Historical urban community sizes

Last updated

This article lists historical urban community sizes based on the estimated populations of selected human settlements from 7000 BC – AD 1875, organized by archaeological periods.

Contents

Many of the figures are uncertain, especially in ancient times. Estimating population sizes before censuses were conducted is a difficult task. [1]

Neolithic settlements

TownLocation7000 BC6000 BC5000 BC4000 BC3800 BC3700 BC
'Ain Ghazal Jordan2,501 [2]
Beidha Jordan1,000 [3]
Çatalhöyük Turkey1,000 [3] [2] –10,000 [4]
Choirokoitia [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] Cyprus300–6002,000
Lepenski Vir Serbia150–1,000 [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17]
Nea Nikomedeia Greece500–700 [18]
Okoliste Bosnia and Herzegovina1,000–3,000 [19]
Vinča-Belo Brdo Serbia2,000–2,500 [20] [21]
Sesklo Greece1,000–5,000 [22] [23] [24] [25]
Dobrovody Ukraine16,000 [26] 10,000–16,000 [27] [28] [29]
Fedorovka Ukraine6,000 [26]
Mehrgarh Pakistan1,000–10,000 [30]
Maydanets Ukraine10,000 [26] 10,000–46,000 [a] [31]
Nebelivka Ukraine17,000 [26]
Talianki Ukraine15,000–25,000–30,000 [26] [32] [33] 10,000–15,000 [34] [35] [ unreliable source? ]
Tell Brak Syria4,000 [3] 5,000 [3]
Uruk Iraq5,000 [3]

Bronze Age

Table 1: 3700–2600 BC
CityLocation3700 BC3400 BC3100 BC2800 BC2600 BC
Adab Iraq11,000 [36]
Anshan Iran10,000 [36] 10,000 [36]
Bad-tibira Iraq16,000 [36]
Eridu Iraq6,000–10,000 [36]
Habuba Kabira Syria6,000–8,000 [36]
Harappa Pakistan35,000 [37]
Kish Iraq40,000 [36]
Lagash Iraq40,000 [38]
Larak/Larsa Iraq10,000 [36] 10,000 [36]
Manika, Greece [39] [40] [41] [42] [43] [44] [45] Greece6,000–15,0006,000–15,000
Memphis Egypt30,000
Mohenjo-daro Pakistan41,250 [37]
Nekhen Egypt5,000–10,000 [36]
Nippur Iraq13,000 [36]
Shahr-i Sokhta Iran20,000 [2]
Shuruppak Iraq20,000 [36]
Suheri13,000 [36] 10,000 [36]
Susa Iran8,000 [3]
Tell Brak Syria8,000 [3] 22,000 [36] 20,000 [36]
Thebes, Greece Greece4,000–6,000 [45]
Umma Iraq26,000 [36]
Ur Iraq6,000 [36]
Uruk Iraq8,000 [3]
14,000 [36] 		20,000 [36] 40,000 [38] –50,000 [36] 80,000 [36] 80,000 [38]
Table 2: 2500–1200 BC
CityLocation2500 BC2300 BC2000 BC1800 BC1600 BC1360 BC1200 BC
Athens [46] [47] Greece10,00010,000–15,000
Akrotiri (prehistoric city) [48] [49] [50] [51] [52] [53] [54] [55] Greece8,000–30,000
Adab Iraq13,000 [36] 10,000 [36] 10,000 [36] 10,000 [36]
Akkad Iraq36,000 [36]
Amarna Egypt
Anshan Iran10,000 [36] 10,000 [36] 10,000 [36] 10,000 [36]
Avaris/Pi-Ramses Egypt100,000 [38] 160,000 [38]
Babylon Iraq65,000 [3] 80,000 [3]
Dur-Kurigalzu Iraq
Ebla Syria30,000 [36]
Erlitou China24,000 [3] –35,000 [36]
Harappa Pakistan10,000 [36]
Hattusa Turkey40,000 [56] 40,000 [56]
Hazor Israel
Heliopolis Egypt
Heracleopolis Egypt
Isin Iraq40,000 [36] 20,000 [36]
Kerma Sudan
Kesh Iraq11,000 [36]
Kish Iraq25,000 [36] 10,000 [36] 40,000 [38]
Knossos [48] [57] [58] [59] [60] [61] [62] [63] [64] [65] [66] Greece1,300–2,00018,00020,00030,000
Lagash Iraq40,000 [36] 10,000 [36] 30,000 [36] [38] 10,000 [36]
Larak/Larsa Iraq10,000 [36] 40,000 [36] 20,000 [36]
Manika, Greece [45] Greece6,000–15,0006,000–15,000
Malia Greece5,000–10,000–12,500 [48] [65]
Mari Syria
Memphis Egypt30,000 [36] –35,000 [3] 60,000 [3] [36] [38] 30,000 [36] 22,000 [67] 32,000 [67] 50,000 [67]
Mohenjo-daro Pakistan20,000 [36] 20,000 [36] 10,000 [36]
Mozah15,000 [36] 15,000 [36]
Mycenae Greece20,000 [68] 30,000–35,000 [62] [69] 30,000 [56]
Namazga-Tepe Turkmenistan14,000 [36] 14,000 [36]
Nekhen Egypt21,000 [56]
Niniveh Iraq23,000 [56] 33,000 [56]
Nippur Iraq20,000 [36] 10,000 [36] 10,000 [36]
Palaikastro Greece18,000 [48] [65]
San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán Mexico7,500 [70]
Shahr-i Sokhta Iran20,000 [36] 20,000 [36]
Shuruppak Iraq17,000 [36]
Suheri10,000 [36] 10,000 [36] 10,000 [36]
Susa Iran25,000 [36] 25,000 [36]
Taosi China10,000 [3] 14,000 [3]
Tell Brak Syria15,000 [36] 15,000 [36]
Tell Churra20,000 [36]
Tell Leilan Syria20,000 [36] 20,000 [36]
Thebes Egypt40,000 [36] 40,000 [36] 80,000 [3] 80,000 [3]
Thebes, Greece [45] [71] [72] Greece4,000–6,0008,000
Tiryns [45] [73] [46] [47] Greece1,200–1,80010,00010,000–15,000
Umma Iraq34,000 [36] 20,000 [36] 10,000 [36] 20,000 [36]
Ur Iraq60,000 [3]
65,000 [56]
Uruk Iraq50,000 [3] [36] 75,000 [3]
Yin (Anyang)China50,000 [3] –120,000 [38]
Zabala Iraq10,000 [36] 10,000 [36] 10,000 [36]
Zhengzhou China35,000 [3]

Iron Age

Table 1: 1000-400 BC
CityLocation1000 BC900 BC800 BC700 BC650 BC600 BC500 BC430 BC400 BC
Aegina Greece20,000–40,000 [74] 20,000–40,000
Anuradhapura Sri Lanka48,000 [56] [67]
Anyi100,000 [38] 100,000 [38]
Athens [64] [75] [76] [77] [78] Greece2,500–5,000 [75] 2,500–5,000 [75] 2,500–5,000 [75] 10,000 [75] 20,000 [75] 40,000 [75] 25,000 [75]
Agrigento Italy40,00040,000
Argos Greece30,000–60,000 [64] [76] [79] [80] [81] [82] 30,000–60,000
Ayodhya India
Babylon Iraq45,000 [67] –100,000 [b] 47,000 [67] 60,000 [67] 125,000 [3] 150,000 [3] 200,000 [56] 150,000 [3]
Benares India
Capua Italy100,000 [83] [84] 100,000
Cerveteri Italy25,000–40,000 [85] [86] [87] [88] [89]
Chicheng China
Cuicuilco Mexico
Corinth Greece5,000 [75] 20,000 [75]
Crotone Italy50,000–80,000 [90]
Ecbatana Iran
Haojing China100,000 [b] 125,000 [38] 125,000 [38] 33,000 [56] [67]
Hastinapur India
Jerusalem Israel/Palestine40,000 [56] [67] 49,942 (445 BC) [56]
Kamarina Italy20,000
Kerch Crimea Ukraine40,000 [56] [67]
Kingchow China
Kalḫu (Nimrud) Iraq75,000 [3]
Kosambi India55,000 [67]
Linzi China55,000–100,000 [3] [38] 80,000–100,000 [67] [38] 65,000–100,000 [3] [38] 80,000–100,000 [3] [38] 60,000–200,000 [67] [38] 100,000–200,000 [3] [38]
Luoyang China35,000 [3] [67] –100,000 [c] [d] 40,000 [3] 45,000 [3] –50,000 [67] 55,000 [3] –100,000 [38] 70,000 [67] –100,000 [38] 65,000 [3] –100,000 [38] 200,000 [38] 200,000 [38] 100,000 [3] –240,000 [38]
Marib Yemen45,000 [67]
Memphis Egypt35,000–100,000 [b] [67] 44,000 [67] 65,000 [67] 100,000 [67]
Metapontum Italy40,000
Miletus Turkey
Niniveh Iraq39,000 [56] 100,000 [3] 120,000 [56]
Pataliputra / Patna India400,000 [3]
Populonia Italy25,000–40,000 [87] [88] [91] [92]
Pyongyang North Korea
Tarquinia Italy20,000–40,000 [87] [88] [91] [92]
Thebes, Greece Greece30,000–60,000 [45] [71] [93] [94] [95] 30,000–60,000
Qufu China100,000 [38] 100,000 [38]
Rome Italy4,440 [96] 24,400–40,000 [96] [97] 27,20028,960 [97]
Sais Egypt
San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán Mexico13,000 [98] 13,000 [98]
Shangqiu China100,000 [38] 130,000 [38]
Sravasti India46,000 [56]
Sparta Greece40,000–50,000 [99]
Susa Iran40,000 [56] [67] 200,000 [56] [67]
Suzhou China100,000 [38]
Syracuse Italy24,000–40,000 [100] [101] [102] 24,000–40,000 [76] 24,000–125,000 [67] [76]
Sybaris Italy100,000 [103]
Taranto Italy110,000–150,000 [104]
Thebes Egypt50,000 [3] –120,000 [b] 50,000 [3]
Vaisali India
Veii Italy25,000–100,000 [87] [88] [91] [92]
Volsinii Italy13,000–40,000 [87] [88] [91] [92]
Vulci Italy15,000–40,000 [87] [88] [92]
Xiadu China100,000 [38] 100,000 [38] 320,000 [38] 300,000 [38]
Xintian China100,000 [38]
Xinzheng China100,000 [38]
Xue
Yong China100,000 [38]
Table 2: 300 BC-400 AD
CityLocation300 BC200 BC100 BCAD 1AD 100AD 200AD 300AD 361AD 400
Alexandria Egypt150,000 [3] 300,000 [3] [56] –600,000 [38] 400,000 [3] 250,000 [67] –500,000 [105] 500,000 [105] 125,000 [67] –200,000 [56]
Augsburg Germany25,000–50,00025,000–50,000 [106]
Antioch Turkey120,000 [56] 400,000 [75] 150,000 [67] –250,000 [107] 250,000 [107] 150,000 [67]
Anuradhapura Sri Lanka68,000 [56] [67] 130,000 [56] 72,000 [67]
Anyi100,000 [38]
Athens Greece25,000 [75] 10,000 [75] 10,000 [75] 90,000 [108] 90,000 [108]
Autun France40,000–100,000 [109] [110] 40,000–100,000
Arles France10,000 [111] 10,000 [111] 75,000 [112]
Ayodhya India63,000 [67]
Aquileia Italy12,000 [113] 12,000 [113]
Carnuntum Austria12,000 [107] –50,000 [114] [115] 12,000 [107] –50,000 [114] [115]
Capua Italy100,000100,000 [83] [84] 25,000–40,000
Carthage Tunisia150,000–200,000 [56] 100,000 [56] –300,000 [116] 300,000 [116]
Chang'an/Xi'an China100,000–400,000 [38] [3] [56] 375,000–400,000 [3] [38] 246,000–500,000 [117] [38] [3] 81,000–100,000 [56] [67] [38] 120,000 [3] 140,000 [3] 80,000 [67] 100,000 [38]
Chengdu China100,000 [38] 70,000 [67]
Cổ Loa Vietnam40,000 [38] 50,000 [38]
Byzantium /
Constantinople 		Turkey15,00020,000150,000200,000
Corinth Greece40,000–100,000 [75] [107] [118]
Cologne Germany20,000–40,000 [119] [120] 20,000–40,000 [119] [121] [122]
Ctesiphon Iraq250,000 [67]
Cuicuilco Mexico36,000 [67]
Datong China100,000 [38]
El Mirador Guatemala200,000 [123]
Ephesus Turkey33,600 [107]
Izapa Mexico35,000 [67]
Kaushambi India90,000-180,000 [124]
Kaveri59,000 [67]
Linzi China125,000–350,000 [3] [38] 100,000 [38] 100,000 [38] 100,000 [38] 100,000 [38]
London UK30,00045,000–60,000 [125]
Lugdunum France25,000–50,000 [111] [126] 25,000–50,000 [111] [126]
Luoyang China125,000 [3] –240,000 [38] 60,000 [67] 200,000 [38] 420,000 [38] [67] 140,000 [3] –250,000 [38] 200,000 [38]
Mathura India
Milan Italy30,000–40,000 [56] 100,00025,000–100,000 [127] [128] [129]
Monte Albán Mexico5,200 [130] 17,200 [130] 17,200 [130] 17,200 [130] 17,200 [130]
Nanjing China56,000 [67] 78,000 [67] 100,000 [38] 150,000 [67] 300,000 [38]
Nimes France40,000–60,000 [131] [132] [133]
Ostia Antica Italy25,000 [106] –40,000 [113] 25,000–50,000 [106] [113] [134]
Paithan India60,000 [67] 84,000 [67]
Patala Pakistan73,000 [67]
Pataliputra India350,000 [56] –400,000 - 1,000,000 [124] 69,000 [56] [67] 250,000 [56]
Peshawar Pakistan120,000 [56]
Philippi Greece100,000 [135]
Pingcheng China88,000 [67] 200,000 [3]
Pozzuoli Italy30,000–50,00030,000 [116] –50,000 [106]
Pyay Myanmar69,000 [67]
Qufu China100,000 [38] –125,000 [3]
Rajgir India100,000 [124]
Rhodes [136] [137] [138] Greece100,000–200,000100,000
Rome Italy100,000 [97] 150,000–160,000 [67] [56] 400,000 [3] 1,000,000 [38] [3] 1,000,000 [3] [38] 1,000,000 [3] 800,000 [3] 800,000 [3] 800,000 [3]
Salona Croatia25,000 [119] 25,000 [119]
Seleucia Iraq200,000 [67] 400,000 [75] 250,000 (CE 2) [56] 150,000 [56] –250,000 [67]
Shangqiu China100,000 [38]
Srughna India100,000 [124]
Suzhou China100,000 [38] 66,000 [67] 95,000 [67] 58,000 [67]
Syracuse Italy50,000–100,000 [76] 90,000 [139] 90,000 [139]
Taxila Pakistan60,000 [67]
Teotihuacán Mexico60,000–80,000 [140] 90,000 [67]
Thessaloniki Greece30,000 [108] 30,000 [108]
Tikal Guatemala100,000 [141]
Tosali India16,000-47,000 [124]
Tres Zapotes Mexico30,000 [67]
Trier Germany10,000 [119] 10,000 [119] –50,00050,000–100,000 [106] [112] 60,000
Ujjain India60,000 [124] 94,000 [67] 80,000 [67]
Vaishali India28,000-82,000 [124]
Vidisha India~100,000 [124]
Wanxian China100,000 [38]
Xiadu China300,000 [38]
Xianyang China100,000 [38] 100,000–300,000 [56]
Xinzheng China120,000 [38] –125,000 [3]
Xuchang China140,000 [3]
Ye China140,000 [3] 120,000 [67] 100,000 [38]

