This article lists current estimates of the world population in history. In summary, estimates for the progression of world population since the Late Middle Ages are in the following ranges:
Year | 1400 | 1500 | 1600 | 1700 | 1800 | 1900 | 2000 | 2100 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
population (in billions) | 0.35–0.40 | 0.43–0.50 | 0.50–0.58 | 0.60–0.68 | 0.89–0.98 | 1.56–1.71 | 6.06–6.15 | c. 10–13 |
growth p.a. [1] | >0% | <0.12% | 0.15–0.3% | 0.1–0.15% | 0.3–0.5% | 0.5–0.6% | 1.3–1.4% | 0.7–0.8% |
Estimates for pre-modern times are necessarily fraught with great uncertainties, and few of the published estimates have confidence intervals; in the absence of a straightforward means to assess the error of such estimates, a rough idea of expert consensus can be gained by comparing the values given in independent publications. Population estimates cannot be considered accurate to more than two decimal digits; for example, the world population for the year 2012 was estimated at 7.02, 7.06, and 7.08 billion by the United States Census Bureau, the Population Reference Bureau, and the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, respectively, corresponding to a spread of estimates of the order of 0.8%.
As a general rule, the confidence of estimates on historical world population decreases for the more distant past. Robust population data exist only for the last two or three centuries. Until the late 18th century, few governments had ever performed an accurate census. In many early attempts, such as in Ancient Egypt and the Persian Empire, the focus was on counting merely a subset of the population for purposes of taxation or military service. [2] Published estimates for the 1st century ("AD 1") suggest uncertainty of the order of 50% (estimates range between 150 and 330 million). Some estimates extend their timeline into deep prehistory, to "10,000 BC", i.e., the early Holocene, when world population estimates range roughly between 1 and 10 million (with an uncertainty of up to an order of magnitude). [3] [4]
Estimates for yet deeper prehistory, into the Paleolithic, are of a different nature. At this time, human populations consisted entirely of non-sedentary hunter-gatherer populations, with anatomically modern humans existing alongside archaic human varieties, some of which are still ancestral to the modern human population due to interbreeding with modern humans during the Upper Paleolithic. Estimates of the size of these populations are a topic of paleoanthropology. A late human population bottleneck is postulated by some scholars at approximately 70,000 years ago, during the Toba catastrophe, when Homo sapiens population may have dropped to as low as between 1,000 and 10,000 individuals. [5] [6] For the time of speciation of Homo sapiens , some 200,000 years ago, an effective population size of the order of 10,000 to 30,000 individuals has been estimated, with an actual "census population" of early Homo sapiens of roughly 100,000 to 300,000 individuals. [7]
Estimates regarding the questions of "how many people have ever lived?" or "what percentage of people who have ever lived are alive today?" can be traced to the 1970s. [8] The more dramatic phrasing of "the living outnumber the dead" also dates to the 1970s, a time of population explosion and growing fears of human overpopulation in the wake of decolonization and before the adoption of China's one-child policy. The claim that "the living outnumber the dead" was never accurate. Arthur C. Clarke in 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) has the claim that "Behind every man now alive stand 30 ghosts, for that is the ratio by which the dead outnumber the living", which was roughly accurate at the time of writing. [9] [10]
Recent estimates of the "total number of people who have ever lived" are in the order of 100 billion. [10] [11] The answer depends on the definition of "people", i.e., whether only Homo sapiens are to be counted, or all of the genus Homo; due to the small population sizes in the Lower Paleolithic, however, the order of magnitude of the estimate is not affected by the choice of cut-off date substantially more than by the uncertainty of estimates throughout the Neolithic to Iron Age. [12] Importantly, the estimate is also affected by the estimate of infant mortalities vs. stillborn infants, due to the very high rate of infant mortality throughout the pre-modern period. An estimate on the "total number of people who have ever lived" as of 1995 was calculated by Haub (1995) at "about 105 billion births since the dawn of the human race" with a cut-off date at 50,000 BC (beginning of the Upper Paleolithic), and inclusion of a high infant mortality rate throughout pre-modern history. [13]
The following table uses astronomical year numbering for dates, negative numbers corresponding roughly to the corresponding year BC (for example, −8,000 = 8,000 BC, etc.). The table starts counting approximately 10,000 years before present, or around 8,000 BC, during the middle Greenlandian, about 1,700 years after the end of the Younger Dryas and 1,800 years before the 8.2-kiloyear event.
