Demographics of Europe

Last updated

European countries by population in 2023 .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{} More than 100 million Between 30 and 100 million Between 10 and 30 million Between 3 and 10 million Between 1 and 3 million Between 0.3 and 1 million Less than 0.3 million European countries by population (2023).svg
European countries by population in 2023
  More than 100 million
  Between 30 and 100 million
  Between 10 and 30 million
  Between 3 and 10 million
  Between 1 and 3 million
  Between 0.3 and 1 million
  Less than 0.3 million
Population growth in 2021 Demographics of Europe.svg
Population growth in 2021

Figures for the population of Europe vary according to the particular definition of Europe's boundaries. In 2018, Europe had a total population of over 751 million people. [1] [2] 448 million of them lived in the European Union and 110 million in European Russia; Russia is the most populous country in Europe.

Contents

Europe's population growth is low, and its median age high. Most of Europe is in a mode of sub-replacement fertility, which means that each new(-born) generation is less populous than the one before. [3] Nonetheless, most West European countries still have growing populations, mainly due to immigration within Europe and from outside Europe and some due to increases in life expectancy and population momentum. Some current and past factors in European demography have included emigration, ethnic relations, economic immigration, a declining birth rate and an ageing population.

History

Prehistory

Approximately 5,000–130,000 people lived in Europe during the Last Glacial Maximum about 20,000 years ago. [4] [5]

According to Volker Heyd, an archaeologist at the University of Helsinki, up to 7 million people lived in Neolithic Europe in 3000 BCE. [6]

According to archaeologist Johannes Müller, the European population was about 1 million around 6500 BCE but increased to 8 million in 2000 BCE. [7]

Estimates of historical population sizes of Europe (including Central Asia, listed under "former USSR") based on Maddison (2007), [8] in millions, with estimated percentage of world population
YearPopulation
Millions% of
world total
AD 13415%
10004015%
15007818%
160011220%
170012721%
182022421%
191349828%
200074213%

