 [83] [84] 100,000
Cerveteri Italy25,000–40,000 [85] [86] [87] [88] [89]
Chicheng China
Cuicuilco Mexico
Corinth Greece5,000 [75] 20,000 [75]
Crotone Italy50,000–80,000 [90]
Ecbatana Iran
Haojing China100,000 [lower-alpha 2] 125,000 [38] 125,000 [38] 33,000 [56] [67]
Hastinapur India
Jerusalem Israel/Palestine40,000 [56] [67] 49,942 (445 BC) [56]
Kamarina Italy20,000
Kerch Crimea Ukraine40,000 [56] [67]
Kingchow China
Kalḫu (Nimrud) Iraq75,000 [3]
Kosambi India55,000 [67]
Linzi China55,000–100,000 [3] [38] 80,000–100,000 [67] [38] 65,000–100,000 [3] [38] 80,000–100,000 [3] [38] 60,000–200,000 [67] [38] 100,000–200,000 [3] [38]
Luoyang China35,000 [3] [67] –100,000 [lower-alpha 3] [lower-alpha 4] 40,000 [3] 45,000 [3] –50,000 [67] 55,000 [3] –100,000 [38] 70,000 [67] –100,000 [38] 65,000 [3] –100,000 [38] 200,000 [38] 200,000 [38] 100,000 [3] –240,000 [38]
Marib Yemen45,000 [67]
Memphis Egypt35,000–100,000 [lower-alpha 2] [67] 44,000 [67] 65,000 [67] 100,000 [67]
Metapontum Italy40,000
Miletus Turkey
Niniveh Iraq39,000 [56] 100,000 [3] 120,000 [56]
Pataliputra / Patna India400,000 [3]
Populonia Italy25,000–40,000 [87] [88] [91] [92]
Pyongyang North Korea
Tarquinia Italy20,000–40,000 [87] [88] [91] [92]
Thebes, Greece Greece30,000–60,000 [45] [71] [93] [94] [95] 30,000–60,000
Qufu China100,000 [38] 100,000 [38]
Rome Italy4,440 [96] 24,400–40,000 [96] [97] 27,20028,960 [97]
Sais Egypt
San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán Mexico13,000 [98] 13,000 [98]
Shangqiu China100,000 [38] 130,000 [38]
Sravasti India46,000 [56]
Sparta Greece40,000–50,000 [99]
Susa Iran40,000 [56] [67] 200,000 [56] [67]
Suzhou China100,000 [38]
Syracuse Italy24,000–40,000 [100] [101] [102] 24,000–40,000 [76] 24,000–125,000 [67] [76]
Sybaris Italy100,000 [103]
Taranto Italy110,000–150,000 [104]
Thebes Egypt50,000 [3] –120,000 [lower-alpha 2] 50,000 [3]
Vaisali India
Veii Italy25,000–100,000 [87] [88] [91] [92]
Volsinii Italy13,000–40,000 [87] [88] [91] [92]
Vulci Italy15,000–40,000 [87] [88] [92]
Xiadu China100,000 [38] 100,000 [38] 320,000 [38] 300,000 [38]
Xintian China100,000 [38]
Xinzheng China100,000 [38]
Xue
Yong China100,000 [38]
Table 2: 300 BC-400 AD
CityLocation300 BC200 BC100 BCAD 1AD 100AD 200AD 300AD 361AD 400
Alexandria Egypt150,000 [3] 300,000 [3] [56] –600,000 [38] 400,000 [3] 250,000 [67] –500,000 [105] 500,000 [105] 125,000 [67] –200,000 [56]
Augsburg Germany25,000–50,00025,000–50,000 [106]
Antioch Turkey120,000 [56] 400,000 [75] 150,000 [67] –250,000 [107] 250,000 [107] 150,000 [67]
Anuradhapura Sri Lanka68,000 [56] [67] 130,000 [56] 72,000 [67]
Anyi100,000 [38]
Athens Greece25,000 [75] 10,000 [75] 10,000 [75] 90,000 [108] 90,000 [108]
Autun France40,000–100,000 [109] [110] 40,000–100,000
Arles France10,000 [111] 10,000 [111] 75,000 [112]
Ayodhya India63,000 [67]
Aquileia Italy12,000 [113] 12,000 [113]
Carnuntum Austria12,000 [107] –50,000 [114] [115] 12,000 [107] –50,000 [114] [115]
Capua Italy100,000100,000 [83] [84] 25,000–40,000
Carthage Tunisia150,000–200,000 [56] 100,000 [56] –300,000 [116] 300,000 [116]
Chang'an/Xi'an China100,000–400,000 [38] [3] [56] 375,000–400,000 [3] [38] 246,000–500,000 [117] [38] [3] 81,000–100,000 [56] [67] [38] 120,000 [3] 140,000 [3] 80,000 [67] 100,000 [38]
Chengdu China100,000 [38] 70,000 [67]
Cổ Loa Vietnam40,000 [38] 50,000 [38]
Byzantium /
Constantinople 		Turkey15,00020,000150,000200,000
Corinth Greece40,000–100,000 [75] [107] [118]
Cologne Germany20,000–40,000 [119] [120] 20,000–40,000 [119] [121] [122]
Ctesiphon Iraq250,000 [67]
Cuicuilco Mexico36,000 [67]
Datong China100,000 [38]
El Mirador Guatemala200,000 [123]
Ephesus Turkey33,600 [107]
Izapa Mexico35,000 [67]
Kaushambi India90,000-180,000 [124]
Kaveri59,000 [67]
Linzi China125,000–350,000 [3] [38] 100,000 [38] 100,000 [38] 100,000 [38] 100,000 [38]