Middle Ages

Early Middle Ages: 500-999 AD
CityLocation500600622700775800900
Aleppo Syria72,000 [67]
Athens Greece110,000 [142]
Alexandria Egypt94,000 [67] –200,000 [56] 216,000 [56] 60,000–100,00060,000–100,000
Angkor Cambodia80,000 [143] 100,000 [143] 90,000 [67] –150,000 [143]
Anhilpur India80,000 [67]
Antioch Turkey150,000 [67]
Anuradhapura Sri Lanka70,000 [67]
Arles France10,000 [144]
Ayodhya India75,000 [67]
Badami India70,000 [67]
Baghdad Iraq175,000 [3] [67] 150,000 [3]
Bakhalal Mexico45,000 [67]
Basra Iraq100,000 [67]
Benares India75,000-210,000 [145] 49,000 [67] 59,000 [67]
Carthage Tunisia100,000 [56] [67]
Chang'an / Xi'an China95,000 [67] [38] –400,000 [56] 400,000 [38] –600,000 [3] 400,000 [67] 1,000,000 [38] 1,000,000 [38] [56] [e] 600,000 [67] –1,000,000 [38] [3] 100,000 [38] –750,000 [67] [3]
Chengdu China94,000 [67] 100,000 [38] 100,000 [38]
Chenla Cambodia70,000 [67]
Chunar India72,000 [67]
Constantinople Turkey400,000 [3] –500,000 [56] [146] 150,000 [3] 150,000 [67] 125,000 [3] 40,000–50,000 [3] 40,000–50,000 [3] 150,000 [3]
Copán Honduras63,000 [67]
Cologne Germany15,000–20,000 [147] 21,000 [147]
Córdoba Spain135,000 [68] 160,000 [67] 110,000 [148] –175,000 [3]
Ctesiphon Iraq400,000 [67] 200,000 [149] –500,000 [67]
Dali China90,000 [67] –100,000 [38]
Đại La /Hanoi Vietnam25,000 [150]
Datong China200,000 [38]
Dorestad Netherlands1,000–2,5001,000–2,500
El Pilar Guatemala182,600 [151]
El Tajín Mexico40,000 [67] 40,000 [67] 50,000 [67]
Fanyang (Youzhou)China100,000 [38]
Florence Italy1,0002,000–2,5005,000
Fustat Egypt100,000 [67] 150,000 [67]
Gao Mali72,000 [67]
Granada Spain20,000
Guangzhou China200,000 [38] 200,000 [38]
Gwalior India65,000 [67]
Huari/Wari Peru70,000 [152]
Jiankang China500,000 [38]
Jinyang (Taiyuan)China100,000 [38] 100,000 [38]
Kannauj India230,000250,000250,000230,000 [67] 200,000 [67]
Kanchi India56,000 [67] 70,000 [67] 51,000 [67]
Kyoto Japan200,000 [153] 100,000–200,000 [67] [38] 200,000 [38] [56]
Laon France28,000 [154]
Lhasa China100,000 [38] [67]
London UK10,000–12,000
Luoyang China200,000 [67] –500,000 [38] 500,000 [38] 200,000 [67] 500,000 [38] 300,000 [67] –400,000 [38] 150,000 [67] –200,000 [38]
Lyon France12,000 [155]
Madurai India70,000 [67] 70,000 [67]
Mainz Germany20,000 [147] 30,000 [147]
Mandsaur India63,000 [67]
Manyakheta India100,000 [67] –200,000 [156]
Metz France25,000 [157] 14,000 [157]
Milan Italy30,00025,000 [158] 30,000 (875) [159]
Naples Italy30,000 [159] 30,000 [159] 30,000 [159]
Nanjing China150,000 [67] –500,000 [38]
Nara Japan100,000 [38]
Orléans France10,000 [144]
Padua Italy15,000 [144]
Paris France10,000–30,000 [56] 20,000
Patna / Pataliputra India500,000300,000100,00074,000 [67]
Pavia Italy15,000–20,000 [56]
Poitiers France5,000–9,000 [56] 5,000–9,000 [56] 5,000–9,000 [56] 10,000 [56] 10,000 [56]
Preslav Bulgaria40,000–60,000 [68]
Prambanan Indonesia60,000 [67] 62,000 [67]
Provins France10,000
Pyay Myanmar73,000 [67] 100,000 [67]
Pliska Bulgaria34,000 [160]
Ray Iran68,000 [67]
Regensburg Germany25,000 [147] 25,000
Reims France20,000 [56]
Rennes France10,000
Rome Italy100,00050,000 [161] –90,000 [162] 50,000 [161] 50,000 [161] 50,000 [161] 50,000 [163] [56] 20,000–30,000 [161]
Rouen France10,000
Seville Spain20,00040,00035,00035,00040,000–52,000 [68]
Sialkot Pakistan85,000 [67]
Speyer Germany20,000
Suzhou China70,000 [67] 120,000 [38] 100,000 [38] 84,000 [67] –100,000 [38] 81,000 [67] –100,000 [38]
Teotihuacán Mexico125,000 [67] [140] 60,000 [67]
Thessaloniki Greece100,00040,00040,00050,00050,000 [68]
Tikal Guatemala45,000 [67] 40,000 [67]
Toledo Spain25,00028,000
Toulouse France10,000 [56]
Tours France17,000 [56] 20,000 [56]
Tula Mexico41,000 [67] 50,000 [67]
Trier Germany10,000 [56] 15,000 [56] 15,000–25,000 [147]
Venice Italy37,000 [56]
Verona Italy30,000 [56] 25,000
Worms Germany10,000
Wuchang China100,000 [38] 84,000 [67]
Ye China200,000 [38]
Later Middle Ages: 1000–1399
CityLocation1000110011501200125013001350
Angkor Cambodia200,000 [67]
400,000 [143] 		125,000 [67]
550,000 [143] 		140,000 [67]
600,000 [143] 		150,000 [67]
650,000 [143] 		650,000 [143]
Amalfi Italy35,000 [164] –80,000 [68] 10,000–15,000 [56]
Ani Turkey100,000 [165] –200,000 [166]
Anhilpur India100,000 [67] 100,000 [67] 135,000 [67]
Antioch Turkey40,00040,000
L'Aquila Italy40,000
Bagan Myanmar100,000 [67] 150,000 [67] 180,000 [67] 180,000 [67]
Baghdad Iraq125,000 [56] 150,000 [67] 250,000 [3] 150,000 [56]
Beijing China130,000 [67] 140,000 [67] 401,000 [67] 400,000 [67]
Berlin Germany2,4001,200–2,0004,000–7,000
Bologna Italy50,00050,00023,000
Braunschweig Germany10,000 [147] 21,000 [56]
Bruges Belgium12,000 [147] 15,000 [56] 25,000 [56] 36,000 [56] 50,000 [56]
Cahokia Illinois, USA10,200–15,300 [167] 25,000 [168] 20,000–30,000 [169]
Cairo Egypt135,000 [67] 150,000 [67] 175,000 [67] 200,000 [67] –250,000 [3] 300,000 [67] 400,000 [3] [67] 350,000 [67]
Chang'an / Xi'an China118,000 [67] 114,000 [67]
Chartres France7,000
Chunar India66,000 [67]
Cologne Germany21,000 [170] 25,000–35,000 [56] 32,000–60,000 [171] 52,000–60,000 [170] 40,000–60,000 [121] [122] [171] 57,000 (1333) [170]
Constantinople Turkey150,000 [3] 200,000 [67] –250,000 [3] 200,000 [67] 150,000 [67] –250,000 [3] 100,000 [172] 150,000 [172] 80,000 [172]
Córdoba Spain110,000 [148] [3] 60,000 (1103) [173] 60,000 [173] 60,000 [173] 40,000 [173]
Cuttack India100,000 [67] 90,000 [67] 90,000 [67]
Dali China90,000 [67]
100,000 [38] 		100,000 [67]
Delhi India10,000 [174] 60,000 [174] 80,000 [67] 100,000 [67] [174] 125,000 [174]
Dhar India80,000 [67]
Dwarasamudra India30,000120,000150,000
Edessa Turkey25,000
Erfurt Germany10,000 [147] 21,000 [56] 32,000 [56]
Fanyang (Youzhou)China100,000 [38]
Fes Morocco75,000 [56] 125,000 [67] 160,000 [67] 200,000 [67] –250,000 [56] 200,000 [67] 150,000 [67] –200,000 [56] 125,000 [67]
Florence Italy13,00020,00030,00050,000–110,000 [175] 60,000–120,000 [56] [176] 40,000
Gangaikonda Cholapuram India200,000300,000300,000250,000150,000
Gaur India60,000 [67] 90,000 [67] 100,000 [67]
Genoa Italy15,000 [56] –80,000 [175] 30,000 [56] 100,000 [177] 100,000 [56]
Ghent Belgium8,000 [147] 12,000 [56] 25,000 [56] 65,000 [178] 42,000 [56] –65,00057,000 [56]
Guangzhou China140,000 [67] 150,000 [67] 150,000 [67]
Hangzhou China80,000 [67] 90,000 [67] 145,000 [67] –800,000 [3] 255,000 [67] –1,000,000 [3] 320,000 [67] –1,000,000 [38] 432,000 [67] –800,000 [3] 432,000 [67]
Ile-Ife Nigeria75,000–105,000 [179]
Jinzhou China85,000 [67]
Kaifeng China400,000 [38] [56] –1,000,000 [3] 442,000 [67] –1,000,000 [3] 150,000 [67] 1,000,000 [38]
Kalburgi India70,000 [67]
Kalyan India150,000 [67] 125,000 [67]
Kannauj India72,000 [67] 80,000 [67] 92,000 [67]
Khajuraho (Kalinjar)India100,000 [56] 50,000 [67]