Past populations of Europe in modern national borders, AD 1–2020

Population by year (in thousands)
Country/region110001500160017001820187019131950197319982020
Austria 500 [9] 700 [9] 2000 [9] 2500 [9] 2500 [9] 3369 [9] 4520 [9] 6767 [9] 6935 [9] 7586 [9] 8078 [9] 8901 [9]
Belgium 300 [9] 400 [9] 1400 [9] 1600 [9] 2000 [9] 3424 [9] 5096 [9] 7666 [9] 8640 [9] 9738 [9] 10197 [9] 11493 [9]
Denmark 180 [9] 360 [9] 600 [9] 650 [9] 700 [9] 1155 [9] 1888 [9] 2983 [9] 4269 [9] 5022 [9] 5303 [9] 5823 [9]
Finland 20 [9] 40 [9] 300 [9] 400 [9] 400 [9] 1169 [9] 1754 [9] 3027 [9] 4009 [9] 4666 [9] 5153 [9] 5536 [9]
France 5000 [9] 6500 [9] 15000 [9] 18500 [9] 21471 [9] 31246 [9] 38440 [9] 41463 [9] 41836 [9] 52118 [9] 58805 [9] 67287 [9]
Germany 3000 [9] 3500 [9] 12000 [9] 16000 [9] 15000 [9] 24905 [9] 39231 [9] 65058 [9] 68371 [9] 78956 [9] 82029 [9] 83191 [9]
Italy 7000 [9] 5000 [9] 10500 [9] 13100 [9] 13300 [9] 20176 [9] 27888 [9] 37248 [9] 47105 [9] 54751 [9] 57592 [9] 59258 [9]
Netherlands 200 [9] 300 [9] 950 [9] 1500 [9] 1900 [9] 2355 [9] 3615 [9] 6164 [9] 10114 [9] 13438 [9] 15700 [9] 17425 [9]
Norway 100 [9] 200 [9] 300 [9] 400 [9] 500 [9] 970 [9] 1735 [9] 2447 [9] 3265 [9] 3961 [9] 4432 [9] 5368 [9]
Sweden 200 [9] 400 [9] 550 [9] 760 [9] 1260 [9] 2585 [9] 4164 [9] 5621 [9] 7015 [9] 8137 [9] 8851 [9] 10379 [9]
Switzerland 300 [9] 300 [9] 650 [9] 1000 [9] 1200 [9] 1829 [9] 2664 [9] 3864 [9] 4694 [9] 6441 [9] 7130 [9] 8667 [9]
United Kingdom 800 [9] 2000 [9] 3942 [9] 6170 [9] 8565 [9] 21226 [9] 31393 [9] 45649 [9] 50363 [9] 56223 [9] 59237 [9] 67886 [9]
Portugal 500 [9] 600 [9] 1000 [9] 1100 [9] 2000 [9] 3297 [9] 4353 [9] 6004 [9] 8512 [9] 8634 [9] 9968 [9] 10305 [9]
Spain 4500 [9] 4000 [9] 6800 [9] 8240 [9] 8770 [9] 12203 [9] 16201 [9] 20263 [9] 27868 [9] 34810 [9] 39371 [9] 48692 [9]
Greece 2000 [9] 1000 [9] 1000 [9] 1500 [9] 1500 [9] 2312 [9] 7554 [9] 8929 [9] 10835 [9] 10689 [9]
13 small countries100 [9] 113 [9] 276 [9] 358 [9] 394 [9] 657 [9]
Total Western Europe24700 [9] 25413 [9] 57268 [9] 73778 [9] 81460 [9] 132888 [9] 187532 [9] 261007 [9] 305060 [9] 358390 [9] 388399 [9] 419639 [9]
Albania 200 [9] 200 [9] 200 [9] 200 [9] 300 [9] 4371215 [9] 2296 [9] 3108 [9] 2878 [9]
Bulgaria 500 [9] 800 [9] 800 [9] 1250 [9] 1250 [9] 2187 [9] 4200 [9] 7251 [9] 8621 [9] 8257 [9] 6917 [9]
Czechoslovakia 1000 [9] 1250 [9] 3000 [9] 4500 [9] 4500 [9] 7190 [9] 12393 [9] 14563 [9] 15686 [9] 16366 [9]
- Czech Rep. 10221 [9] 8930 [9] 10295 [9] 10702 [9]
- Slovakia 3463 [9] 4642 [9] 5391 [9] 5460 [9]
Hungary 300 [9] 500 [9] 1250 [9] 1250 [9] 1500 [9] 4571 [9] 9338 [9] 10432 [9] 10237 [9] 9770 [9]
Poland 450 [9] 1200 [9] 4000 [9] 5000 [9] 6000 [9] 10426 [9] 25753 [9] 33363 [9] 38666 [9] 38268 [9]
Romania 800 [9] 800 [9] 2000 [9] 2000 [9] 2500 [9] 6389 [9] 7360 [9] 16311 [9] 20828 [9] 22503 [9] 19266 [9]