London UK30,00045,000–60,000 [125]
Lugdunum France25,000–50,000 [111] [126] 25,000–50,000 [111] [126]
Luoyang China125,000 [3] –240,000 [38] 60,000 [67] 200,000 [38] 420,000 [38] [67] 140,000 [3] –250,000 [38] 200,000 [38]
Mathura India
Milan Italy30,000–40,000 [56] 100,00025,000–100,000 [127] [128] [129]
Monte Albán Mexico5,200 [130] 17,200 [130] 17,200 [130] 17,200 [130] 17,200 [130]
Nanjing China56,000 [67] 78,000 [67] 100,000 [38] 150,000 [67] 300,000 [38]
Nimes France40,000–60,000 [131] [132] [133]
Ostia Antica Italy25,000 [106] –40,000 [113] 25,000–50,000 [106] [113] [134]
Paithan India60,000 [67] 84,000 [67]
Patala Pakistan73,000 [67]
Pataliputra India350,000 [56] –400,000 - 1,000,000 [124] 69,000 [56] [67] 250,000 [56]
Peshawar Pakistan120,000 [56]
Philippi Greece100,000 [135]
Pingcheng China88,000 [67] 200,000 [3]
Pozzuoli Italy30,000–50,00030,000 [116] –50,000 [106]
Pyay Myanmar69,000 [67]
Qufu China100,000 [38] –125,000 [3]
Rajgir India100,000 [124]
Rhodes [136] [137] [138] Greece100,000–200,000100,000
Rome Italy100,000 [97] 150,000–160,000 [67] [56] 400,000 [3] 1,000,000 [38] [3] 1,000,000 [3] [38] 1,000,000 [3] 800,000 [3] 800,000 [3] 800,000 [3]
Salona Croatia25,000 [119] 25,000 [119]
Seleucia Iraq200,000 [67] 400,000 [75] 250,000 (CE 2) [56] 150,000 [56] –250,000 [67]
Shangqiu China100,000 [38]
Srughna India100,000 [124]
Suzhou China100,000 [38] 66,000 [67] 95,000 [67] 58,000 [67]
Syracuse Italy50,000–100,000 [76] 90,000 [139] 90,000 [139]
Taxila Pakistan60,000 [67]
Teotihuacán Mexico60,000–80,000 [140] 90,000 [67]
Thessaloniki Greece30,000 [108] 30,000 [108]
Tikal Guatemala100,000 [141]
Tosali India16,000-47,000 [124]
Tres Zapotes Mexico30,000 [67]
Trier Germany10,000 [119] 10,000 [119] –50,00050,000–100,000 [106] [112] 60,000
Ujjain India60,000 [124] 94,000 [67] 80,000 [67]
Vaishali India28,000-82,000 [124]
Vidisha India~100,000 [124]
Wanxian China100,000 [38]
Xiadu China300,000 [38]
Xianyang China100,000 [38] 100,000–300,000 [56]
Xinzheng China120,000 [38] –125,000 [3]
Xuchang China140,000 [3]
Ye China140,000 [3] 120,000 [67] 100,000 [38]

Middle Ages

Early Middle Ages: 500-999 AD
CityLocation500600622700775800900
Aleppo Syria72,000 [67]
Athens Greece110,000 [142]
Alexandria Egypt94,000 [67] –200,000 [56] 216,000 [56] 60,000–100,00060,000–100,000
Angkor Cambodia80,000 [143] 100,000 [143] 90,000 [67] –150,000 [143]
Anhilpur India80,000 [67]
Antioch Turkey150,000 [67]
Anuradhapura Sri Lanka70,000 [67]
Arles France10,000 [144]
Ayodhya India75,000 [67]
Badami India70,000 [67]
Baghdad Iraq175,000 [3] [67] 150,000 [3]
Bakhalal Mexico45,000 [67]
Basra Iraq100,000 [67]
Benares India75,000-210,000 [145] 49,000 [67] 59,000 [67]
Carthage Tunisia100,000 [56] [67]
Chang'an / Xi'an China95,000 [67] [38] –400,000 [56] 400,000 [38] –600,000 [3] 400,000 [67] 1,000,000 [38] 1,000,000 [38] [56] [lower-alpha 5] 600,000 [67] –1,000,000 [38] [3] 100,000 [38] –750,000 [67] [3]
Chengdu China94,000 [67] 100,000 [38] 100,000 [38]
Chenla Cambodia70,000 [67]
Chunar India72,000 [67]
Constantinople Turkey400,000 [3] –500,000 [56] [146] 150,000 [3] 150,000 [67] 125,000 [3] 40,000–50,000 [3] 40,000–50,000 [3] 150,000 [3]
Copán Honduras63,000 [67]
Cologne Germany15,000–20,000 [147] 21,000 [147]
Córdoba Spain135,000 [68] 160,000 [67] 110,000 [148] –175,000 [3]
Ctesiphon Iraq400,000 [67] 200,000 [149] –500,000 [67]
Dali China90,000 [67] –100,000 [38]
Đại La /Hanoi Vietnam25,000 [150]
Datong China200,000 [38]
Dorestad Netherlands1,000–2,5001,000–2,500
El Pilar Guatemala182,600 [151]
El Tajín Mexico40,000 [67] 40,000 [67] 50,000 [67]
Fanyang (Youzhou)China100,000 [38]
Florence Italy1,0002,000–2,5005,000
Fustat Egypt100,000 [67] 150,000 [67]
Gao Mali72,000 [67]
Granada Spain20,000