From the beginning of the early modern period until the 20th century, world population has been characterized by a rapid growth. For the period of Classical antiquity to the Middle Ages, roughly 500 BC to AD 1500, there was also a general tendency of growth (estimated at a factor 4 to 5 over the 2,000-year period), but not strictly monotonic: A noticeable dip in world population is assumed due to the Black Death in the mid-14th century. [14]
Year | PRB (1973–2016) [15] | UN (2015) [16] | Maddison (2008) [17] | HYDE (2010) [18] | Biraben (1980) [19] | McEvedy & Jones (1978) [20] | Thomlinson (1975) [21] | Durand (1974) [22] | Clark (1967) [23] | Gapminder |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
−10000 | 2M [24] | 4M | 1–10M | 4M | ||||||
−9000 | 4M | |||||||||
−8000 | 5M | 5M | 5–10M | |||||||
−7000 | 7M | 8M | ||||||||
−6000 | 14M | 11M | ||||||||
−5000 | 27M | 18M [24] | 5M | 5–20M | 5M | |||||
−4000 | 50M | 28M | 7M | 7M | ||||||
−3000 | 100M | 45M | 14M | 14M | ||||||
−2000 | 72M | 27M | 27M | |||||||
−1000 | 100M | 115M | 50M | 50M | ||||||
−500 | 150M | |||||||||
−200 | 227M | 150M | 150M | |||||||
1 | 300M [25] | 300M | 231M [26] | 188M [24] | 255M | 170M | 200M | 270–330M | 256M [27] | 170M |
100 | 195M | |||||||||
200 | 202M | 256M | 190M | 190M | ||||||
300 | 205M | |||||||||
350 | 254M | |||||||||
400 | 209M | 206M | 190M | 190M | ||||||
500 | 280M | 210M [24] | 206M | 190M | 190M | |||||
600 | 213M | 206M | 200M | 237M | 200M | |||||
700 | 226M | 207M | 210M | 207M | ||||||
800 | 240M | 224M | 220M | 261M | 224M | |||||
900 | 269M | 226M | 240M | 226M | ||||||
1000 | 400M | 310M | 267M | 295M [24] | 254M | 265M | 275–345M | 280M | 254M | |
1100 | 450M | 353M | 301M | 320M | 301M | |||||
1200 | 500M | 393M | 400M | 360M | 384M | 400M | ||||
1250 | 400M | 416M | 416M | |||||||
1300 | 500M | 392M | 432M | 360M | 400M | 432M | ||||
1340 | 443M | 378M | 443M | |||||||
1400 | 500M | 390M | 374M | 350M | 374M | |||||
1500 | 600M | 500M | 438M | 461M [24] | 425M | 440–540M | 427M | 460M | ||
1600 | 600M | 556M | 554M [24] | 579M | 545M | 498M | 579M | |||
1650 | (<700M) [14] | 545M | 500M | 516M | 579M | |||||
1700 | 660M | 1000M | 603M [24] | 1079M | 1000M | 1041M | 1079M | |||
1750 | 791M | 814M | 700M | 770M | ||||||
1800 | 1,000M | 978M | 989M [24] | 900M | 985M | |||||
1820 | 1,042M | 1,093M | ||||||||
1850 | 1,265M | 1,262M | 1,263M | 1,241M | 1,200M | 1,200M | 1,278M | |||
1870 | 1,276M | 1,347M | ||||||||
1875 | 1,325M | 1,383M | ||||||||
1900 | 1,656M | 1,650M | 1,563M | 1,654M [24] | 1,633M | 1,625M | 1,600M | 1,650–1,710M | 1,668M | 1,645M |
1910 | 1,750M | 1,777M | 1,790M | |||||||
1913 | 1,793M | 1,829M | ||||||||
1920 | 1,860M | 1,863M | 1,912M | 1,968M | 1,924M | |||||
1925 | 2,000M | 2,000M | 2,007M | |||||||
1930 | 2,070M | 2,092M | 2,145M | 2,100M | ||||||
1940 | 2,300M | 2,299M | 2,307M | 2,340M | 2,324M | |||||
After World War II , demographic data of some accuracy becomes available for a significant number of countries, and population estimates are often given as grand totals of numbers (typically given by country) of widely diverging accuracies. Some sources give these numbers rounded to the nearest million or the nearest thousand, while others give them without any rounding.