Yugoslavia 1500 [9] 1750 [9] 2250 [9] 2750 [9] 2750 [9] 5215 [9] 16578 [9] 21088 [9]
Eastern Europe4750 [9] 6500 [9] 13500 [9] 16950 [9] 18800 [9] 36415 [9] 52182 [9] 79604 [9] 139428 [9] 173037 [9] 164513 [9] 151529 [9]
Former USSR3900 [9] 7100 [9] 16950 [9] 20700 [9] 26550 [9] 54765 [9] 88672 [9] 156192 [9] 180050 [9] 249748 [9] 290866 [9] 299173 [9]
- Russia 102833 [9] 132434 [9] 147671 [9] 146171 [9]
- Ukraine 31142 [9] 36905 [9] 48274 [9] 50370 [9] 41902 [9]
World230820 [9] 268273 [9] 437818 [9] 555828 [9] 603410 [9] 1041092 [9] 1270014 [9] 1791020 [9] 2524531 [9] 3913482 [9] 5907680 [9] 7800000 [9]
(%) Percentages of world population, by year
Country/region110001500160017001820187019131950197319982018
Austria0.2 [9] 0.3 [9] 0.5 [9] 0.4 [9] 0.4 [9] 0.3 [9] 0.4 [9] 0.4 [9] 0.3 [9] 0.2 [9] 0.1 [9]
Belgium0.1 [9] 0.1 [9] 0.3 [9] 0.3 [9] 0.3 [9] 0.3 [9] 0.4 [9] 0.4 [9] 0.3 [9] 0.2 [9] 0.2 [9]
Denmark0.1 [9] 0.1 [9] 0.1 [9] 0.1 [9] 0.1 [9] 0.1 [9] 0.1 [9] 0.2 [9] 0.2 [9] 0.1 [9] 0.1 [9]
Finland0.0 [9] 0.0 [9] 0.1 [9] 0.1 [9] 0.1 [9] 0.1 [9] 0.1 [9] 0.2 [9] 0.2 [9] 0.1 [9] 0.1 [9]
France2.2 [9] 2.4 [9] 3.4 [9] 3.3 [9] 3.6 [9] 3.0 [9] 3.0 [9] 2.3 [9] 1.7 [9] 1.3 [9] 1.0 [9]
Germany1.3 [9] 1.3 [9] 2.7 [9] 2.9 [9] 2.5 [9] 2.4 [9] 3.1 [9] 3.6 [9] 2.7 [9] 2.0 [9] 1.4 [9]
Italy3.0 [9] 1.9 [9] 2.4 [9] 2.4 [9] 2.2 [9] 1.9 [9] 2.2 [9] 2.1 [9] 1.9 [9] 1.4 [9] 1.0 [9]
Netherlands0.1 [9] 0.1 [9] 0.2 [9] 0.3 [9] 0.3 [9] 0.2 [9] 0.3 [9] 0.3 [9] 0.4 [9] 0.3 [9] 0.3 [9]
Norway0.0 [9] 0.1 [9] 0.1 [9] 0.1 [9] 0.1 [9] 0.1 [9] 0.1 [9] 0.1 [9] 0.1 [9] 0.1 [9] 0.1 [9]
Sweden0.1 [9] 0.1 [9] 0.1 [9] 0.1 [9] 0.2 [9] 0.2 [9] 0.3 [9] 0.3 [9] 0.3 [9] 0.2 [9] 0.1 [9]
Switzerland0.1 [9] 0.1 [9] 0.1 [9] 0.2 [9] 0.2 [9] 0.2 [9] 0.2 [9] 0.2 [9] 0.2 [9] 0.2 [9] 0.1 [9]
United Kingdom0.3 [9] 0.7 [9] 0.9 [9] 1.1 [9] 1.4 [9] 2.0 [9] 2.5 [9] 2.5 [9] 2.0 [9] 1.4 [9] 1.0 [9]
Portugal0.2 [9] 0.2 [9] 0.2 [9] 0.2 [9] 0.3 [9] 0.3 [9] 0.3 [9] 0.3 [9] 0.3 [9] 0.2 [9] 0.2 [9]
Spain1.9 [9] 1.5 [9] 1.6 [9] 1.5 [9] 1.5 [9] 1.2 [9] 1.3 [9] 1.1 [9] 1.1 [9] 0.9 [9] 0.7 [9]
Other0.9 [9] 0.4 [9] 0.3 [9] 0.3 [9] 0.3 [9] 0.3 [9] 0.4 [9] 0.4 [9] 0.5 [9] 0.4 [9] 0.3 [9]
Total Western Europe10.7 [9] 9.5 [9] 13.1 [9] 13.3 [9] 13.5 [9] 12.8 [9] 14.8 [9] 14.6 [9] 12.1 [9] 9.2 [9] 6.6 [9]
Eastern Europe2.1 [9] 2.4 [9] 3.1 [9] 3.0 [9] 3.1 [9] 3.5 [9] 4.1 [9] 4.4 [9] 3.5 [9] 2.8 [9] 2.0 [9]
Former USSR1.7 [9] 2.6 [9] 3.9 [9] 3.7 [9] 4.4 [9] 5.3 [9] 7.0 [9] 8.7 [9] 7.1 [9] 6.4 [9] 4.9 [9]
Total Europe14.5 [9] 14.5 [9] 20.1 [9] 20.0 [9] 21.0 [9] 21.6 [9] 25.9 [9] 27.7 [9] 22.7 [9] 18.4 [9] 13.5 [9] 9.8 [10]
World100.0 [9] 100.0 [9] 100.0 [9] 100.0 [9] 100.0 [9] 100.0 [9] 100.0 [9] 100.0 [9] 100.0 [9] 100.0 [9] 100.0 [9] 100.0 [9]
Note: These numbers do not include the population of European countries' colonies. Only population within Europe.