Khambhat India50,000 [67] 60,000 [67]
Kyiv Ukraine45,000 [56] 48,000 [56] –100,000 [164] 36,000–50,000 [56]
Kollam India60,000 [67]
Kyoto Japan175,000 [38] –300,000 [56]
Laon France25,000 [154]
London [180] UK20,000–25,00010,000–20,00020,000–30,00080,000–100,000 [181] 25,000–50,000
Lübeck Germany6,00018,800
Madurai India60,000 [67]
Mainz Germany30,000 [56] 30,000 [56] 25,000 [56] 25,000 [56] 25,000 [56] 24,000 [56]
Manyakheta India71,000 [67]
Marrakech Morocco150,000 [67] 150,000 [67] 150,000 [67] 125,000 [67]
Marseille France6,000–7,000 [56] 25,000 [56] 40,000 [56]
Merv Turkmenistan200,000 [67] 70,000 [56]
Metz France16,00021,000 [56] 23,000–27,000 [56] 32,000 [56]
Milan Italy15,000 [161] 45,00058,000 (1170) [56] 60,000 [56] –100,000 [161] 150,000150,000–200,000 [181] [161] [182] [183] 50,000–200,000 [175] [182] [183] [128]
Montpellier France40,000–50,000 [181]
Nabadwip India85,000 [67]
Nanjing China130,000 [67] 130,000 [67] 130,000 [67] 95,000 [67]
Naples Italy30,000 [56] 30,000 [56] 30,000 [56] 30,000 [56] 30,000–36,000 (1278) [56] 40,000 [56] –100,00060,000 (1340) [56]
Nishapur Iran125,000 [67]
Norwich UK20,000–25,000
Padua Italy15,000 [181] 35,000 [181]
Palermo Italy60,000 [148] –75,000150,000150,000 [67] 50,000 (1277) [56] 40,000 [56] –100,000 [181]
Paris France20,000 [184] 50,000–65,000 [185] [186] [187] [188] 110,000 [184] 160,000 [67] 200,000–270,000 (1328) [189] 215,000 [67]
Polonnaruwa Sri Lanka75,000 [67]
Prague Czech Republic10,000 [147] 22,000 [56] 40,000 [56] 50,000 [56]
Puri India78,000 [67] 72,000 [67]
Ramavati75,000 [67]
Regensburg Germany40,000 [147] [164] 30,000
Rome Italy35,000 [56] [164] 30,000–40,000 [161] 30,000–40,000 [161] 40,000 [161] 40,000–50,000 [161] 15,000 [190] –17,000 [56]
Rouen France20,000 [56] 20,000 [56] 30,000–40,000 [56] 50,000 [56] 40,000–50,000 [56] [181]
Salerno Italy50,000 [191] 50,000 [56] 50,00010,000 (1320) [56]
Sarai Russia120,000 [67]
Seville Spain52,00040,000–50,000 [181]
Shangjing China140,000 [38]
Speyer Germany25,00030,000 [56] 30,000 [56] 30,000 [56] 30,000 [56] 25,000 [56]
Suzhou China100,000 [38] 96,000 [67]
Tabriz Iran125,000 [67] 100,000 [67]
Thanjavur India200,000 [67] 250,000200,000
Thăng Long/Hanoi Vietnam30,000 [150] 40,000 [150]
Thessaloniki Greece40,000 [56] 40,000 [56] 40,000 [56] 30,000 [56] 50,000 [56] –100,000 [192] 50,000–150,000 [164] [193]
Toledo Spain37,00035,00042,000
Toulouse France35,000
Trier Germany20,000 [147] 20,000 [56] 20,000 [56] 25,000 [56]
Venice Italy45,000–60,000 [127] [194] [195] [196] 58,00064,000–70,000 [56] 70,000–80,000 [182] [56] 45,000 [177] 100,000–120,000 [67] [182] 65,228 (1363)
Veliky Novgorod Russia10,000–18,00020,000–40,00050,000 [197] [198]
Verona Italy10,00020,000–25,00020,000–25,00035,000–40,000
Vijayanagar India200,000
Warangal India63,000 [67] 80,000 [67]
Worms Germany20,000 [147] 28,000 [56] 25,000 [56] 20,000 [56]
York UK8,000 [181] 23,000 [181]
Ypres Belgium40,000–200,000 [199] 30,000 [56]
Renaissance: 1400–1599
City14001450150015501575
Aachen 15,000 [200]
Adrianople / Edirne 28,000 [56] 85,000 [56] 125,000 [56] 160,000 [56] 183,000 [56]
Agra 250,000500,000
Ahmedabad 70,000 [56] 80,000 [56] –100,000 [67] 140,000 [67] –175,000 [56] 300,000
Ahmednagar 70,000 [67]
Alessandria 8,000 [201]
Antwerp 18,000 (1374)20,000 (1444)40,000 [200] 90,000 [200] 104,984 (1568) [56] [67]
Asti 8,000 [201]
Augsburg 14,000 (1408) [202] 17,000 (1471) [202] 20,000 [200] 45,000 [200]
Ayutthaya 150,000 [203] 150,000 [203] 10,000 (1569) [203]
Bago 150,000 [67] 175,000 [67]
Beijing 150,000 [67] 600,000 [67] 672,000 [67] 690,000 [67] 706,000 [67]
Bologna 40,000 [204] 55,000 [201] 61,731 (1569) [204] [201] 72,395 (1588) [204]
Brescia 27,000 [204] 30,000 (1440) [204] 49,000 [201] 41,000 [201]
Bursa 95,000 [56] 130,000 [67]
Bruges 37,000 [182] 25,00030,000 [200] 35,000 [200] 29,000 (1584) [205]
Cairo 125,000–360,000 [3] [67] 380,000 [67] 400,000 [3] [56] 360,000 [67] 275,000 [67]
Chan Chan 60,000–100,000 [206] 5,000–10,000 [207]
Chang'an / Xi'an 150,000 [56] 150,000 [56] 127,000 [67] 150,000 [56]
Cologne 40,000 [56] 30,000 [200] 35,000 [200] 37,000 [56]
Como 10,000 [201] 10,000 [201]
Constantinople / Istanbul 75,000 [56] 40,000–50,000 [193] 200,000 [56] 660,000 [67] 680,000 [67]
Crema 11,000 [201]
Cremona 35,000 [208] 40,000 [201] 34,000 [201]
Cuneo 6,000 [201]
Cuttack 75,000 [67] 100,000 [67] 140,000 [67] 90,000 [67]
Cusco 45,000 [209]
Delhi 80,000 [67] –100,000 [174] 160,000 [174] 160,000 [174]
Fes 125,000 [67] 150,000 [56] 130,000 [67]
Florence 45,000–61,000 [56] [175] [210] 54,000 (1470) [56] 55,000–70,000 [191] [175] [211] 59,216 (1562) [56]
Fossano 9,000 [201]
Gao 60,000 [67]
Gaur 150,000 [67] 200,000 [67]
Ghent 70,000 [56] 40,000 [200] 50,000 [200]
Genoa 80,000–100,000 [175] [176] 120,000 (1460) [56] 60,000 [201] 65,000 [201]
Granada 100,000 [56] 165,000 [67] 70,000 [191] [56]
Guangzhou 150,000 [67] 175,000 [67] 150,000 [67] 160,000 [67] 170,000 [67]
Gwalior 80,000 [67]
Hangzhou 235,000 [67] 250,000 [67] 250,000 [56] 260,000 [67] 260,000 [67]
Hanoi 50,000 [150]
Jaunpur 100,000 [67]
Kalburgi 90,000 [67]
Kano 50,000 [67]
Khambhat 60,000 [67]
Kollam 60,000 [67]
Lodi 9,000 [201]
London [180] 45,000 [56] 75,000 [56] 40,000 [212] 80,000 [212]
Lyon 20,000–35,000 [56] 60,000 [56] 50,000 [213] 70,000 [213]
Lübeck 17,20021,56825,44422,452
Magdeburg 20,000 [56] 24,000 [56] 18,000 [214] 40,000 [56]
Mandu 70,000 [67]
Mantua 28,000 [201] 38,000 [201]
Milan 125,000 [177] [182] 110,000 [56] 100,000 [201] 69,000 [201] 115,000 (1574)
Modena 18,000 [201] 16,000 [201]
Nanjing 487,000 [67] 150,000 [67] 157,000 [67] 182,000 [67] 188,000 [67]
Naples 40,000–100,000 [56] [176] 60,000 (1435) [56] 125,000 [215] –150,000 [216] 212,000 [216] 215,000 [67]
Novara 7,000 [201]
Nuremberg 18,000 [56] 25,982 (1449) [56] 36,000 [214] 40,000 [214]
Oyo-Ile 150,00060,000 [67]
Padua 27,000 [201] 32,000 [201]
Paris 100,000 (1422) [217] 150,000 [67] 100,000 [213] 130,000 [213] 220,000 [67]
Parma 19,000 [201] 25,000 [201]
Pavia 16,000 [201] 13,000 [201]
Piacenza 27,000 [201]
Prague 40,00030,000
Rome 33,000 [218] 33,500 (1458) [218] 38,000 [218] –55,000 [216] 45,000 [216] 80,000 (1580)
Rouen 40,000 [213] 65,000 [213]
Samarkand 130,000 [67]
Seoul 100,000 [56] 125,000 [67] 150,000 [56] 125,000 [56]
Seville 15,000 (1384) [219] 60,000 [219] 65,000109,000 (1565) [219]
Suzhou 129,000 [67]
Tabriz 150,000 [67] 200,000 [67] 250,000 [67]
Tenochtitlan/Mexico City 200,000-400,000 [220] [221] [222] 60,000 [56]
Texcoco 60,000 [67]
Venice 85,000–200,000 [175] [176] 150,000 (1423) [182] 100,000 [201] 158,000 [201] 134,871 (1581)
Verona 14,80038,000 [201] 52,000 [201]
Vijayanagar 400,000 [67] 550,000 [67] 500,000 [223] - 1,000,000 [224]