Guangzhou China200,000 [38] 200,000 [38]
Gwalior India65,000 [67]
Huari/Wari Peru70,000 [152]
Jiankang China500,000 [38]
Jinyang (Taiyuan)China100,000 [38] 100,000 [38]
Kannauj India230,000250,000250,000230,000 [67] 200,000 [67]
Kanchi India56,000 [67] 70,000 [67] 51,000 [67]
Kyoto Japan200,000 [153] 100,000–200,000 [67] [38] 200,000 [38] [56]
Laon France28,000 [154]
Lhasa China100,000 [38] [67]
London UK10,000–12,000
Luoyang China200,000 [67] –500,000 [38] 500,000 [38] 200,000 [67] 500,000 [38] 300,000 [67] –400,000 [38] 150,000 [67] –200,000 [38]
Lyon France12,000 [155]
Madurai India70,000 [67] 70,000 [67]
Mainz Germany20,000 [147] 30,000 [147]
Mandsaur India63,000 [67]
Manyakheta India100,000 [67] –200,000 [156]
Metz France25,000 [157] 14,000 [157]
Milan Italy30,00025,000 [158] 30,000 (875) [159]
Naples Italy30,000 [159] 30,000 [159] 30,000 [159]
Nanjing China150,000 [67] –500,000 [38]
Nara Japan100,000 [38]
Orléans France10,000 [144]
Padua Italy15,000 [144]
Paris France10,000–30,000 [56] 20,000
Patna / Pataliputra India500,000300,000100,00074,000 [67]
Pavia Italy15,000–20,000 [56]
Poitiers France5,000–9,000 [56] 5,000–9,000 [56] 5,000–9,000 [56] 10,000 [56] 10,000 [56]
Preslav Bulgaria40,000–60,000 [68]
Prambanan Indonesia60,000 [67] 62,000 [67]
Provins France10,000
Pyay Myanmar73,000 [67] 100,000 [67]
Pliska Bulgaria34,000 [160]
Ray Iran68,000 [67]
Regensburg Germany25,000 [147] 25,000
Reims France20,000 [56]
Rennes France10,000
Rome Italy100,00050,000 [161] –90,000 [162] 50,000 [161] 50,000 [161] 50,000 [161] 50,000 [163] [56] 20,000–30,000 [161]
Rouen France10,000
Seville Spain20,00040,00035,00035,00040,000–52,000 [68]
Sialkot Pakistan85,000 [67]
Speyer Germany20,000
Suzhou China70,000 [67] 120,000 [38] 100,000 [38] 84,000 [67] –100,000 [38] 81,000 [67] –100,000 [38]
Teotihuacán Mexico125,000 [67] [140] 60,000 [67]
Thessaloniki Greece100,00040,00040,00050,00050,000 [68]
Tikal Guatemala45,000 [67] 40,000 [67]
Toledo Spain25,00028,000
Toulouse France10,000 [56]
Tours France17,000 [56] 20,000 [56]
Tula Mexico41,000 [67] 50,000 [67]
Trier Germany10,000 [56] 15,000 [56] 15,000–25,000 [147]
Venice Italy37,000 [56]
Verona Italy30,000 [56] 25,000
Worms Germany10,000
Wuchang China100,000 [38] 84,000 [67]
Ye China200,000 [38]
Later Middle Ages: 1000–1399
CityLocation1000110011501200125013001350
Angkor Cambodia200,000 [67]
400,000 [143] 		125,000 [67]
550,000 [143] 		140,000 [67]
600,000 [143] 		150,000 [67]
650,000 [143] 		650,000 [143]
Amalfi Italy35,000 [164] –80,000 [68] 10,000–15,000 [56]
Ani Turkey100,000 [165] –200,000 [166]
Anhilpur India100,000 [67] 100,000 [67] 135,000 [67]
Antioch Turkey40,00040,000
L'Aquila Italy40,000
Bagan Myanmar100,000 [67] 150,000 [67] 180,000 [67] 180,000 [67]
Baghdad Iraq125,000 [56] 150,000 [67] 250,000 [3] 150,000 [56]
Beijing China130,000 [67] 140,000 [67] 401,000 [67] 400,000 [67]
Berlin Germany2,4001,200–2,0004,000–7,000
Bologna Italy50,00050,00023,000
Braunschweig Germany10,000 [147] 21,000 [56]
Bruges Belgium12,000 [147] 15,000 [56] 25,000 [56] 36,000 [56] 50,000 [56]
Cahokia Illinois, USA10,200–15,300 [167] 25,000 [168] 20,000–30,000 [169]
Cairo Egypt135,000 [67] 150,000 [67] 175,000 [67] 200,000 [67] –250,000 [3] 300,000 [67] 400,000 [3] [67] 350,000 [67]
Chang'an / Xi'an China118,000 [67] 114,000 [67]
Chartres France7,000
Chunar India66,000 [67]
Cologne Germany21,000 [170] 25,000–35,000 [56] 32,000–60,000 [171] 52,000–60,000 [170] 40,000–60,000 [121] [122] [171] 57,000 (1333) [170]
Constantinople Turkey150,000 [3] 200,000 [67] –250,000 [3] 200,000 [67] 150,000 [67] –250,000 [3] 100,000 [172] 150,000 [172] 80,000 [172]
Córdoba Spain110,000 [148] [3] 60,000 (1103) [173] 60,000 [173] 60,000 [173] 40,000 [173]
Cuttack India100,000 [67] 90,000 [67] 90,000 [67]
Dali China90,000 [67]