Total population

Population pyramid of Europe in 2023 based on the collective United Nations geoscheme for Europe Europe population pyramid 2023.svg
Population pyramid of Europe in 2023 based on the collective United Nations geoscheme for Europe
Europe population pyramid from 1950 to 2023 Europe population pyramid from 1950 to 2023.gif
Europe population pyramid from 1950 to 2023

330,000,000 people lived in Europe in 1916. [11] In 1950 there were 549,000,000. [12] The population of Europe in 2015 was estimated to be 741 million according to the United Nations, [12] which was slightly less than 11% of the world population. The precise figure depends on the exact definition of the geographic extent of Europe. The population of the European Union (EU) was 509 million as of 2015. [13] Non-EU countries situated in Europe in their entirety [14] account for another 90 million. Five transcontinental countries [15] have a total of 247 million people, of which about half reside in Europe proper.

As it stands now, around 10% of the world's people live in Europe. If demographic trends keep their pace, its share may fall to around 7% in 2050, but still amounting to 716 million people in absolute numbers, according to the United Nations estimate. [12] (The decline in the percentage is partly due to high fertility rates in Africa and South America.) The sub-replacement fertility and high life expectancy in most European states mean a declining and aging population. High immigration and emigration levels within and from outside the continent are taking place and quickly changing countries, specifically in Western Europe, from a single ethnic group to a multicultural society. These trends can change societies' economies as well as their political and social institutions. [ how? ][ citation needed ]

Vital statistics

Birth and death rates, by year [16]
YearAverage
population		Live birthsDeathsNatural
change		Crude rates (per 1000)Total
fertility
rate		Life
expectancy
BirthsDeathsNatural
change		Migration
change
1950549,721,71812,202,2206,473,2335,728,98722.211.810.4-1.62.7062.8
1951554,559,50212,112,4256,609,7945,502,63121.811.99.9-0.82.6662.8
1952559,609,90412,142,3686,265,1355,877,23321.711.210.5-0.82.6664.0
1953565,058,63312,120,8266,220,9375,899,88921.511.010.4-0.52.6464.7
1954570,670,99412,151,7796,072,6456,079,13421.310.610.7-0.82.6465.5
1955576,304,97412,134,2705,987,1516,147,11921.110.410.7-0.92.6366.0
1956581,975,51612,133,5835,899,5946,233,98920.810.110.7-0.82.6266.9
1957587,711,63512,194,1005,963,2696,230,83120.710.110.6-0.52.6266.9
1958593,669,29712,177,6005,647,5716,530,02920.59.511.0-0.92.6068.2
1959599,684,87012,178,2455,816,0566,362,18920.39.710.6-0.72.6068.1
1960605,629,87012,098,3785,783,8286,314,55020.09.610.4-0.42.5868.8
1961611,711,02011,990,3995,749,2926,241,10719.69.410.2-0.52.5669.1
1962617,672,20611,784,0566,023,7065,760,35019.19.89.3-0.12.5368.9
1963623,335,99411,654,6466,031,2195,623,42718.79.79.002.5269.2
1964628,944,87811,467,6185,843,5145,624,10418.29.38.9-0.42.5069.9
1965634,267,60611,141,5966,058,7525,082,84417.69.68.0-0.12.4569.8
1966639,264,46110,950,0766,074,8084,875,26817.19.57.602.4270.0
1967644,114,43610,969,0396,204,6464,764,39317.09.67.4-0.42.4270.0
1968648,610,19110,821,0046,427,6224,393,38216.79.96.8-0.42.3869.9
1969652,740,59610,685,4986,652,5434,032,95516.410.26.2-0.42.3369.6
1970656,521,42610,568,0716,602,1773,965,89416.110.16.002.2870.0
1971660,476,01010,662,5416,675,0513,987,49016.110.16.00.52.2770.1
1972664,799,67910,499,8446,699,9133,799,93115.810.15.70.52.2170.3
1973668,909,02210,322,1726,814,5983,507,57415.410.25.20.82.1470.4
1974672,912,94110,406,0136,818,2593,587,75415.510.15.30.42.1370.6
1975676,770,84510,285,0477,009,1883,275,85915.210.44.80.52.0770.5
1976680,361,15010,242,3997,085,8373,156,56215.110.44.60.52.0370.6
1977683,848,71010,171,2647,039,6673,131,59714.910.34.60.21.9970.9
1978687,149,55310,143,4187,183,5312,959,88714.810.54.30.31.9670.9
1979690,287,70510,159,9337,268,7442,891,18914.710.54.20.41.9571.0
1980693,437,22810,156,3717,422,7202,733,65114.610.73.90.41.9370.9