Early Modern era

City16001650170017501800182518501875
Aachen 14,171 (1601)12,000 [200] 15,000 [200] 24,000 [200] 35,42856,190 (1849) [202] 79,606
Adrianople/Edirne 160,000 [56] 132,000 [56] 93,000 [56] 96,000 [56] 100,000 [56] 125,000 [56] 85,000 [56]
Alexandria 15,000 (1693)6,000 (1777)4,000 (1798)12,528 (1828)138,000212,000 [225]
Antwerp 47,000 [200] 70,000 [200] 70,000 [200] 46,000 [200] 60,000 [200] 88,000 [226] 127,000 [226]
Agra 500,000 [56] 660,000 [56] 60,000 [56] 108,000 [56] 149,008 (1872) [227]
Ahmedabad 300,000 [56] 380,000 [56] 400,000 [67] 120,000 [56] 89,000 [56] 87,000 (1824)94,390 (1846)116,873 (1872) [227]
Amsterdam 59,551 [228] 176,873 [228] 235,224233,952 [67] 203,485197,231 (1820)223,700 [226] 289,000 [225]
Augsburg 48,000 [200] 21,000 [200] 21,000 [200] 31,000 [202] 28,000 [200] 35,000 [202] 57,210
Ayutthaya 100,000 [203] 125,000 [229] 150,000 [203] 150,000 [203] 30,000 [203]
Baltimore 26,51480,620 (1830)169,054299,000 [225]
Barcelona 64,00064,00073,00070,000120,000120,000167,000240,000 [225]
Beijing 706,000 [56] 470,000 [67] 650,000 [56] 900,000 [67] 1,100,000 [38] [56] 1,350,000 [67] 1,648,000 [67] 1,310,000 [56]
Berlin 25,000 [200] 12,000 [200] 55,000 [200] 113,289 [230] 172,132 [230] 220,277446,0001,045,000 [225]
Birmingham 2,000 [212] 4,000 [212] 7,000 [212] 23,688 [231] 73,670 (1801) [231] 122,000294,000480,000 [225]
Bombay 100,000163,000 (1826)718,000 [225]
Bordeaux 40,000 [232] 40,000 [232] 50,000 [232] 67,000 [232] 88,000 [232] 142,000 [233] 225,000 [225]
Boston 6,70020,00035,24861,392 (1830)202,261450,000 [225]
Breslau (Wrocław)33,000–40,000 [56] [234] 37,000 [56] 40,000 [56] 52,000 [56] 64,520 [56] 89,500 (1831)114,000 [56] 239,050 [56]
Bristol 10,549 [235] 15,000-20,000 [235] 25,000 [235] 43,275 [236] 62,452 [236] 94,180 [236] 137,528 [236] 206,874 (1881) [236]
Brussels 55,000 [56] 70,000 [56] 70,000 [56] 55,000 [56] –60,000 [226] 66,297 [56] [226] 208,000 [56] –251,000 [226] 327,000 [225]
Bucharest 60,000 [237] 50,000 [237] 25,000 [237] 34,000 [237] 104,000 [237] 177,646 (1878) [238]
Budapest 25,000 [239] 24,000 [239] 54,000 [239] 156,506 [239] 325,000 [225]
Cairo 200,000 [67] 350,000 [240] 350,000 [240] 300,000 [240] 210,960257,783267,160345,028
Calcutta 200,000230,000 (1822)680,000 [225]
Chicago 100 (1830)29,963405,000 [225]
Cologne 40,000 [200] 45,000 [200] 42,000 [200] 43,000 [200] [226] 42,000 [200] 59,04994,781 (1849) [226] 135,371
Copenhagen 40,000 [56] 29,00062,000 [56] 93,000 [226] 101,000 [226] 108,000 [56] 150,000241,000 [225]
Danzig 50,000 [214] 70,000 [214] 50,000 [214] 46,000 [214] 40,000 [214] 61,90065,000 [56] 90,500 (1874)
Delhi 200,000 [174] 500,000 [174] 100,000 [174] 125,000 [174] 150,000 [174] 156,000 [174] 154,417 (1872) [241]
Dhaka 200,000 [56] 200,000 [56] 200,000 [56] 135,000 [56] 110,000 [56] 66,989 (1830) [56] 60,617 [56] 51,536 (1869) [56]
Dresden 14,793 (1603)16,000 (1648)21,298 (1699)63,209 (1755)61,79461,886 (1830)94,092 (1849)197,295 [225]
Dublin 5,000 [242] 17,000 [242] 60,000 [242] –80,000 [243] 90,000 [242] –128,570 (1753) [243] 167,899 (1802) [242] 194,000 [244] 263,000 [245] 310,000 [225]
Edinburgh 35,00055,00082,000145,000194,000274,000 [225]
Edo (Tokyo)60,000 [67] 430,000688,000 [67] 509,000 [56] 685,000 [67] 530,000 [56] 567,000 [56] 780,000 [225]
Esfahān 125,000 [56] 350,000 [67] 350,000 [67] 60,000 [56] 50,000 [56] 60,000 [56] 76,088 (1870)
Genoa 71,000 [201] 90,000 [201] 80,000 [201] 87,000 [201] 91,000 [201] 83,569 (1822)100,696130,269 (1872)
Glasgow [246] 7,00014,00014,00023,500 [226] 77,000 [226] 170,000346,000635,000 [225]
Guangzhou 180,000 [67] 200,000 [67] 200,000 [67] 400,000 [67] 800,000 [67] 900,000 [67] 875,000 [67] 944,000 [56]
Hangzhou 270,000 [67] 281,000 [67] 303,000 [67] 340,000 [67] 387,000 [67] 410,000 [67] 700,000 [56] 50,000 (1864)
Hanoi 40,000 [150] 100,000 [247] 100,000 [247] 75,000 [247] 81,000 [247] 51,000 [150] 255,000 [248]
Huế 60,000 [150] 50,325 [150]
Ho Chi Minh City/Saigon24,00050,000 [150] 50,000 [150] 180,661 (1902) [249]
Hyderabad 80,000 [250] 90,000 [229] 200,000 [250] 225,000 [250] 200,000 [250] 200,000 [250] 200,000 [250] 350,000 [250]
Iași (Jassy) 20,000 [237] 20,000 [237] 50,000 [237] 72,000 (1877) [251]
Constantinople/Istanbul 400,000–700,000 [3] [67] 700,000 [67] 600,000–700,000 [3] [67] 625,000 [67] 570,000 [67] 675,000 [67] 785,000 [67] 827,750 (1874)
Hamburg 40,000 [234] 75,00070,000 [56] 75,000–90,000 [252] [56] 130,000 [252] 124,838 (1830)193,000 [56] 348,000 [225]
Kagoshima 50,00051,000 [56] 57,000 [56] 67,000 [67] 72,350 [56] 72,000 [56] 89,374 (1873)
Kanazawa 50,000 [56] 55,106 [56] 67,000 [67] 78,000 [56] 97,000 [56] 103,000 [56] 116,000 [56] 109,685 (1873)
Kyoto 300,000 [67] 350,000 [253] 350,000 [254] [67] 362,000 [245] 377,000 [255] 350,000 [244] 323,000 [245] 238,663 (1873) [256]
Königsberg 40,000 (1663)40,600 (1708)60,000 [212] 59,000 [212] 67,12579,887 (1852)122,636
Lahore 350,000 [56] 200,000 [56] 94,000 [56] 99,000 (1872) [256]
Leipzig 20,00014,000 (1648)15,653 (1699)35,00032,14641,50662,374 (1849)209,000 [225]
Lisbon 110,000 [56] 165,000 (1639) [56] 188,000 [56] 148,000–213,000 [252] [56] 180,000–237,000 [252] [56] 249,000 [56] 240,000–259,000 [252] [56] 235,000 (1870) [252]
Liverpool 5,71422,000 [252] 77,653 (1801) [252] 170,000 [56] 375,955 (1851) [257] 650,000 [225]
London 200,000 [212] 400,000 [212] 575,000 [212] 675,000 [212] 865,000 [212] 1,335,000 [67] 2,320,000 [67] 4,241,000 [67]
Lyon 40,000 [213] 75,000 [213] 97,000 [213] 114,000 [252] 102,167 (1793)115,841 (1820)254,000331,000 [225]
Lübeck 22,57031,06819,97817,64424,63125,60026,09844,799
Madras 15,00055,000125,000172,000310,000400,000 [225]
Madrid 49,000 [258] 130,000 [258] 110,000 [258] 109,000 [252] [258] 167,000 [258] 181,400 (1826) [56] 263,000 [252] [56] 407,000 [225]
Manchester 5,000 [212] 9,000 [212] 18,000 [212] 70,000 [212] 155,000412,000590,000 [225]
Marseille 40,000 [213] 66,000 [213] 75,000 [213] 68,000 [213] [252] 78,000 [213] 119,000 [56] 193,000 [56] 316,000 [225]
Mexico City 75,000 [56] 90,000 [56] 100,000 [56] 110,000 [56] 128,000 [56] 176,000 [56] 170,000 [257] [56] 250,000 [56]
Milan [177] 120,000 [201] 100,000 [201] 124,000 [201] 123,618 [56] [252] [201] 134,528 [56] [201] 168,000 [56] 193,000 [56] 277,000 [225]
Moscow 80,000 [56] 200,000 (1638)130,000 [56] 130,000–161,000 [252] [56] 238,000 [56] 241,500373,800 [257] 601,969 (1871)
Munich 20,000 [214] 10,000 [214] 21,000 [214] 32,000 [214] [252] 34,000 [214] 62,29096,398198,000 [225]
Nagoya 65,000 [56] 65,000 [67] 96,000 [56] 92,000 [67] 116,000125,193 (1873) [256]
Nanjing 194,000 [67] 178,000 [67] 300,000 [56] 285,000 [56] 220,000 [56] 200,000 [56] 300,000 [56]
Naples 400,000 [216] 176,000 [216] 216,000 [216] 305,000 [216] 427,000 [216] 350,000 [67] 413,000 [257] –416,000 [56] 450,000 [225]
New Orleans 8,05646,082 (1830)116,375210,000 [225]
New York City 4,436 (1703)13,296 (1749)63,000170,000682,0001,900,000 [67]
Nuremberg 40,000 [214] 25,000 [214] 40,000 [214] 30,000 [214] [252] 27,000 [214] [252] 54,000 [252] 91,017
Osaka 200,000–360,000 [67] 220,000350,000–380,000 [67] [259] [260] 400,000 (1749)383,000–500,000 (1783) [56] [259] 340,000 [56] 300,000320,000 [225]
Palermo 105,000 [261] [216] 128,000 [229] 100,000 [216] 118,000 [216] 139,000 [216] 168,000 [244] 182,000 [245] 219,000 [225]
Paris 220,000 [213] 430,000 [213] 510,000 [213] 576,000 [213] 581,000 [213] 855,000 [67] 1,314,000 [67] 2,250,000 [67]
Philadelphia 4,40014,563 (1753)68,200138,000426,221791,000 [225]
Prague 60,00025,00039,000 [262] 58,000 [263] [262] 77,403 [56] [263] [262] 98,000117,000 [263] 223,371 (1869)
Rio de Janeiro 20,00029,00044,000166,419274,000 [225]
Rome 105,000 [216] 124,000 [216] 138,000 [216] 156,000 [216] 163,000 [216] 138,000170,000252,000 [225]
Rouen 60,000 [213] 82,000 [213] 64,000 [213] 67,000 [213] 81,000 [213] 92,083 (1836)104,142 (1851) [264] 104,902 (1876)
Saint Petersburg 138,000 [265] 220,200 [265] 438,000 [67] 502,000 [265] 764,000 [225]
Seoul 150,000 [67] 158,000 [67] 187,000 [67] 190,000 [56] 192,000 [56] 194,000 [56]
Seville 121,000 (1597) [219] 65,000 [258] 96,000 [258] 66,000 [258] [263] 96,000 [258] 75,000 (1820)106,000 [263] 133,247 (1877)
Shanghai 45,00060,000100,000115,000250,000400,000 [225]
Sunpu 100,000 [67] 31,555 (1873) [266]
St. Louis 925 (1799)4,977 (1830)77,860338,000 [225]
Suzhou 175,000 [56] 145,000 [56] 245,000 [56] 302,000 [56] 243,000 [67] 302,000 [67] 550,000 [56] 250,000 [56]
Turin 24,000 [201] 37,000 [201] 42,000 [201] 57,000 [201] 82,000 [201] 109,000 [244] 138,000 [245] 216,000 [225]
Warsaw 35,000 [267] 21,000 [267] 28,000 [267] 75,000 [267] 124,000 [244] 163,000 [267] 311,000 [225]
Venice [177] 139,000 [201] 120,000 [201] 138,000 [201] 149,000 [201] 138,000 [201] 109,927106,000 [263] 129,676
Vienna [268] [269] 50,000 [262] 60,000 [262] 114,000 [262] 175,400 [262] 231,000 [262] 401,200551,3001,020,770
Xi'an 138,000 [67] 147,000 [56] 167,000 [67] 195,000 [67] 224,000 [67] 259,000 [67] 275,000 [56] 250,000 [56]
Yamaguchi 80,000 [67]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Dobrovody and Maydanets Suggested to be housing up to 10,000 people in Modelski's text (pp. 24–25), The estimate is based on the author's personal communication with Mikhail Videiko, Institute of Archaeology, Kyiv, October 2002 (p. 75). The previous estimates by S. I. Kruts for Maydanets and Talianki are 8,000 (1,575 housed within 270 ha) and 14,000 (2,700 houses within 450 ha), respectively (Pitskhelauri, K. N., and Chernykh, E. N. Eds., Kavkaz v sisteme paleometallicheskikh kultur Evrazii, Metsniereba, Tbilisi, 1989, pp. 146–156.).[ full citation needed ]
  2. 1 2 3 4 Modelski's list of the world's largest cities treats Thebes and Haojing as the top cities with 100,000 inhabitants (p. 218), though the same list on the next page (p. 219) as well as Table 2 (c) place the population of Thebes at 120,000, while that for Haojing as well as Memphis and Babylon at 100,000 (pp. 33-34).[ full citation needed ]
  3. ↑ Chandler listed Thebes, Haoqing, and Chengzhou (Luoyang) as the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd largest cities (p. 460), though Luoyang is supposed to pass 100,000 in 1000 B.C. (p. 541).[ full citation needed ]
  4. ↑ When the city first passed 100,000, suggested by Richard Forstall (pp. 541-542).[ full citation needed ]
  5. ↑ Haoqing, the capital of Western Zhou, was located 15 km SW of Chang'an, the capital of Sung and Tang dynasties as well as the present center of Xi'an. Han capital was located 5 km NW of the center of modern Xi'an. All these sites are now within the sub-provincial city of Xi'an.