Taking these numbers at face value would be false precision; in spite of being stated to four, seven, or even ten digits, they should not be interpreted as accurate to more than three digits at best (estimates by the United States Census Bureau and by the United Nations differ by about 0.5–1.5%).
Year | United States Census Bureau (2017) [28] | Population Reference Bureau (1973–2016) [15] | United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (2015) [16] | Maddison (2008) [17] | HYDE (2007) [24] | Biraben (1980) [19] | McEvedy & Jones (1978) [20] | Thomlinson (1975) [21] | Durand (1974) [22] | Clark (1967) [23] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1950 | 2,557,628,654 | 2,516,000,000 | 2,525,149,000 | 2,544,000,000 | 2,527,960,000 | 2,527,000,000 | 2,500,000,000 | 2,400,000,000 | 2,486,000,000 | |
1951 | 2,594,939,877 | 2,572,850,917 | 2,571,663,000 | |||||||
1952 | 2,636,772,306 | 2,619,292,068 | 2,617,949,000 | |||||||
1953 | 2,682,053,389 | 2,665,865,392 | 2,665,959,000 | |||||||
1954 | 2,730,228,104 | 2,713,172,027 | 2,716,927,000 | |||||||
1955 | 2,782,098,943 | 2,761,650,981 | 2,769,074,000 | |||||||
1956 | 2,835,299,673 | 2,811,572,031 | 2,822,502,000 | |||||||
1957 | 2,891,349,717 | 2,863,042,795 | 2,879,934,000 | |||||||
1958 | 2,948,137,248 | 2,916,030,167 | 2,939,254,000 | |||||||
1959 | 3,000,716,593 | 2,970,395,814 | 2,995,909,000 | |||||||
1960 | 3,043,001,508 | 3,026,002,942 | 3,041,507,000 | 3,042,000,000 | ||||||
1961 | 3,083,966,929 | 3,082,830,266 | 3,082,161,000 | |||||||
1962 | 3,140,093,217 | 3,141,071,531 | 3,135,787,000 | 3,036,000,000 | ||||||
1963 | 3,209,827,882 | 3,201,178,277 | 3,201,354,000 | |||||||
1964 | 3,281,201,306 | 3,263,738,832 | 3,266,477,000 | |||||||
1965 | 3,350,425,793 | 3,329,122,479 | 3,333,138,000 | |||||||
1966 | 3,420,677,923 | 3,397,475,247 | 3,402,224,000 | 3,288,000,000 | ||||||
1967 | 3,490,333,715 | 3,468,521,724 | 3,471,464,000 | |||||||
1968 | 3,562,313,822 | 3,541,674,891 | 3,543,086,000 | |||||||
1969 | 3,637,159,050 | 3,616,108,749 | 3,615,743,000 | |||||||
1970 | 3,712,697,742 | 3,691,172,616 | 3,691,157,000 | 3,710,000,000 | 3,637,000,000 | 3,600,000,000 | 3,600,000,000– 3,700,000,000 | 3,632,000,000 | ||
1971 | 3,790,326,948 | 3,766,754,345 | 3,769,818,000 | |||||||
1972 | 3,866,568,653 | 3,842,873,611 | 3,846,499,000 | |||||||
1973 | 3,942,096,442 | 3,919,182,332 | 3,922,793,000 | 3,923,000,000 | 3,860,000,000 | |||||
1974 | 4,016,608,813 | 3,995,304,922 | 3,997,677,000 | |||||||
1975 | 4,089,083,233 | 4,071,020,434 | 4,070,671,000 | 3,900,000,000 | 4,000,000,000 | |||||
1976 | 4,160,185,010 | 4,146,135,850 | 4,141,445,000 | |||||||
1977 | 4,232,084,578 | 4,220,816,737 | 4,213,539,000 | |||||||
1978 | 4,304,105,753 | 4,295,664,825 | 4,286,317,000 | |||||||