100,000 [38] 		100,000 [67]
Delhi India10,000 [174] 60,000 [174] 80,000 [67] 100,000 [67] [174] 125,000 [174]
Dhar India80,000 [67]
Dwarasamudra India30,000120,000150,000
Edessa Turkey25,000
Erfurt Germany10,000 [147] 21,000 [56] 32,000 [56]
Fanyang (Youzhou)China100,000 [38]
Fes Morocco75,000 [56] 125,000 [67] 160,000 [67] 200,000 [67] –250,000 [56] 200,000 [67] 150,000 [67] –200,000 [56] 125,000 [67]
Florence Italy13,00020,00030,00050,000–110,000 [175] 60,000–120,000 [56] [176] 40,000
Gangaikonda Cholapuram India200,000300,000300,000250,000150,000
Gaur India60,000 [67] 90,000 [67] 100,000 [67]
Genoa Italy15,000 [56] –80,000 [175] 30,000 [56] 100,000 [177] 100,000 [56]
Ghent Belgium8,000 [147] 12,000 [56] 25,000 [56] 65,000 [178] 42,000 [56] –65,00057,000 [56]
Guangzhou China140,000 [67] 150,000 [67] 150,000 [67]
Hangzhou China80,000 [67] 90,000 [67] 145,000 [67] –800,000 [3] 255,000 [67] –1,000,000 [3] 320,000 [67] –1,000,000 [38] 432,000 [67] –800,000 [3] 432,000 [67]
Jinzhou China85,000 [67]
Kaifeng China400,000 [38] [56] –1,000,000 [3] 442,000 [67] –1,000,000 [3] 150,000 [67] 1,000,000 [38]
Kalburgi India70,000 [67]
Kalyan India150,000 [67] 125,000 [67]
Kannauj India72,000 [67] 80,000 [67] 92,000 [67]
Khajuraho (Kalinjar)India100,000 [56] 50,000 [67]
Khambhat India50,000 [67] 60,000 [67]
Kyiv Ukraine45,000 [56] 48,000 [56] –100,000 [164] 36,000–50,000 [56]
Kollam India60,000 [67]
Kyoto Japan175,000 [38] –300,000 [56]
Laon France25,000 [154]
London [179] UK20,000–25,00010,000–20,00020,000–30,00080,000–100,000 [180] 25,000–50,000
Lübeck Germany6,00018,800
Madurai India60,000 [67]
Mainz Germany30,000 [56] 30,000 [56] 25,000 [56] 25,000 [56] 25,000 [56] 24,000 [56]
Manyakheta India71,000 [67]
Marrakech Morocco150,000 [67] 150,000 [67] 150,000 [67] 125,000 [67]
Marseille France6,000–7,000 [56] 25,000 [56] 40,000 [56]
Merv Turkmenistan200,000 [67] 70,000 [56]
Metz France16,00021,000 [56] 23,000–27,000 [56] 32,000 [56]
Milan Italy15,000 [161] 45,00058,000 (1170) [56] 60,000 [56] –100,000 [161] 150,000150,000–200,000 [180] [161] [181] [182] 50,000–200,000 [175] [181] [182] [128]
Montpellier France40,000–50,000 [180]
Nabadwip India85,000 [67]
Nanjing China130,000 [67] 130,000 [67] 130,000 [67] 95,000 [67]
Naples Italy30,000 [56] 30,000 [56] 30,000 [56] 30,000 [56] 30,000–36,000 (1278) [56] 40,000 [56] –100,00060,000 (1340) [56]
Nishapur Iran125,000 [67]
Norwich UK20,000–25,000
Padua Italy15,000 [180] 35,000 [180]
Palermo Italy60,000 [148] –75,000150,000150,000 [67] 50,000 (1277) [56] 40,000 [56] –100,000 [180]
Paris France20,000 [183] 50,000–65,000 [184] [185] [186] [187] 110,000 [183] 160,000 [67] 200,000–270,000 (1328) [188] 215,000 [67]
Polonnaruwa Sri Lanka75,000 [67]
Prague Czech Republic10,000 [147] 22,000 [56] 40,000 [56] 50,000 [56]
Puri India78,000 [67] 72,000 [67]
Ramavati75,000 [67]
Regensburg Germany40,000 [147] [164] 30,000
Rome Italy35,000 [56] [164] 30,000–40,000 [161] 30,000–40,000 [161] 40,000 [161] 40,000–50,000 [161] 15,000 [189] –17,000 [56]
Rouen France20,000 [56] 20,000 [56] 30,000–40,000 [56] 50,000 [56] 40,000–50,000 [56] [180]
Salerno Italy50,000 [190] 50,000 [56] 50,00010,000 (1320) [56]
Sarai Russia120,000 [67]
Seville Spain52,00040,000–50,000 [180]
Shangjing China140,000 [38]
Speyer Germany25,00030,000 [56] 30,000 [56] 30,000 [56] 30,000 [56] 25,000 [56]
Suzhou China100,000 [38] 96,000 [67]
Tabriz Iran125,000 [67] 100,000 [67]
Thanjavur India200,000 [67] 250,000200,000
Thăng Long/Hanoi Vietnam30,000 [150] 40,000 [150]
Thessaloniki Greece40,000 [56] 40,000 [56] 40,000 [56] 30,000 [56] 50,000 [56] –100,000 [191] 50,000–150,000 [164] [192]
Toledo Spain37,00035,00042,000
Toulouse France35,000
Trier Germany20,000 [147] 20,000 [56] 20,000 [56] 25,000 [56]