Citations

  1. ↑ Rosenberg, Matt (November 4, 2019). "Largest Cities Throughout History". ThoughtCo . Archived from the original on 2016-08-18. Retrieved 2020-12-28.
  2. 1 2 3 Berezkin, Yuri E. "Apa Tanis and the Ancient Near East - an alternative model of complex society" (PDF). The Development of Urbanism from a Global Perspective. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-06-09. Retrieved 2007-08-13.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 Morris, Ian. "Social Development" (PDF). Ianmorris.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-26. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  4. ↑ "Jericho and Catal Huyuk". Bruceowen.com. Archived from the original on 2015-12-31. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  5. ↑ "Choirokoitia". World Heritage Site. Archived from the original on 2014-04-03. Retrieved 2014-04-26.
  6. ↑ Cyprus , p. 25, at Google Books
  7. ↑ Travel Cyprus: Illustrated Guide, Greek and Turkish Phrasebooks & Maps , p. 137, at Google Books
  8. ↑ Frommer's Cyprus With Your Family: From the Best Family Beaches to Mountain Villages , p. 161, at Google Books
  9. ↑ Cyprus , p. 23, at Google Books
  10. ↑ The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean , p. 8, at Google Books
  11. ↑ The New Encyclopaedia Britannica: Macropaedia at Google Books
  12. ↑ Historisk-filosofiske Skrifter, Bind 21 , p. 27, at Google Books
  13. ↑ Anthropology for Archaeologists: An Introduction , p. 163, at Google Books
  14. ↑ The Oneness Revealed , p. 63, at Google Books
  15. ↑ The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology and Anthropology of Hunter-Gatherers , p. 523, at Google Books
  16. ↑ Europe Before Rome: A Site-by-Site Tour of the Stone, Bronze, and Iron Ages , p. 123, at Google Books
  17. ↑ Elder Gods of Antiquity: First Journal of the Ancient Ones , p. 177, at Google Books
  18. ↑ European Prehistory: A Survey , p. 182, at Google Books
  19. ↑ Müller, Johannes; Rassmann, Knut; Videiko, Mykhailo (January 22, 2016). Trypillia Mega-Sites and European Prehistory: 4100-3400 BCE. Routledge. ISBN   978-1-317-24792-0.
  20. ↑ "Rise of Metallurgy in Eurasia". Ucl.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 2018-12-25. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  21. ↑ "Archaeological Exhibitions". Duncancaldwell.com. Archived from the original on 2018-12-25. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  22. ↑ The Complete Archaeology of Greece: From Hunter-Gatherers to the 20th Century A.D. , p. 58, at Google Books
  23. ↑ Greece Before History: An Archaeological Companion and Guide , p. 146, at Google Books
  24. ↑ Early Aegean Warrior 5000–1450 BC , p. 90, at Google Books
  25. ↑ "Lesson 2: The Neolithic Cultures of Thessaly, Crete, and the Cyclades". Trustees of Dartmouth College. Archived from the original on 2011-08-09. Retrieved 2011-08-26.
  26. 1 2 3 4 5 Thomas K Harper. "The effect of climatic variability on population dynamics of the CucuteniTripolye cultural complex and the rise of the Western Tripolye giant-settlements" (PDF). IChronikajournal.com. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-04-15. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  27. ↑ Л.Панченко. Паланка (історико-краєзнавчий нарис). Умань. 2003 ISBN   966-7659-30-5
  28. ↑ Шмаглій М. М., Дудкін В. П. Зіньковський К. В. Про комплексне вивчення трипільських поселень. Археологія No. 10. Київ. 1973
  29. ↑ А.І.Кузьмінський, Г. В. Суховершко, В. Я. Чудновський. Наш рідний край. Хрестоматія з історії Черкащини. Київ. 1993
  30. ↑ Georg Feuerstein; Subhash Kak; David Frawley (2005). The Search of the Cradle of Civilization: New Light on Ancient India. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. ISBN   9788120820371. Archived from the original on 2021-05-26. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  31. ↑ "High precision Tripolye settlement plans, demographic estimations and settlement organization". Archived from the original on 2017-01-13. Retrieved 2016-06-15.
  32. ↑ Philip L. Kohl (January 22, 2007). The Making of Bronze Age Eurasia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN   978-1-139-46199-3. Archived from the original on 2021-05-26. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  33. ↑ Christoph Baumer (December 11, 2012). The History of Central Asia: The Age of the Steppe Warriors. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN   978-1-78076-060-5 . Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  34. ↑ "The Trypillian culture. Introduction". Trypillian Civilization 5400 - 2750 BC. Archived from the original on 2007-10-20. Retrieved 2008-01-05.
  35. ↑ "Trypilia". The Anthropogene. December 9, 2003. Archived from the original on 2007-10-08.
  36. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 Modelski, George (July 10, 1997). "CITIES OF THE ANCIENT WORLD: AN INVENTORY (-3500 TO -1200)". The Evolutionary World Politics Homepage. Archived from the original on 2008-07-05. Retrieved 2008-07-17.
  37. 1 2 Alam, Muzaffar. "India | history – geography". Britannica.com. Archived from the original on 2008-06-20. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  38. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 Modelski, George (2003). World Cities: -3000 to 2000. Washington, D.C.: Faros 2000. ISBN   9780967623016.
  39. ↑ Adamantios Sampson (1986). "The Early Helladic graves of Manika: Contribution to the socioeconomic conditions of the Early Bronze Age". In Robert Laffineur (ed.). Les coutumes funeraires en Egee a l' age du bronze (PDF). Université de Liège. pp. 20–28. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2021-07-20.
  40. ↑ Old World Archaeology Newsletter. 1988. Archived from the original on 2021-05-26. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  41. ↑ Anthropologie. 2001. Archived from the original on 2021-05-26. Retrieved 2015-06-20.[ full citation needed ]
  42. ↑ Erika Weiberg (2007). Thinking the Bronze Age (PDF). Stockholm: Elanders Gotab. ISBN   978-91-554-6782-1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-05-06. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  43. ↑ John Bintliff (March 19, 2012). The Complete Archaeology of Greece: From Hunter-Gatherers to the 20th ... Wiley. ISBN   978-1-118-25519-3. Archived from the original on 2021-05-26. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  44. ↑ "Archaeological Site of Manika". Greek Travel Pages. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  45. 1 2 3 4 5 6 MacSweeney, Naoise (November 15, 2004). "Social Complexity and Population: A Study in the Early Bronze Age Aegean". Papers from the Institute of Archaeology. 15. doi: 10.5334/pia.225 . hdl: 2381/27925 .
  46. 1 2 Assaf Yasur-Landau (April 26, 2010). The Philistines and Aegean Migration at the End of the Late Bronze Age. Cambridge University Press. ISBN   978-1-139-48587-6 . Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  47. 1 2 Trudy Ring; Robert M. Salkin; Sharon La Boda (1994). International Dictionary of Historic Places: Southern Europe. Taylor & Francis. ISBN   978-1-884964-02-2. Archived from the original on 2021-05-26. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  48. 1 2 3 4 Rodney Castleden (January 4, 2002). Atlantis Destroyed. Routledge. ISBN   978-1-134-70879-6 . Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  49. ↑ Charles Freeman (March 13, 2014). Egypt, Greece, and Rome: Civilizations of the Ancient Mediterranean. OUP Oxford. ISBN   978-0-19-150970-4 . Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  50. ↑ Ian Thornton (March 19, 2007). Island Colonization: The Origin and Development of Island Communities. Cambridge University Press. ISBN   978-1-139-46231-0 . Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  51. ↑ Robert Kupp (2005). A Nuclear Engineer in the Twentieth Century. Trafford. ISBN   978-1-4120-5003-6 . Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  52. ↑ "Fast Facts". Canadian Museum of History. Archived from the original on 2018-12-25. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  53. ↑ Peter Francis (1993). Volcanoes: A Planetary Perspective. Clarendon Press. ISBN   978-0-19-854452-4. Archived from the original on 2021-05-26. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  54. ↑ Hârun Yahya (2000). The Truth of the Life of this World. Global Yayincilik. ISBN   978-1-897940-99-0 . Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  55. ↑ Iain Stewart (August 31, 2012). Journeys From The Centre Of The Earth. Random House. ISBN   978-1-4481-4942-1 . Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  56. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 Chandler, Tertius (1987). Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth: An Historical Census. St. David's University Press. ISBN   0-88946-207-0. Archived from the original on 2008-02-11. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  57. ↑ Rodney Castleden (October 12, 2012). The Knossos Labyrinth: A New View of the 'Palace of Minos' at Knossos. Routledge. ISBN   978-1-134-96785-8 . Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  58. ↑ Rodney Castleden (January 4, 2002). Minoan Life in Bronze Age Crete. Routledge. ISBN   978-1-134-88064-5 . Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  59. ↑ Trudy Ring; Noelle Watson; Paul Schellinger (November 5, 2013). Southern Europe: International Dictionary of Historic Places. Routledge. ISBN   978-1-134-25958-8 . Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  60. ↑ Steven Mithen (November 26, 2012). Thirst: For Water and Power in the Ancient World. Harvard University Press. ISBN   978-0-674-07219-0 . Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  61. ↑ John William Humphrey (2006). Ancient Technology. Greenwood Press. ISBN   978-0-313-32763-6 . Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  62. 1 2 Denemark, Robert A.; Friedman, Jonathan; Gills, Barry K.; Modelski, George (September 26, 2002). World System History: The Social Science of Long-Term Change. Routledge. ISBN   1-134-57144-5 . Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  63. ↑ Glenn Storey (April 30, 2006). Urbanism in the Preindustrial World: Cross-Cultural Approaches. University of Alabama Press. ISBN   978-0-8173-5246-2 . Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  64. 1 2 3 Morris, Ian (December 2005). "The collapse and regeneration of complex society in Greece, 1500-500 BC" (PDF). Princeton/Stanford Working Papers in Classics. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  65. 1 2 3 Rodney Castleden (2001). Minoans: Life in bronze Age Crete. Taylor & Francis e-Library. ISBN   0-203-13581-4. Archived from the original on 2021-07-20. Retrieved 2021-07-20– via Academia.edu.
  66. ↑ Donald Jones. "Concepts in Urbanization and Early State Formation: The Case of Minoan Crete, v8". Archived from the original on 2016-01-16. Retrieved 2015-06-20– via Academia.edu.
  67. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 "Populations of Largest Cities in PMNs from 2000BC to 1988AD". Archived from the original (TXT) on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  68. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Tellier, L.N. (2009). Urban World History: An Economic and Geographical Perspective. Presses de l'Universite du Quebec. p. 200. ISBN   9782760522091. Archived from the original on 2024-04-30. Retrieved 2016-08-12.
  69. ↑ "11. NEGLECTING NATURE WORLD ACCUMULATION AND CORE-PERIPHERY RELATIONS, 2500 BC TO AD 1990 Sing C. Chew". Abuss.narod.ru. Archived from the original on 2018-12-25. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  70. ↑ Cyphers, Ann. "San Lorenzo". In Kathleen Berrin; Virginia M. Fields (eds.). OLMEC: Colossal Masterworks of Ancient Mexico. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. Archived from the original on 2023-10-08. Retrieved 2020-07-17– via Academia.edu.
  71. 1 2 Kelder, Jorrit (2005). "Greece during the Late Bronze Age". Jaarbericht (39). Het Vooraziatisch-Egyptisch Genootschap Ex Oriente Lux. Archived from the original on 2022-04-13. Retrieved 2015-06-20– via Academia.edu.
  72. ↑ Jaarbericht. 2006. Archived from the original on 2021-05-26. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  73. ↑ Carol G. Thomas, Craig Conant (August 25, 2009). Citadel to City-State: The Transformation of Greece, 1200-700 B.C.E. Indiana University Press. ISBN   978-0-253-00325-6 . Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  74. ↑ Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony; Eidinow, Esther (March 29, 2012). The Oxford Classical Dictionary. OUP Oxford. ISBN   9780199545568. Archived from the original on 2024-01-08. Retrieved 2016-08-12.
  75. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Morris, Ian (December 2005). "The growth of Greek cities in the first millennium BC" (PDF). Princeton/Stanford Working Papers in Classics. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  76. 1 2 3 4 5 Glenn Storey (2006). Urbanism in the Preindustrial World: Cross-Cultural Approaches. University of Alabama Press. p. 37. ISBN   978-0-8173-5246-2. Archived from the original on 2024-05-31. Retrieved 2015-11-28.