1979 | 4,379,013,942 | 4,371,527,871 | 4,363,144,000 | |||||||
1980 | 4,451,362,735 | 4,449,048,798 | 4,439,529,000 | 4,461,000,000 | ||||||
1981 | 4,534,410,125 | 4,528,234,634 | 4,514,838,000 | |||||||
1982 | 4,614,566,561 | 4,608,962,418 | 4,587,307,000 | |||||||
1983 | 4,695,736,743 | 4,691,559,840 | 4,676,388,000 | |||||||
1984 | 4,774,569,391 | 4,776,392,828 | 4,756,521,000 | |||||||
1985 | 4,856,462,699 | 4,863,601,517 | 4,837,719,000 | |||||||
1986 | 4,940,571,232 | 4,953,376,710 | 4,920,968,000 | |||||||
1987 | 5,027,200,492 | 5,045,315,871 | 5,006,672,000 | |||||||
1988 | 5,114,557,167 | 5,138,214,688 | 5,093,306,000 | |||||||
1989 | 5,201,440,110 | 5,230,000,000 | 5,180,540,000 | |||||||
1990 | 5,288,955,934 | 5,320,816,667 | 5,269,029,000 | 5,308,000,000 | ||||||
1991 | 5,371,585,922 | 5,408,908,724 | 5,351,922,000 | |||||||
1992 | 5,456,136,278 | 5,494,899,570 | 5,435,722,000 | |||||||
1993 | 5,538,268,316 | 5,578,865,109 | 5,518,127,000 | |||||||
1994 | 5,618,682,132 | 5,661,086,346 | 5,599,396,000 | |||||||
1995 | 5,699,202,985 | 5,760,000,000 | 5,741,822,412 | 5,681,575,000 | ||||||
1996 | 5,779,440,593 | 5,821,016,750 | 5,762,212,000 | |||||||
1997 | 5,857,972,543 | 5,840,000,000 | 5,898,688,337 | 5,842,122,000 | ||||||
1998 | 5,935,213,248 | 5,975,303,657 | 5,921,366,000 | |||||||
1999 | 6,012,074,922 | 6,051,478,010 | 5,999,622,000 | |||||||
2000 | 6,088,571,383 | 6,067,000,000 | 6,127,700,428 | 6,076,558,000 | 6,145,000,000 | 5,750,000,000 | ||||
2001 | 6,165,219,247 | 6,137,000,000 | 6,204,147,026 | 6,154,791,000 | ||||||
2002 | 6,242,016,348 | 6,215,000,000 | 6,280,853,817 | 6,231,704,000 | ||||||
2003 | 6,318,590,956 | 6,314,000,000 | 6,357,991,749 | 6,308,364,000 | ||||||
2004 | 6,395,699,509 | 6,396,000,000 | 6,435,705,595 | 6,374,056,000 | ||||||
2005 | 6,473,044,732 | 6,477,000,000 | 6,514,094,605 | 6,462,987,000 | ||||||
2006 | 6,551,263,534 | 6,555,000,000 | 6,593,227,977 | 6,540,214,000 | ||||||
2007 | 6,629,913,759 | 6,625,000,000 | 6,673,105,937 | 6,616,689,000 | ||||||
2008 | 6,709,049,780 | 6,705,000,000 | 6,753,649,228 | 6,694,832,000 | ||||||
2009 | 6,788,214,394 | 6,809,972,000 | 6,834,721,933 | 6,764,086,000 | ||||||
2010 | 6,858,584,755 | 6,892,319,000 | 6,916,183,482 | |||||||
2011 | 6,935,999,491 | 6,986,951,000 | 6,997,998,760 | |||||||
2012 | 7,013,871,313 | 7,057,075,000 | 7,080,072,417 | |||||||
2013 | 7,092,128,094 | 7,136,796,000 | 7,162,119,434 | |||||||
2014 | 7,169,968,185 | 7,238,184,000 | 7,243,784,000 | |||||||
2015 | 7,247,892,788 | 7,336,435,000 | 7,349,472,000 | |||||||
2016 | 7,325,996,709 | 7,418,151,841 | ||||||||
Population estimates for world regions based on Maddison (2007), [29] in millions. The row showing total world population includes the average growth rate per year over the period separating each column from the preceding one.