Venice Italy45,000–60,000 [127] [193] [194] [195] 58,00064,000–70,000 [56] 70,000–80,000 [181] [56] 45,000 [177] 100,000–120,000 [67] [181] 65,228 (1363)
Veliky Novgorod Russia10,000–18,00020,000–40,00050,000 [196] [197]
Verona Italy10,00020,000–25,00020,000–25,00035,000–40,000
Vijayanagar India200,000
Warangal India63,000 [67] 80,000 [67]
Worms Germany20,000 [147] 28,000 [56] 25,000 [56] 20,000 [56]
York UK8,000 [180] 23,000 [180]
Ypres Belgium40,000–200,000 [198] 30,000 [56]
Renaissance: 1400–1599
City14001450150015501575
Aachen 15,000 [199]
Adrianople / Edirne 28,000 [56] 85,000 [56] 125,000 [56] 160,000 [56] 183,000 [56]
Agra 250,000500,000
Ahmedabad 70,000 [56] 80,000 [56] –100,000 [67] 140,000 [67] –175,000 [56] 300,000
Ahmednagar 70,000 [67]
Alessandria 8,000 [200]
Antwerp 18,000 (1374)20,000 (1444)40,000 [199] 90,000 [199] 104,984 (1568) [56] [67]
Asti 8,000 [200]
Augsburg 14,000 (1408) [201] 17,000 (1471) [201] 20,000 [199] 45,000 [199]
Ayutthaya 150,000 [202] 150,000 [202] 10,000 (1569) [202]
Bago 150,000 [67] 175,000 [67]
Beijing 150,000 [67] 600,000 [67] 672,000 [67] 690,000 [67] 706,000 [67]
Bologna 40,000 [203] 55,000 [200] 61,731 (1569) [203] [200] 72,395 (1588) [203]
Brescia 27,000 [203] 30,000 (1440) [203] 49,000 [200] 41,000 [200]
Bursa 95,000 [56] 130,000 [67]
Bruges 37,000 [181] 25,00030,000 [199] 35,000 [199] 29,000 (1584) [204]
Cairo 125,000–360,000 [3] [67] 380,000 [67] 400,000 [3] [56] 360,000 [67] 275,000 [67]
Chan Chan 60,000–100,000 [205] 5,000–10,000 [206]
Chang'an / Xi'an 150,000 [56] 150,000 [56] 127,000 [67] 150,000 [56]
Cologne 40,000 [56] 30,000 [199] 35,000 [199] 37,000 [56]
Como 10,000 [200] 10,000 [200]
Constantinople / Istanbul 75,000 [56] 40,000–50,000 [192] 200,000 [56] 660,000 [67] 680,000 [67]
Crema 11,000 [200]
Cremona 35,000 [207] 40,000 [200] 34,000 [200]
Cuneo 6,000 [200]
Cuttack 75,000 [67] 100,000 [67] 140,000 [67] 90,000 [67]
Cusco 45,000 [208]
Delhi 80,000 [67] –100,000 [174] 160,000 [174] 160,000 [174]
Fes 125,000 [67] 150,000 [56] 130,000 [67]
Florence 45,000–61,000 [56] [175] [209] 54,000 (1470) [56] 55,000–70,000 [190] [175] [210] 59,216 (1562) [56]
Fossano 9,000 [200]
Gao 60,000 [67]
Gaur 150,000 [67] 200,000 [67]
Ghent 70,000 [56] 40,000 [199] 50,000 [199]
Genoa 80,000–100,000 [175] [176] 120,000 (1460) [56] 60,000 [200] 65,000 [200]
Granada 100,000 [56] 165,000 [67] 70,000 [190] [56]
Guangzhou 150,000 [67] 175,000 [67] 150,000 [67] 160,000 [67] 170,000 [67]
Gwalior 80,000 [67]
Hangzhou 235,000 [67] 250,000 [67] 250,000 [56] 260,000 [67] 260,000 [67]
Hanoi 50,000 [150]
Jaunpur 100,000 [67]
Kalburgi 90,000 [67]
Kano 50,000 [67]
Khambhat 60,000 [67]
Kollam 60,000 [67]
Lodi 9,000 [200]
London [179] 45,000 [56] 75,000 [56] 40,000 [211] 80,000 [211]
Lyon 20,000–35,000 [56] 60,000 [56] 50,000 [212] 70,000 [212]
Lübeck 17,20021,56825,44422,452
Magdeburg 20,000 [56] 24,000 [56] 18,000 [213] 40,000 [56]
Mandu 70,000 [67]
Mantua 28,000 [200] 38,000 [200]
Milan 125,000 [177] [181] 110,000 [56] 100,000 [200] 69,000 [200] 115,000 (1574)
Modena 18,000 [200] 16,000 [200]
Nanjing 487,000 [67] 150,000 [67] 157,000 [67] 182,000 [67] 188,000 [67]
Naples 40,000–100,000 [56] [176] 60,000 (1435) [56] 125,000 [214] –150,000 [215] 212,000 [215] 215,000 [67]
Novara 7,000 [200]
Nuremberg 18,000 [56] 25,982 (1449) [56] 36,000 [213] 40,000 [213]
Oyo-Ile 150,00060,000 [67]
Padua 27,000 [200] 32,000 [200]
Paris 100,000 (1422) [216] 150,000 [67] 100,000 [212] 130,000 [212] 220,000 [67]
Parma 19,000 [200] 25,000 [200]
Pavia 16,000 [200] 13,000 [200]
Piacenza 27,000 [200]
Prague 40,00030,000
Rome 33,000 [217] 33,500 (1458) [217] 38,000 [217] –55,000 [215] 45,000 [215] 80,000 (1580)
Rouen 40,000 [212] 65,000 [212]
Samarkand 130,000 [67]
Seoul 100,000 [56] 125,000 [67] 150,000 [56] 125,000 [56]
Seville 15,000 (1384) [218] 60,000 [218] 65,000109,000 (1565) [218]