  77. ↑ Hansen, M.H. (1988). Three Studies in Athenian Demography. Commissioner, Munksgaard. p. 7. ISBN   9788773041895. Archived from the original on 2024-05-31. Retrieved 2016-03-01.
  78. ↑ Wilson, N. (2013). Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece. Taylor & Francis. p. 214. ISBN   978-1-136-78800-0. Archived from the original on 2024-05-31. Retrieved 2016-03-01.
  79. ↑ Troy Dora P. Crouch (1993). Geology and Settlement: Greco-Roman Patterns: Greco-Roman Patterns. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 124. ISBN   978-0-19-535943-5. Archived from the original on 2024-05-31. Retrieved 2016-09-22.
  80. ↑ Diop, C.A.; Salemson, H.J.; De Jager, M. (1991). Civilization or Barbarism. L.M. Ngemi. p. 160. ISBN   978-1-55652-048-8. Archived from the original on 2024-05-31. Retrieved 2016-09-22.
  81. ↑ Blumberg, A. (1995). Great Leaders, Great Tyrants?: Contemporary Views of World Rulers who Made History. Greenwood Press. p. 242. ISBN   978-0-313-28751-0. Archived from the original on 2024-05-31. Retrieved 2016-09-22.
  82. ↑ Hall, J.M. (2013). A History of the Archaic Greek World, ca. 1200-479 BCE. Wiley. ISBN   978-1-118-34046-2.
  83. 1 2 de Ligt, L. (2012). Peasants, Citizens and Soldiers: Studies in the Demographic History of Roman Italy 225 BC-AD 100. Cambridge University Press. p. 236. ISBN   978-1-107-01318-6. Archived from the original on 2024-05-31. Retrieved 2016-09-22.
  84. 1 2 Randsborg, K. (1991). The First Millennium AD in Europe and the Mediterranean: An Archaeological Essay. Cambridge University Press. p. 93. ISBN   978-0-521-38787-3. Archived from the original on 2024-05-31. Retrieved 2016-09-22.
  85. ↑ Pounds, N.J.G. (1976). An Historical Geography of Europe 450 B.C.-A.D. 1330. Cambridge University Press. ISBN   978-0-521-29126-2.
  86. ↑ Museo nazionale di Villa Giulia (2001). Anna Maria Sgubini Moretti (ed.). The Villa Giulia National Etruscan Museum: Short Guide. L'Erma di Bretschneider. ISBN   9788882650124. Archived from the original on 2023-01-11. Retrieved 2015-01-22.
  87. 1 2 3 4 5 6 The Etruscan World , p. 1774, at Google Books
  88. 1 2 3 4 5 6 An Historical Geography of Europe 450 B.C.-A.D. 1330, Del 1330 , p. 54, at Google Books
  89. ↑ A Short History of the World , p. 110, at Google Books
  90. ↑ Jarde, A. (November 14, 2013). The Formation of the Greek People. Routledge. ISBN   978-1-136-19586-0. Archived from the original on 2024-05-31. Retrieved 2016-08-12.
  91. 1 2 3 4 "Etruscan Studies" (PDF). Journal of the Etruscan Foundation. 8. Scholarworks.mass.edu. 2008. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  92. 1 2 3 4 5 Production, consumption and society in north Etruria during the archaic and classical periods , p. 224, at Google Books by Hilary Wills Becker.
  93. ↑ Jaarbericht. Het Vooraziatisch-Egyptisch Genootschap Ex Oriente Lux. 2006. Archived from the original on 2024-05-31. Retrieved 2016-09-22.
  94. ↑ Buck, Robert J. (1979). A History of Boeotia. University of Alberta. ISBN   978-0-88864-051-2. Archived from the original on 2024-05-31. Retrieved 2016-08-13.
  95. ↑ Henry Fynes Clinton (1851). An Epitome of the Civil and Literary Chronology of Greece: From the Earliest Accounts to the Death of Augustus. Oxford: University Press. p. 278. Archived from the original on 2021-07-20. Retrieved 2016-09-22.
  96. 1 2 Fulminante, Francesca (February 10, 2014). The Urbanisation of Rome and Latium Vetus: From the Bronze Age to the Archaic Era. Cambridge University Press. p. 252. ISBN   978-1-107-65584-3. Archived from the original on 2024-05-31. Retrieved 2016-08-12.
  97. 1 2 3 Ward, Lorne H. (January 1990). "Roman Population, Territory, Tribe, City, and Army Size from the Republic's Founding to the Veientane War, 509 B.C.-400 B.C". The American Journal of Philology. 111 (1): 5–39. doi:10.2307/295257. JSTOR   295257.
  98. 1 2 Cyphers, Ann (2007). "Surgimiento y decadencia de San Lorenzo, Veracruz. Del Ojochi al Nacaste". Arqueología Mexicana (in Spanish). 87: 36–42. Archived from the original on 2021-07-21. Retrieved 2021-07-21.
  99. ↑ Nielsen, Thomas Heine (January 1, 2004). Once Again: Studies in the Ancient Greek Polis. Franz Steiner Verlag. ISBN   978-3-515-08438-3. Archived from the original on 2024-05-31. Retrieved 2016-08-12.
  100. ↑ Gates, C. (2011). Ancient Cities: The Archaeology of Urban Life in the Ancient Near East and Egypt, Greece and Rome. Taylor & Francis. ISBN   978-1-136-82327-5.
  101. ↑ Glenn Storey (2006). Urbanism in the Preindustrial World: Cross-Cultural Approaches. University of Alabama Press. p. 44. ISBN   978-0-8173-5246-2. Archived from the original on 2024-05-31. Retrieved 2015-11-28.
  102. ↑ De Camp, L.S. (1972). Great cities of the ancient world. Doubleday. ISBN   9780385091879. Archived from the original on 2024-05-31. Retrieved 2016-03-01.
  103. ↑ Sage, Michael (June 1, 2002). Warfare in Ancient Greece: A Sourcebook. Routledge. ISBN   9781134763320.
  104. ↑ Fronda 2010, p. 29.
  105. 1 2 Wilson 2011, p. 186.
  106. 1 2 3 4 5 Scheidel, W. (2012). The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Economy. Cambridge University Press. p. 244. ISBN   978-1-107-49556-2. Archived from the original on 2024-05-31. Retrieved 2016-09-22.
  107. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Wilson 2011, p. 190.
  108. 1 2 3 4 Wilson 2011, p. 191.
  109. ↑ de Planhol, X.; Claval, P. (1994). An Historical Geography of France. Cambridge University Press. p. 47. ISBN   978-0-521-32208-9. Archived from the original on 2024-05-31. Retrieved 2016-09-22.
  110. ↑ Crumley, C. (2013). Regional Dynamics Burgundian Landscapes in Historical Perspective. Elsevier Science. p. 390. ISBN   978-0-323-14402-5. Archived from the original on 2024-05-31. Retrieved 2016-09-22.
  111. 1 2 3 4 Wilson 2011, p. 188.
  112. 1 2 Fischer, Svante; Lejdegård, Hans; Victor, Helena. "The Fall and Decline of the Roman Urban Mind". In Paul J.J. Sinclair; Gullög Nordquist; Frands Herschend; Christian Isendahl (eds.). The Urban Mind: Cultural and Environmental Dynamics. pp. 277–294. Archived from the original on 2022-06-01. Retrieved 2014-09-24– via Academia.edu.
  113. 1 2 3 4 Wilson 2011, p. 182.
  114. 1 2 Fichtner, P.S. (2009). Historical Dictionary of Austria. Scarecrow Press. p. 54. ISBN   978-0-8108-6310-1. Archived from the original on 2024-05-31. Retrieved 2016-09-22.
  115. 1 2 Beattie, A. (2010). The Danube: A Cultural History. Oxford University Press. p. 109. ISBN   978-0-19-976835-6. Archived from the original on 2024-05-31. Retrieved 2016-09-22.
  116. 1 2 3 Wilson 2011, p. 184.
  117. ↑ zh:汉书
  118. ↑ Friesen, Steve; Schowalter, Daniel N.; Walters, James (June 14, 2010). Corinth in Context: Comparative Studies on Religion and Society. BRILL. ISBN   978-9004181977. Archived from the original on 2021-05-26. Retrieved 2020-10-23.
  119. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Wilson 2011, p. 189.
  120. ↑ van Tilburg, C. (2007). Traffic and Congestion in the Roman Empire. Taylor & Francis. p. 42. ISBN   978-1-134-12975-1. Archived from the original on 2024-05-31. Retrieved 2016-09-22.
  121. 1 2 Bruce, S.G. (2010). Ecologies and Economies in Medieval and Early Modern Europe: Studies in Environmental History for Richard C. Hoffmann. Brill. p. 48. ISBN   9789004180079. Archived from the original on 2024-05-31. Retrieved 2016-09-22.
  122. 1 2 "2010: Köln ist Millionenstadt" (PDF). September 29, 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-08-24. Retrieved 2014-09-24.
  123. ↑ "El Mirador, the Lost City of the Maya". Archived from the original on 2015-07-24. Retrieved 2015-07-24.
  124. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Schlingloff, Dieter (2013). Fortified Cities of Ancient India: A Comparative Study. Anthem Press. ISBN   978-0-85728-331-3. JSTOR   j.ctt1gxpb6n. Archived from the original on 2023-07-02. Retrieved 2023-07-02.
  125. ↑ "Greater London, Inner London Population & Density History". demographia.com. Archived from the original on 2018-12-25. Retrieved 2014-09-24.
  126. 1 2 Grimal, P.; Woloch, G.M. (1983). Roman Cities. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 176. ISBN   978-0-299-08934-4. Archived from the original on 2024-05-31. Retrieved 2016-09-22.
  127. 1 2 Tellier, L.N. (2009). Urban World History: An Economic and Geographical Perspective. Presses de l'Universite du Quebec. p. 266. ISBN   9782760522091. Archived from the original on 2024-04-30. Retrieved 2016-08-12.
  128. 1 2 Clark, P. (2009). European Cities and Towns: 400-2000. OUP Oxford. p. 30. ISBN   978-0-19-956273-2. Archived from the original on 2024-05-31. Retrieved 2016-09-22.
  129. ↑ Morley, Neville (December 19, 2002). Metropolis and Hinterland: The City of Rome and the Italian Economy, 200 BC-AD 200. Cambridge University Press. ISBN   9780521893312. Archived from the original on 2024-05-31. Retrieved 2016-08-13.
  130. 1 2 3 4 5 Marcus, Joyce; Flannery, Kent V. (1996). Zapotec civilization : how urban society evolved in Mexico's Oaxaca Valley. New York: Thames and Hudson. ISBN   0-500-05078-3. OCLC   34409496.
  131. ↑ Sear, F. (1983). Roman Architecture. Cornell University Press. p. 213. ISBN   978-0-8014-9245-7. Archived from the original on 2024-05-31. Retrieved 2016-09-22.
  132. ↑ Ring, T.; Watson, N.; Schellinger, P. (2013). Northern Europe: International Dictionary of Historic Places. Taylor & Francis. ISBN   978-1-136-63951-7. Archived from the original on 2024-05-31. Retrieved 2016-09-22.
  133. ↑ Russell, Josiah Cox (January 1, 1958). Late Ancient and Medieval Population. American Philosophical Society. Archived from the original on 2024-05-31. Retrieved 2016-08-13.
  134. ↑ Clarke, J.R. (1991). The Houses of Roman Italy, 100 B.C.-A.D. 250: Ritual, Space, and Decoration. University of California Press. p. 268. ISBN   978-0-520-08429-2. Archived from the original on 2024-05-31. Retrieved 2016-09-22.
  135. ↑ Bock, Darrell L. (July 1, 2002). Studying the Historical Jesus: A Guide to Sources and Methods. Baker Academic. ISBN   9780801024511. Archived from the original on 2024-05-31. Retrieved 2016-08-12.
  136. ↑ Richard M. Berthold (1984). Rhodes in the Hellenistic Age. Cornell University Press. ISBN   9780801475979.
  137. ↑ Beck, Hans (January 31, 2013). A Companion to Ancient Greek Government. Wiley. ISBN   9781118303184 . Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  138. ↑ Keith Roberts (August 13, 2013). The Origins of Business, Money and Markets. Columbia University Press. ISBN   9780231526852 . Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  139. 1 2 Wilson 2011, p. 183.
  140. 1 2 "Teotihuacan: Introduction". Archaeology of Teotihuacan, Mexico. Archived from the original on 2007-08-12. Retrieved 2007-09-02.
  141. ↑ "Tikal, Mayan City". HistoryWiz.com. Archived from the original on 2015-09-14. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  142. ↑ Gibbon, Edward (December 12, 2002). History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire -. Palm Digital Media Group. ISBN   9780740816987. Archived from the original on 2024-05-31. Retrieved 2016-08-12.
  143. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Sarah Klassen; et al. (May 7, 2021). "Diachronic modeling of the population within the medieval Greater Angkor Region settlement complex". Science Advances. 7 (19). Bibcode:2021SciA....7.8441K. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abf8441. PMC   8104873 . PMID   33962951.
  144. 1 2 3 Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 10.
  145. ↑ Dyson, Tim (October 18, 2018). "The First Modern People". Oxford Scholarship Online. doi:10.1093/oso/9780198829058.003.0001. Archived from the original on 2024-05-31. Retrieved 2023-09-08.
  146. ↑ "Early Medieval and Byzantine Civilization: Constantine to Crusades". History/Medieval Studies 303. Archived from the original on 2015-08-26. Retrieved 2015-07-23.
  147. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Widukind of Corvey (2014). Deeds of the Saxons. Translated by Bernard S. Bachrach; David S. Bachrach. CUA Press. ISBN   9780813226934. Archived from the original on 2024-05-31. Retrieved 2016-08-12.
  148. 1 2 3 Buringh 2010, p. 73.
  149. ↑ Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 305.
  150. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Chandler & Fox 2013, p. 271.
  151. ↑ Ford, Anabel (June 30, 2015). The Maya Forest Garden : Eight Millennia of Sustainable Cultivation of the Tropical Woodlands. Nigh, Ronald. Walnut Creek, CA. ISBN   978-1-61132-997-1. OCLC   894750131.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  152. ↑ Jennings, Justin. (2011). Globalizations and the ancient world. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN   978-0-511-91862-9. OCLC   692197127.
  153. ↑ Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 297.
  154. 1 2 Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 113.
  155. ↑ Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 114.
  156. ↑ Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 307.
  157. 1 2 Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 115.
  158. ↑ Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 88.
  159. 1 2 3 4 Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 89.
  160. ↑ Chandler & Fox 2013, p. [ page needed ].
  161. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Wickham 2015, p. 112.