Year | 1 | 1000 | 1500 | 1600 | 1700 | 1820 | 1913 | 2000 | 2030 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Asia | 168 (74%) | 183 (69%) | 284 (65%) | 379 (68%) | 402 (67%) | 710 (68%) | 978 (55%) | 3,605 (59%) | 4,790 (59%) |
East Asia/Southeast Asia | 74 (33%) | 88 (33%) | 166 (38%) | 223 (40%) | 216 (36%) | 469 (45%) | 613 (34%) | 1,996 (33%) | 2,417 (30%) |
South Asia | 75 (33%) | 75 (28%) | 110 (25%) | 135 (24%) | 165 (27%) | 216 (21%) | 326 (18%) | 1,372 (23%) | 2,003 (25%) |
Europe [30] | 34 (15%) | 40 (15%) | 78 (18%) | 112 (20%) | 127 (21%) | 224 (21%) | 498 (28%) | 742 (13%) | 829 (11%) |
West Asia | 19 (8%) | 20 (7%) | 18 (3%) | 21 (3%) | 21 (3%) | 25 (2%) | 39 (2%) | 237 (4%) | 370 (5%) |
Africa | 17 (8%) | 32 (12%) | 47 (11%) | 55 (10%) | 61 (10%) | 74 (7%) | 125 (7%) | 798 (13%) | 1,449 (18%) |
Central/South America | 6 (3%) | 11 (4%) | 18 (4%) | 9 (2%) | 12 (2%) | 22 (2%) | 81 (5%) | 520 (9%) | 702 (9%) |
North America | 1 (0%) | 1 (0%) | 2 (0%) | 2 (0%) | 1 (0%) | 11 (1%) | 105 (6%) | 314 (5%) | 413 (5%) |
Oceania | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 5 | 23 (0%) | 28 (0%) |
World | 226 | 267 | 438 | 556 | 603 | 1,041 | 1,791 | 6,062 | 8,175 |
World growth p.a. | +0.0% | +0.1% | +0.2% | +0.1% | +0.5% | +0.6% | +1.4% | +1.0% |
Year | 1 | 1000 | 1500 | 1600 | 1700 | 1820 | 1870 | 1900 | 1950 | 1973 | 1998 [31] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Austria | 500 | 700 | 2,000 | 2,500 | 2,500 | 3,369 | 4,520 | 6,767 | 6,935 | 7,586 | 8,078 |
Belgium | 300 | 400 | 1,400 | 1,600 | 2,000 | 3,424 | 5,096 | 7,666 | 8,640 | 9,738 | 10,197 |
Denmark | 250 | 360 | 600 | 650 | 700 | 1,155 | 1,888 | 2,983 | 4,269 | 5,022 | 5,303 |
Finland | 250 | 250 | 300 | 400 | 400 | 1,169 | 1,754 | 3,027 | 4,009 | 4,666 | 5,153 |
France | 5,000 | 6,500 | 15,000 | 18,500 | 21,471 | 31,246 | 38,440 | 41,463 | 41,836 | 52,118 | 58,805 |
Germany | 3,000 | 3,500 | 12,000 | 16,000 | 15,000 | 24,905 | 39,231 | 65,058 | 68,371 | 78,956 | 82,029 |
Italy | 7,000 | 6,000 | 10,500 | 13,100 | 13,300 | 20,176 | 27,888 | 37,248 | 47,105 | 54,751 | 57,592 |
Netherlands | 200 | 300 | 950 | 1,500 | 1,900 | 2,355 | 3,615 | 6,164 | 10,114 | 13,438 | 15,700 |
Norway | 250 | 400 | 300 | 400 | 500 | 970 | 1,735 | 2,447 | 3,265 | 3,961 | 4,432 |
Sweden | 250 | 350 | 700 | 1,000 | 1,260 | 2,585 | 4,164 | 5,621 | 7,015 | 8,137 | 8,851 |
Switzerland | 150 | 300 | 650 | 1,000 | 1,200 | 1,829 | 2,664 | 3,864 | 4,694 | 6,441 | 7,130 |
United Kingdom | 1,500 | 2,000 | 3,942 | 6,170 | 8,565 | 21,226 | 31,393 | 45,649 | 50,363 | 56,223 | 59,237 |
12 Countries Total | 18,000 | 24,700 | 48,192 | 62,580 | 68,796 | 114,419 | 162,388 | 227,957 | 256,616 | 301,037 | 322,507 |
Portugal | 800 | 900 | 1,000 | 1,100 | 2,000 | 3,297 | 4,353 | 6,004 | 8,512 | 8,634 | 9,968 |
Spain | 4,500 | 4,000 | 6,800 | 8,240 | 8,770 | 12,203 | 16,201 | 20,263 | 27,868 | 34,810 | 39,371 |
Other | 2,100 | 1,113 | 1,276 | 1,858 | 1,894 | 2,969 | 4,590 | 6,783 | 12,064 | 13,909 | 16,553 |