Suzhou 129,000 [67]
Tabriz 150,000 [67] 200,000 [67] 250,000 [67]
Tenochtitlan/Mexico City 200,000-400,000 [219] [220] [221] 60,000 [56]
Texcoco 60,000 [67]
Venice 85,000–200,000 [175] [176] 150,000 (1423) [181] 100,000 [200] 158,000 [200] 134,871 (1581)
Verona 14,80038,000 [200] 52,000 [200]
Vijayanagar 400,000 [67] 550,000 [67] 500,000 [222] - 1,000,000 [223]

Early Modern era

City16001650170017501800182518501875
Aachen 14,171 (1601)12,000 [199] 15,000 [199] 24,000 [199] 35,42856,190 (1849) [201] 79,606
Adrianople/Edirne 160,000 [56] 132,000 [56] 93,000 [56] 96,000 [56] 100,000 [56] 125,000 [56] 85,000 [56]
Alexandria 15,000 (1693)6,000 (1777)4,000 (1798)12,528 (1828)138,000212,000 [224]
Antwerp 47,000 [199] 70,000 [199] 70,000 [199] 46,000 [199] 60,000 [199] 88,000 [225] 127,000 [225]
Agra 500,000 [56] 660,000 [56] 60,000 [56] 108,000 [56] 149,008 (1872) [226]
Ahmedabad 300,000 [56] 380,000 [56] 400,000 [67] 120,000 [56] 89,000 [56] 87,000 (1824)94,390 (1846)116,873 (1872) [226]
Amsterdam 59,551 [227] 176,873 [227] 235,224233,952 [67] 203,485197,231 (1820)223,700 [225] 289,000 [224]
Augsburg 48,000 [199] 21,000 [199] 21,000 [199] 31,000 [201] 28,000 [199] 35,000 [201] 57,210
Ayutthaya 100,000 [202] 125,000 [228] 150,000 [202] 150,000 [202] 30,000 [202]
Baltimore 26,51480,620 (1830)169,054299,000 [224]
Barcelona 64,00064,00073,00070,000120,000120,000167,000240,000 [224]
Beijing 706,000 [56] 470,000 [67] 650,000 [56] 900,000 [67] 1,100,000 [38] [56] 1,350,000 [67] 1,648,000 [67] 1,310,000 [56]
Berlin 25,000 [199] 12,000 [199] 55,000 [199] 113,289 [229] 172,132 [229] 220,277446,0001,045,000 [224]
Birmingham 2,000 [211] 4,000 [211] 7,000 [211] 23,688 [230] 73,670 (1801) [230] 122,000294,000480,000 [224]
Bombay 100,000163,000 (1826)718,000 [224]
Bordeaux 40,000 [231] 40,000 [231] 50,000 [231] 67,000 [231] 88,000 [231] 142,000 [232] 225,000 [224]
Boston 6,70020,00035,24861,392 (1830)202,261450,000 [224]
Breslau (Wrocław)33,000–40,000 [56] [233] 37,000 [56] 40,000 [56] 52,000 [56] 64,520 [56] 89,500 (1831)114,000 [56] 239,050 [56]
Bristol 10,549 [234] 15,000-20,000 [234] 25,000 [234] 43,275 [235] 62,452 [235] 94,180 [235] 137,528 [235] 206,874 (1881) [235]
Brussels 55,000 [56] 70,000 [56] 70,000 [56] 55,000 [56] –60,000 [225] 66,297 [56] [225] 208,000 [56] –251,000 [225] 327,000 [224]
Bucharest 60,000 [236] 50,000 [236] 25,000 [236] 34,000 [236] 104,000 [236] 177,646 (1878) [237]
Budapest 25,000 [238] 24,000 [238] 54,000 [238] 156,506 [238] 325,000 [224]
Cairo 200,000 [67] 350,000 [239] 350,000 [239] 300,000 [239] 210,960257,783267,160345,028
Calcutta 200,000230,000 (1822)680,000 [224]
Chicago 100 (1830)29,963405,000 [224]
Cologne 40,000 [199] 45,000 [199] 42,000 [199] 43,000 [199] [225] 42,000 [199] 59,04994,781 (1849) [225] 135,371
Copenhagen 40,000 [56] 29,00062,000 [56] 93,000 [225] 101,000 [225] 108,000 [56] 150,000241,000 [224]
Danzig 50,000 [213] 70,000 [213] 50,000 [213] 46,000 [213] 40,000 [213] 61,90065,000 [56] 90,500 (1874)
Delhi 200,000 [174] 500,000 [174] 100,000 [174] 125,000 [174] 150,000 [174] 156,000 [174] 154,417 (1872) [240]
Dhaka 200,000 [56] 200,000 [56] 200,000 [56] 135,000 [56] 110,000 [56] 66,989 (1830) [56] 60,617 [56] 51,536 (1869) [56]
Dresden 14,793 (1603)16,000 (1648)21,298 (1699)63,209 (1755)61,79461,886 (1830)94,092 (1849)197,295 [224]
Dublin 5,000 [241] 17,000 [241] 60,000 [241] –80,000 [242] 90,000 [241] –128,570 (1753) [242] 167,899 (1802) [241] 194,000 [243] 263,000 [244] 310,000 [224]
Edinburgh 35,00055,00082,000145,000194,000274,000 [224]
Edo (Tokyo)60,000 [67] 430,000688,000 [67] 509,000 [56] 685,000 [67] 530,000 [56] 567,000 [56] 780,000 [224]
Esfahān 125,000 [56] 350,000 [67] 350,000 [67] 60,000 [56] 50,000 [56] 60,000 [56] 76,088 (1870)