  162. ↑ Bachrach, Bernard (February 15, 2013). Charlemagne's Early Campaigns (768-777): A Diplomatic and Military Analysis. BRILL. ISBN   978-9004224100. Archived from the original on 2021-05-26. Retrieved 2020-10-23.
  163. ↑ Meneghini and Santangeli Valenzani Roma nell'altomedioevo. Topografia e urbanistica della citta dal V al X seolo. Rome, 2004. pp. 22-3
  164. 1 2 3 4 5 Hohenberg & Lees 2009, p. 10.
  165. ↑ "SACRED SITE". Ani, Turkey. Landmarks Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-05-20. Retrieved 2007-01-22.
  166. ↑ (in Armenian) Ghafadaryan, Karo. «Անի» [Ani]. Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia. Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1974, vol. i, pp. 407–412.
  167. ↑ Benson LV, Berry MS, Jolie EA, Spangler JD, Stahle DW, Hattori EM (2007). "Possible impacts of early-11th-, middle-12th-, and late-13th-century droughts on western Native Americans and the Mississippian Cahokians". Quaternary Science Reviews. 26 (3–4): 336–350. Bibcode:2007QSRv...26..336B. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.08.001. Archived from the original on 2024-05-31. Retrieved 2022-01-27.
  168. ↑ Lipovac, Nenad (December 23, 2010). "Uspon i pad sjevernoameričkih prapovijesnih naseobina; Oblici naselja i struktura američkog jugoistoka" [The rise and decline of North American prehistoric settlements: a search for the meaning of habitat patterns and structures in the Southeast]. Prostor (in Croatian). 18 (2): 268–287. Gale   A248659687. Archived from the original on 2021-05-06. Retrieved 2021-05-06.
  169. ↑ Glenn Hodges, "America's Forgotten City Archived 2023-10-26 at the Wayback Machine ", National Geographic , January 2011.
  170. 1 2 3 Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 145.
  171. 1 2 Holborn, H. (1982). A History of Modern Germany: The Reformation. Princeton University Press. p. 38. ISBN   978-0-691-00795-3. Archived from the original on 2024-05-31. Retrieved 2016-09-22.
  172. 1 2 3 Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 175.
  173. 1 2 3 4 Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 98.
  174. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 247.
  175. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 M. Ginatempo L. Sandri "L'Italia delle Città. Sec XIII XVI" Le Lettere 1990
  176. 1 2 3 4 King, Russell (March 27, 2015). The Industrial Geography of Italy (Routledge Library Editions: Economic Geography). Routledge. ISBN   9781317521112.
  177. 1 2 3 4 5 Hohenberg & Lees 2009, p. [ page needed ].
  178. ↑ de Vries, Andre (June 11, 2007). Flanders: A Cultural History. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN   9780195314939.
  179. ↑ akinwumi, ogundiran (2020). The Yoruba: A New History. Indiana University Press. ISBN   9780253051509.
  180. 1 2 History of London#Population
  181. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Paul Oldfield (2019). Urban Panegyric and the Transformation of the Medieval City, 1100-1300. Oxford University Press. p. 15. ISBN   978-0-19-871773-7.
  182. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Spruyt, H. (1996). The Sovereign State and Its Competitors: An Analysis of Systems Change. Princeton University Press. p. 132. ISBN   978-0-691-02910-8. Archived from the original on 2023-07-31. Retrieved 2016-08-12.
  183. 1 2 Scott, T. (2012). The City-State in Europe, 1000–1600: Hinterland, Territory, Region. OUP Oxford. p. 17. ISBN   978-0-19-927460-4. Archived from the original on 2023-07-31. Retrieved 2016-09-22.
  184. 1 2 Bairoch 1988, p. 28.
  185. ↑ Chase-Dunn, Christopher; Willard, Christopher; Willard, Alice (April 1, 1994). "Cities in the Central Political/Military Network Since CE 1200: Size Hierarchy and Domination". Comparative Civilizations Review. 30 (30). ProQuest   1311896683. Archived from the original on 2021-05-07. Retrieved 2021-05-06.
  186. ↑ Frassetto, M. (2013). The Early Medieval World: From the Fall of Rome to the Time of Charlemagne [2 Volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 444. ISBN   978-1-59884-996-7. Archived from the original on 2023-07-11. Retrieved 2016-03-01.
  187. ↑ Kibler, W.W. (1995). Medieval France: An Encyclopedia. Garland Pub. p. 1316. ISBN   978-0-8240-4444-2. Archived from the original on 2024-05-31. Retrieved 2016-03-01.
  188. ↑ Lodge, R.A. (2013). French. Taylor & Francis. ISBN   978-1-134-89414-7. Archived from the original on 2024-05-31. Retrieved 2016-03-01.
  189. ↑ Bove & Gauvard 2014, p. 7.
  190. ↑ Norman John Greville Pounds. An Historical Geography of Europe 450 B.C.-A.D. 1330, p. 350
  191. 1 2 3 Mansbach, R.W.; Taylor, K.L. (2013). Introduction to Global Politics. Taylor & Francis. p. 40. ISBN   978-1-136-51738-9. Archived from the original on 2024-05-31. Retrieved 2016-03-01.
  192. ↑ McKitterick, R.; Jones, M. (2000). The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 6, C.1300-c.1415. Cambridge University Press. p. 811. ISBN   978-0-521-36290-0. Archived from the original on 2024-05-31. Retrieved 2016-09-22.
  193. 1 2 Karl Kaser (2011). The Balkans and the Near East: Introduction to a Shared History. Lit. p. 196. ISBN   978-3-643-50190-5. Archived from the original on 2024-03-15. Retrieved 2016-09-22.
  194. ↑ Chant, C.; Goodman, D. (2005). Pre-Industrial Cities and Technology. Taylor & Francis. p. 141. ISBN   978-1-134-63620-4. Archived from the original on 2024-05-31. Retrieved 2016-09-22.
  195. ↑ Abu-Lughod, J.L. (1991). Before European Hegemony: The World System A.D. 1250–1350. Oxford University Press. p. 125. ISBN   978-0-19-506774-3. Archived from the original on 2023-07-31. Retrieved 2016-09-22.
  196. ↑ Dursteler, E. (2013). A Companion to Venetian History, 1400–1797. Brill. p. 257. ISBN   9789004252523. Archived from the original on 2024-05-31. Retrieved 2016-09-22.
  197. ↑ Jonassohn, K.; Björnson, K.S. Genocide and Gross Human Rights Violations: In Comparative Perspective. Transaction Publishers. p. 202. ISBN   978-1-4128-2445-3. Archived from the original on 2024-05-31. Retrieved 2016-09-22.
  198. ↑ Martin, J. (2007). Medieval Russia, 980-1584. Cambridge University Press. p. 68. ISBN   978-0-521-85916-5.
  199. ↑ Nicholas, David M. (January 14, 2014). Medieval Flanders. Routledge. ISBN   9781317901549.
  200. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 de Vries 1984, p. 350.
  201. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 de Vries 1984, p. 354.
  202. 1 2 3 4 5 Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 143.
  203. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 270.
  204. 1 2 3 4 5 Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 84.
  205. ↑ Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 125.
  206. ↑ Middendorf, 1898.[ full citation needed ]
  207. ↑ Michael Moseley; Kent Day, eds. (1982). Chan Chan: Andean Desert City. University of New Mexico Press.
  208. ↑ Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 85.
  209. ↑ Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 189.
  210. ↑ Byrne, Joseph P. (January 16, 2012). Encyclopedia of the Black Death. ABC-CLIO. ISBN   9781598842548.
  211. ↑ Margalit, Harry (February 19, 2016). Energy, Cities and Sustainability: An Historical Approach. Routledge. ISBN   9781317528166.
  212. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 de Vries 1984, p. 348.
  213. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 de Vries 1984, p. 353.
  214. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 de Vries 1984, p. 351.
  215. ↑ Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 183.
  216. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 de Vries 1984, p. 355.
  217. ↑ Fierro 1996, p. 280.
  218. 1 2 3 Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 92.
  219. 1 2 3 4 "Demografía de Sevilla en el siglo XVI". Seville University. Archived from the original on 2012-08-20. Retrieved 2012-07-23.
  220. ↑ Denevan, William M. (1992). The Native population of the Americas in 1492 (2nd ed.). Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN   978-0-299-13433-4. OCLC   648253221.
  221. ↑ Smith, Michael E.; Schreiber, Katharina J. (September 1, 2005). "New World States and Empires: Economic and Social Organization". Journal of Archaeological Research. 13 (3): 189–229. doi:10.1007/s10814-005-3106-3. ISSN   1573-7756. S2CID   1383573.
  222. ↑ Totten, Samuel (1992). "BOOK REVIEWS". Holocaust and Genocide Studies. 6 (4): 430–434. doi:10.1093/hgs/6.4.430. ISSN   8756-6583.
  223. ↑ Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 265.
  224. ↑ Howes, Jennifer; Talbot, Cynthia; Canby, Sheila; Michell, George; Foekema, Gerard; Topsfield, Andrew; Tillotson, Giles; Verghese, Anila; Fritz, John M.; Michell, George; Datta, Sona; Boardman, John (January 2005). "Book Reviews". South Asian Studies. 21 (1): 137–150. doi:10.1080/02666030.2005.9628650. ISSN   0266-6030. S2CID   219697340.
  225. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 329.
  226. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Mitchell 1998e, p. 74.
  227. 1 2 Mitchell 1998a, p. 39.
  228. 1 2 The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness and Fall, 1477–1806. 1995.
  229. 1 2 3 Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 320.
  230. 1 2 "Population statistics: historical demography". Populstat.info. Archived from the original on 2018-09-17. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  231. 1 2 Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 133.
  232. 1 2 3 4 5 de Vries 1984, p. 352.
  233. ↑ Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 110.
  234. 1 2 Flood, J. (2006). Poets Laureate in the Holy Roman Empire: A Bio-bibliographical Handbook. De Gruyter. ISBN   978-3-11-091274-6. Archived from the original on 2024-05-31. Retrieved 2016-09-22.
  235. 1 2 3 Latimer 1900.
  236. 1 2 3 4 5 Shannon & Grebenik 1943.
  237. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 166.
  238. ↑ Săgeată, Radu (2008). "Bucharest. Geographical and Geopolitical Considerations" (PDF). Romanian Review on Political Geography. 10 (1): 48. ISSN   1582-7763. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-04-12. Retrieved 2021-04-12.
  239. 1 2 3 4 Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 155.
  240. 1 2 3 Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 196.
  241. ↑ Mitchell 1998a, p. 40.
  242. 1 2 3 4 5 de Vries 1984, p. 349.
  243. 1 2 Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 135.
  244. 1 2 3 4 5 Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 327.
  245. 1 2 3 4 5 Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 328.
  246. ↑ J. Cunnison; J.B.S. Filfillan, eds. (1958). Third Statistical Account of Scotland GLASGOW. Glasgow: Collins. OCLC   500429383.
  247. 1 2 3 4 Boudarel, Nguyen & Nguyễn 2002, p. 19.
  248. ↑ Boudarel, Nguyen & Nguyễn 2002, p. 22.
  249. ↑ Annuaire de la Cochinchine française... 1874. Archived from the original on 2020-07-06. Retrieved 2020-07-06– via Gallica.[ verification needed ]
  250. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 251.
  251. ↑ Tudose, Mihaela (2017). "Demographic and Social-Economic Evolution of the City of Iași During the First Decades after the Union (1859-1881)". Ioan Neculce: The Bulletin of Moldavia's History Museum. New Series (23): 180. ISSN   1454-0754. Archived from the original on 2021-04-12. Retrieved 2021-04-12.
  252. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Mitchell 1998e, p. 75.
  253. ↑ Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon (1956). Kyoto: the Old Capital of Japan, 794-1869. Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. p. 424. (quoting the Meiji publication 平安通志)
  254. ↑ Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 321.
  255. ↑ Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 323.
  256. 1 2 3 Mitchell 1998a, p. 41.
  257. 1 2 3 4 Almanach de Gotha pour l'an 1858
  258. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 de Vries 1984, p. 356.
  259. 1 2 F. Braudel (1979). Capitalism and Material Life, 1400–1800.
  260. ↑ Sansom, George (1963). A History of Japan: 1615-1867. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. p. 113. Note: These figures exclude military (samurai) population, which could account for a considerable portion of the population.
  261. ↑ Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 319.
  262. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 de Vries 1984, p. 357.
  263. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Mitchell 1998e, p. 76.
  264. ↑ Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 120.
  265. 1 2 3 Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 164.
  266. ↑ Mitchell 1998a, p. 42.
  267. 1 2 3 4 5 Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 159.
  268. ↑ Steidl, Annemarie (2003). Auf nach Wien! Die Mobilität des mitteleuropäischen Handwerks im 18. und 19. Jahrhundert am Beispiel der Haupt- und Residenzstadt Wien. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN   3-7028-0403-X. Archived from the original on 2021-05-26. Retrieved 2013-02-12.
  269. ↑ "Statistiken". Statistik.at. Archived from the original on 2015-04-10. Retrieved 2015-06-20.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">China</span> Country in East Asia