Total Western Europe | 25,550 | 30,413 | 57,268 | 73,778 | 81,460 | 132,888 | 187,532 | 261,007 | 305,060 | 358,390 | 388,399 |
Eastern Europe | 7,900 | 9,000 | 18,000 | 18,000 | 18,800 | 36,415 | 52,182 | 79,604 | 87,289 | 110,490 | 121,006 |
Former USSR | 18,000 | 18,000 | 18,000 | 20,700 | 26,550 | 54,765 | 88,672 | 156,192 | 180,050 | 249,748 | 290,866 |
United States | 680 | 1,300 | 2,000 | 1,500 | 1,000 | 9,981 | 40,241 | 97,606 | 152,271 | 212,909 | 270,561 |
Other Western Offshoots | 490 | 660 | 800 | 800 | 750 | 1,249 | 5,892 | 13,795 | 23,823 | 39,036 | 52,859 |
Total Western Offshoots | 1,170 | 1,960 | 2,800 | 2,300 | 1,750 | 11,230 | 46,133 | 111,401 | 176,094 | 250,945 | 323,420 |
Mexico | 10,000 | 10,000 | 10,000 | 2,500 | 4,500 | 6,587 | 9,219 | 14,970 | 28,485 | 57,643 | 98,553 |
Other Latin America | 10,000 | 20,000 | 30,000 | 6,100 | 7,550 | 14,633 | 30,754 | 65,545 | 137,352 | 250,807 | 409,070 |
Total Latin America | 20,000 | 30,000 | 40,000 | 8,600 | 12,050 | 21,220 | 39,973 | 80,515 | 165,837 | 308,450 | 507,623 |
Japan | 3,000 | 7,500 | 15,400 | 18,500 | 27,000 | 31,000 | 34,437 | 51,672 | 83,563 | 108,660 | 126,469 |
China | 50,000 | 59,000 | 103,000 | 160,000 | 138,000 | 381,000 | 358,000 | 437,140 | 546,815 | 881,940 | 1,242,700 |
India | 60,000 | 75,000 | 110,000 | 135,000 | 165,000 | 209,000 | 253,000 | 303,700 | 359,000 | 580,000 | 975,000 |
Other Asia | 66,000 | 41,400 | 55,400 | 65,000 | 71,800 | 89,366 | 119,619 | 185,092 | 392,481 | 677,214 | 1,172,243 |
Total Asia | 179,000 | 175,400 | 268,400 | 360,000 | 374,800 | 679,366 | 730,619 | 925,932 | 1,298,296 | 2,139,154 | 3,389,943 |
Africa | 35,000 | 33,000 | 46,000 | 55,000 | 61,000 | 74,208 | 90,466 | 124,697 | 228,342 | 387,645 | 759,954 |
World | 300,000 | 268,273 | 437,818 | 555,828 | 603,410 | 1,041,092 | 1,270,014 | 1,791,020 | 2,524,531 | 3,913,482 | 5,907,680 |
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Population is the term typically used to refer to the number of people in a single area. Governments conduct a census to quantify the size of a resident population within a given jurisdiction. The term is also applied to non-human animals, microorganisms, and plants, and has specific uses within such fields as ecology and genetics.
The Economy of Switzerland is one of the world's most advanced and a highly-developed free market economy. The economy of Switzerland has ranked first in the world since 2015 on the Global Innovation Index and third in the 2020 Global Competitiveness Report. According to United Nations data for 2016, Switzerland is the third richest landlocked country in the world after Liechtenstein and Luxembourg. Together with the latter and Norway, they are the only three countries in the world with a GDP per capita (nominal) above US$90,000 that are neither island nations nor ministates. Among OECD nations, Switzerland holds the 3rd-largest GDP per capita. Switzerland has a highly efficient and strong social security system; social expenditure stood at roughly 24.1% of GDP.