Genoa 71,000 [200] 90,000 [200] 80,000 [200] 87,000 [200] 91,000 [200] 83,569 (1822)100,696130,269 (1872)
Glasgow [245] 7,00014,00014,00023,500 [225] 77,000 [225] 170,000346,000635,000 [224]
Guangzhou 180,000 [67] 200,000 [67] 200,000 [67] 400,000 [67] 800,000 [67] 900,000 [67] 875,000 [67] 944,000 [56]
Hangzhou 270,000 [67] 281,000 [67] 303,000 [67] 340,000 [67] 387,000 [67] 410,000 [67] 700,000 [56] 50,000 (1864)
Hanoi 40,000 [150] 100,000 [246] 100,000 [246] 75,000 [246] 81,000 [246] 51,000 [150] 255,000 [247]
Huế 60,000 [150] 50,325 [150]
Ho Chi Minh City/Saigon24,00050,000 [150] 50,000 [150] 180,661 (1902) [248]
Hyderabad 80,000 [249] 90,000 [228] 200,000 [249] 225,000 [249] 200,000 [249] 200,000 [249] 200,000 [249] 350,000 [249]
Iași (Jassy) 20,000 [236] 20,000 [236] 50,000 [236] 72,000 (1877) [250]
Constantinople/Istanbul 400,000–700,000 [3] [67] 700,000 [67] 600,000–700,000 [3] [67] 625,000 [67] 570,000 [67] 675,000 [67] 785,000 [67] 827,750 (1874)
Hamburg 40,000 [233] 75,00070,000 [56] 75,000–90,000 [251] [56] 130,000 [251] 124,838 (1830)193,000 [56] 348,000 [224]
Kagoshima 50,00051,000 [56] 57,000 [56] 67,000 [67] 72,350 [56] 72,000 [56] 89,374 (1873)
Kanazawa 50,000 [56] 55,106 [56] 67,000 [67] 78,000 [56] 97,000 [56] 103,000 [56] 116,000 [56] 109,685 (1873)
Kyoto 300,000 [67] 350,000 [252] 350,000 [253] [67] 362,000 [244] 377,000 [254] 350,000 [243] 323,000 [244] 238,663 (1873) [255]
Königsberg 40,000 (1663)40,600 (1708)60,000 [211] 59,000 [211] 67,12579,887 (1852)122,636
Lahore 350,000 [56] 200,000 [56] 94,000 [56] 99,000 (1872) [255]
Leipzig 20,00014,000 (1648)15,653 (1699)35,00032,14641,50662,374 (1849)209,000 [224]
Lisbon 110,000 [56] 165,000 (1639) [56] 188,000 [56] 148,000–213,000 [251] [56] 180,000–237,000 [251] [56] 249,000 [56] 240,000–259,000 [251] [56] 235,000 (1870) [251]
Liverpool 5,71422,000 [251] 77,653 (1801) [251] 170,000 [56] 375,955 (1851) [256] 650,000 [224]
London 200,000 [211] 400,000 [211] 575,000 [211] 675,000 [211] 865,000 [211] 1,335,000 [67] 2,320,000 [67] 4,241,000 [67]
Lyon 40,000 [212] 75,000 [212] 97,000 [212] 114,000 [251] 102,167 (1793)115,841 (1820)254,000331,000 [224]
Lübeck 22,57031,06819,97817,64424,63125,60026,09844,799
Madras 15,00055,000125,000172,000310,000400,000 [224]
Madrid 49,000 [257] 130,000 [257] 110,000 [257] 109,000 [251] [257] 167,000 [257] 181,400 (1826) [56] 263,000 [251] [56] 407,000 [224]
Manchester 5,000 [211] 9,000 [211] 18,000 [211] 70,000 [211] 155,000412,000590,000 [224]
Marseille 40,000 [212] 66,000 [212] 75,000 [212] 68,000 [212] [251] 78,000 [212] 119,000 [56] 193,000 [56] 316,000 [224]
Mexico City 75,000 [56] 90,000 [56] 100,000 [56] 110,000 [56] 128,000 [56] 176,000 [56] 170,000 [256] [56] 250,000 [56]
Milan [177] 120,000 [200] 100,000 [200] 124,000 [200] 123,618 [56] [251] [200] 134,528 [56] [200] 168,000 [56] 193,000 [56] 277,000 [224]
Moscow 80,000 [56] 200,000 (1638)130,000 [56] 130,000–161,000 [251] [56] 238,000 [56] 241,500373,800 [256] 601,969 (1871)
Munich 20,000 [213] 10,000 [213] 21,000 [213] 32,000 [213] [251] 34,000 [213] 62,29096,398198,000 [224]
Nagoya 65,000 [56] 65,000 [67] 96,000 [56] 92,000 [67] 116,000125,193 (1873) [255]
Nanjing 194,000 [67] 178,000 [67] 300,000 [56] 285,000 [56] 220,000 [56] 200,000 [56] 300,000 [56]
Naples 400,000 [215] 176,000 [215] 216,000 [215] 305,000 [215] 427,000 [215] 350,000 [67] 413,000 [256] –416,000 [56] 450,000 [224]
New Orleans 8,05646,082 (1830)116,375210,000 [224]
New York City 4,436 (1703)13,296 (1749)63,000170,000682,0001,900,000 [67]
Nuremberg 40,000 [213] 25,000 [213] 40,000 [213] 30,000 [213] [251] 27,000 [213] [251] 54,000 [251] 91,017
Osaka 200,000–360,000 [67] 220,000350,000–380,000 [67] [258] [259] 400,000 (1749)383,000–500,000 (1783) [56] [258] 340,000 [56] 300,000320,000 [224]