China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. With a population exceeding 1.4 billion, it is the second-most populous country after India, representing 17.4% of the world population. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and borders fourteen countries by land. With an area of nearly 9.6 million square kilometers (3,700,000 sq mi), it is the third-largest country by total land area. The country is divided into 33 province-level divisions: 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four municipalities, and two semi-autonomous special administrative regions. Beijing is the country's capital, while Shanghai is its most populous city by urban area and largest financial center.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">David</span> Biblical figure and Israelite monarch

David was a king of ancient Israel and Judah and the third king of the United Monarchy, according to the Hebrew Bible and Old Testament.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</span> Private university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, US

The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is a private research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States. Established in 1861, MIT has played a significant role in the development of many areas of modern technology and science.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Whore of Babylon</span> Female figure and also place of evil mentioned in the Book of Revelation

Babylon the Great, commonly known as the Whore of Babylon, refers to both a symbolic female figure and a place of evil as mentioned in the Book of Revelation of the New Testament. Her full title is stated in Revelation 17:5 as "Mystery, Babylon the Great, the Mother of Harlots and Abominations of the Earth".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jimmy Hoffa</span> American labor union leader (born 1913; disappeared 1975; declared dead 1982)

James Riddle Hoffa was an American labor union leader who served as the president of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters (IBT) from 1957 until 1971. He is notorious for his alleged ties to organized crime and for his disappearance under mysterious circumstances in 1975.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Concerned Women for America</span> Socially conservative Christian American nonprofit womens activist group

Concerned Women for America (CWA) is a socially conservative, evangelical Christian non-profit women's legislative action committee in the United States. Headquartered in Washington D.C., the CWA is involved in social and political movements, through which it aims to incorporate Christian ideology. The group was founded in San Diego, California in 1978 by Beverly LaHaye, whose husband Timothy LaHaye was an evangelical Christian minister and author of The Battle for the Mind, as well as coauthor of the Left Behind series.

LGBTQ slang, LGBTQ speak, queer slang, or gay slang is a set of English slang lexicon used predominantly among LGBTQ+ people. It has been used in various languages since the early 20th century as a means by which members of the LGBTQ+ community identify themselves and speak in code with brevity and speed to others.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lordship of Groningen</span>

The Lordship of Groningen was a lordship under the rule of the House of Habsburg between 1536 and 1594, which is the present-day province of Groningen.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Timeline of women's education</span>

This Timeline of women's education is an overview of the history of education for women worldwide. It includes key individuals, institutions, law reforms, and events that have contributed to the development and expansion of educational opportunities for women.

This page is a timeline of social media. Major launches, milestones, and other major events are included.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rafay Baloch</span> Pakistani ethical hacker and security researcher (born 1993)

Rafay Baloch is a Pakistani ethical hacker and security researcher. He has been featured and known by both national and international media and publications like Forbes, BBC, The Wall Street Journal, The Express Tribune and TechCrunch. He has been listed among the "Top 5 Ethical Hackers of 2014" by CheckMarx. Subsequently he was listed as one of "The 15 Most Successful Ethical Hackers WorldWide" and among "Top 25 Threat Seekers" by SCmagazine. Baloch has also been added in TechJuice 25 under 25 list for the year 2016 and got 13th rank in the list of high achievers. Reflectiz, a cyber security company, released the list of "Top-21 Cybersecurity Experts You Must Follow on Twitter in 2021" recognizing Rafay Baloch as the top influencer. On 23 March 2022, ISPR recognized Rafay Baloch's contribution in the field of Cyber Security with Pride for Pakistan award. In 2021, Islamabad High court designated Baloch as an amicus curia for a case concerning social media regulations.

References

Further reading

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.