The 1900s was a decade that began on January 1, 1900, and ended on December 31, 1909. The Edwardian era (1901–1910) covers a similar span of time. The term "nineteen-hundreds" is sometimes also used to mean the entire century from January 1, 1900, to December 31, 1999.
The economy of France is a highly developed social market economy with notable state participation in strategic sectors. It is the world's seventh-largest economy by nominal GDP and the ninth-largest economy by PPP, constituting around 4% of world GDP. Due to a volatile currency exchange rate, France's GDP as measured in dollars fluctuates sharply, being smaller in 2024 than in 2008. France has a diversified economy, that is dominated by the service sector, whilst the industrial sector accounted for 19.5% of its GDP and the primary sector accounted for the remaining 1.7%. In 2020, France was the largest Foreign Direct Investment recipient in Europe, and Europe's second largest spender in research and development. It was ranked among the 10 most innovative countries in the world by the 2020 Bloomberg Innovation Index, as well as the 15th most competitive nation globally according to the 2019 Global Competitiveness Report. It was the fifth-largest trading nation in the world. France is also the most visited destination in the world, as well as the European Union's leading agricultural power.
The world economy or global economy is the economy of all humans in the world, referring to the global economic system, which includes all economic activities conducted both within and between nations, including production, consumption, economic management, work in general, financial transactions and trade of goods and services. In some contexts, the two terms are distinct: the "international" or "global economy" is measured separately and distinguished from national economies, while the "world economy" is simply an aggregate of the separate countries' measurements. Beyond the minimum standard concerning value in production, use and exchange, the definitions, representations, models and valuations of the world economy vary widely. It is inseparable from the geography and ecology of planet Earth.
Population decline, also known as depopulation, is a reduction in a human population size. Throughout history, Earth's total human population has continued to grow; however, current projections suggest that this long-term trend of steady population growth may be coming to an end.
Population growth is the increase in the number of people in a population or dispersed group. The global population has grown from 1 billion in 1800 to 8.2 billion in 2025. Actual global human population growth amounts to around 70 million annually, or 0.85% per year. As of 2024, The United Nations projects that global population will peak in the mid-2080s at around 10.3 billion. The UN's estimates have decreased strongly in recent years due to sharp declines in global birth rates. Others have challenged many recent population projections as having underestimated population growth.
This is the Economic history of the Indian subcontinent. It includes the economic timeline of the region, from the ancient era to the present, and briefly summarizes the data presented in the Economic history of India and List of regions by past GDP (PPP) articles.
Angus Maddison was a distinguished British economist specialising in quantitative macro economic history, including the measurement and analysis of economic growth and development.
Demographic history is the reconstructed record of human population in the past. Given the lack of population records prior to the 1950s, there are many gaps in our record of demographic history. Historical demographers must make do with estimates, models and extrapolations. For the demographic methodology, see historical demography.
The economy of the Republic of Ireland is a highly developed knowledge economy, focused on services in high-tech, life sciences, financial services and agribusiness, including agrifood. Ireland is an open economy, and ranks first for high-value foreign direct investment (FDI) flows. In the global GDP per capita tables, Ireland ranks 2nd of 192 in the IMF table and 4th of 187 in the World Bank ranking.
In world demographics, the world population is the total number of humans currently alive. It was estimated by the United Nations to have exceeded eight billion in mid-November 2022. It took around 300,000 years of human prehistory and history for the human population to reach a billion and only 218 more years to reach 8 billion.
Earth has a human population of over 8 billion as of 2024, with an overall population density of 50 people per km2. Nearly 60% of the world's population lives in Asia, with more than 2.8 billion in the countries of India and China combined. The percentage shares of China, India and rest of South Asia of the world population have remained at similar levels for the last few thousand years of recorded history. The world's literacy rate has increased dramatically in the last 40 years, from 66.7% in 1979 to 86.3% today. Lower literacy levels are mostly attributable to poverty and are found mostly in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa.
The 0s began on January 1, AD 1 and ended on December 31, AD 9, covering the first nine years of the Common Era. It is one of two "0-to-9" decade-like timespans that contain nine years, along with the 0s BC.