Palermo 105,000 [260] [215] 128,000 [228] 100,000 [215] 118,000 [215] 139,000 [215] 168,000 [243] 182,000 [244] 219,000 [224]
Paris 220,000 [212] 430,000 [212] 510,000 [212] 576,000 [212] 581,000 [212] 855,000 [67] 1,314,000 [67] 2,250,000 [67]
Philadelphia 4,40014,563 (1753)68,200138,000426,221791,000 [224]
Prague 60,00025,00039,000 [261] 58,000 [262] [261] 77,403 [56] [262] [261] 98,000117,000 [262] 223,371 (1869)
Rio de Janeiro 20,00029,00044,000166,419274,000 [224]
Rome 105,000 [215] 124,000 [215] 138,000 [215] 156,000 [215] 163,000 [215] 138,000170,000252,000 [224]
Rouen 60,000 [212] 82,000 [212] 64,000 [212] 67,000 [212] 81,000 [212] 92,083 (1836)104,142 (1851) [263] 104,902 (1876)
Saint Petersburg 138,000 [264] 220,200 [264] 438,000 [67] 502,000 [264] 764,000 [224]
Seoul 150,000 [67] 158,000 [67] 187,000 [67] 190,000 [56] 192,000 [56] 194,000 [56]
Seville 121,000 (1597) [218] 65,000 [257] 96,000 [257] 66,000 [257] [262] 96,000 [257] 75,000 (1820)106,000 [262] 133,247 (1877)
Shanghai 45,00060,000100,000115,000250,000400,000 [224]
Sunpu 100,000 [67] 31,555 (1873) [265]
St. Louis 925 (1799)4,977 (1830)77,860338,000 [224]
Suzhou 175,000 [56] 145,000 [56] 245,000 [56] 302,000 [56] 243,000 [67] 302,000 [67] 550,000 [56] 250,000 [56]
Turin 24,000 [200] 37,000 [200] 42,000 [200] 57,000 [200] 82,000 [200] 109,000 [243] 138,000 [244] 216,000 [224]
Warsaw 35,000 [266] 21,000 [266] 28,000 [266] 75,000 [266] 124,000 [243] 163,000 [266] 311,000 [224]
Venice [177] 139,000 [200] 120,000 [200] 138,000 [200] 149,000 [200] 138,000 [200] 109,927106,000 [262] 129,676
Vienna [267] [268] 50,000 [261] 60,000 [261] 114,000 [261] 175,400 [261] 231,000 [261] 401,200551,3001,020,770
Xi'an 138,000 [67] 147,000 [56] 167,000 [67] 195,000 [67] 224,000 [67] 259,000 [67] 275,000 [56] 250,000 [56]
Yamaguchi 80,000 [67]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Dobrovody and Maydanets Suggested to be housing up to 10,000 people in Modelski's text (pp. 24–25), The estimate is based on the author's personal communication with Mikhail Videiko, Institute of Archaeology, Kyiv, October 2002 (p. 75). The previous estimates by S. I. Kruts for Maydanets and Talianki are 8,000 (1,575 housed within 270 ha) and 14,000 (2,700 houses within 450 ha), respectively (Pitskhelauri, K. N., and Chernykh, E. N. Eds., Kavkaz v sisteme paleometallicheskikh kultur Evrazii, Metsniereba, Tbilisi, 1989, pp. 146–156.).[ full citation needed ]
  2. 1 2 3 4 Modelski's list of the world's largest cities treats Thebes and Haojing as the top cities with 100,000 inhabitants (p. 218), though the same list on the next page (p. 219) as well as Table 2 (c) place the population of Thebes at 120,000, while that for Haojing as well as Memphis and Babylon at 100,000 (pp. 33-34).[ full citation needed ]
  3. ↑ Chandler listed Thebes, Haoqing, and Chengzhou (Luoyang) as the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd largest cities (p. 460), though Luoyang is supposed to pass 100,000 in 1000 B.C. (p. 541).[ full citation needed ]
  4. ↑ When the city first passed 100,000, suggested by Richard Forstall (pp. 541-542).[ full citation needed ]
  5. ↑ Haoqing, the capital of Western Zhou, was located 15 km SW of Chang'an, the capital of Sung and Tang dynasties as well as the present center of Xi'an. Han capital was located 5 km NW of the center of modern Xi'an. All these sites are now within the sub-provincial city of Xi'an.

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  267. ↑ Steidl, Annemarie (2003). Auf nach Wien! Die Mobilität des mitteleuropäischen Handwerks im 18. und 19. Jahrhundert am Beispiel der Haupt- und Residenzstadt Wien. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN   3-7028-0403-X . Retrieved 2013-02-12.
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