1981696,429,19010,053,0307,404,1162,648,91414.410.63.80.21.8971.2
1982699,220,37010,102,6477,373,7342,728,91314.410.53.90.11.8971.5
1983702,014,77410,078,1847,562,0972,516,08714.410.83.60.41.8771.5
1984704,798,62310,050,6887,584,9142,465,77414.310.83.50.41.8671.6
1985707,516,2879,969,9207,702,8832,267,03714.110.93.20.91.8471.7
1986710,385,0769,987,2747,423,6412,563,63314.110.53.60.71.8472.5
1987713,465,3389,966,3047,407,4172,558,88714.010.43.60.61.8472.7
1988716,444,4319,840,5677,475,8802,364,68713.710.43.30.41.8272.8
1989719,107,8839,495,1177,527,9041,967,21313.210.52.70.61.7672.9
1990721,497,2829,235,4257,681,1971,554,22812.810.62.20.71.7272.9
1991723,602,8988,888,9097,796,5551,092,35412.310.81.50.81.6672.9
1992725,259,4938,523,5157,935,829587,68611.810.90.80.81.6072.7
1993726,441,8928,138,7938,412,609-273,81611.211.6-0.41.41.5372.1
1994727,063,1627,913,4538,492,472-579,01910.911.7-0.81.11.5072.1
1995727,300,4087,663,8318,553,348-889,51710.511.8-1.21.41.4672.2
1996727,453,5667,581,5758,394,631-813,05610.411.5-1.11.31.4572.7
1997727,566,4807,476,6748,240,385-763,71110.311.3-1.00.81.4373.2
1998727,445,6067,369,5278,193,143-823,61610.111.3-1.10.61.4273.6
1999727,100,0167,264,3828,402,774-1,138,39210.011.6-1.61.41.4073.4
2000726,968,4737,325,7638,401,888-1,076,12510.111.6-1.51.41.4273.5
2001726,878,3717,277,5948,364,598-1,087,00410.011.5-1.51.61.4173.8
2002726,939,3587,330,5268,520,890-1,190,36410.111.7-1.62.31.4273.8
2003727,424,9887,442,4758,655,471-1,212,99610.211.9-1.72.71.4573.8
2004728,163,2437,558,6528,381,363-822,71110.411.5-1.12.21.4774.4
2005728,950,4867,568,6378,494,391-925,75410.411.7-1.32.51.4774.5
2006729,857,7087,703,0298,237,212-534,18310.611.3-0.72.81.5075.2
2007731,393,1367,886,1298,187,820-301,69110.811.2-0.42.91.5475.6
2008733,256,1828,169,3988,195,293-25,89511.111.20.02.21.5975.8
2009734,902,8058,208,2688,099,043109,22511.211.00.11.81.6076.3
2010736,276,8138,227,4848,128,38799,09711.211.00.11.71.6176.5
2011737,589,6668,132,9807,958,960174,02011.010.80.21.61.6077.1
2012738,907,5948,178,8048,078,292100,51211.110.90.11.41.6277.3
2013740,013,8068,039,7918,033,9635,82810.910.90.01.41.6077.6
2014741,014,1478,067,4547,955,740111,71410.910.70.21.31.6277.9
2015742,107,4498,004,4658,177,599-173,13410.811.0-0.21.81.6278.0
2016743,318,5827,950,6848,009,194-58,51010.710.8-0.11.61.6278.4
2017744,449,3617,617,7558,076,159-458,40410.210.8-0.61.81.5678.7
2018745,359,1307,375,1578,112,356-737,1999.910.9-1.02.11.5378.8
2019746,189,6457,108,3928,020,246-911,8549.510.7-1.21.21.4979.1
2020746,225,3566,938,7399,119,281-2,180,5429.312.2-2.91.51.4777.7
2021745,173,7746,879,8189,656,398-2,776,5809.213.0-3.71.4877.0
2022746,964,5936,520,6378,811,692-2,291,0558.711.8-3.11.4178.2
2023745,602,8756,337,6958,293,264-1,955,5698.511.1-2.61.4079.1

Population by country

Population density in the European Union and the EFTA countries, along with candidate countries (2017) Population density by NUTS 3 region (2017).svg
Population density in the European Union and the EFTA countries, along with candidate countries (2017)

According to different definitions, such as consideration of the concept of Central Europe, the following territories and regions may be subject to various other categorisations aside from geographic conventions.

Population and area of European countries/territories
Country (or territory) Population
[1] [2] 		Area
(km2) [17] 		Density
(per km2)
Flag of Albania.svg Albania * 2,854,71028,74899
Flag of Andorra.svg Andorra * 79,034468169
Flag of Armenia.svg Armenia * 2,790,97429,74394
Flag of Austria.svg Austria * 8,922,08283,871106
Flag of Azerbaijan.svg Azerbaijan * 10,312,99286,600119
Flag of Belarus.svg Belarus * 9,578,167207,60046
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Belgium * 11,611,41930,528380
Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg Bosnia and Herzegovina * 3,270,94351,20964
Flag of Bulgaria.svg Bulgaria * 6,520,314110,90059
Flag of Croatia.svg Croatia * 4,060,13556,59472
Flag of Cyprus.svg Cyprus * 1,244,1889,251134
Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Czech Republic * 10,510,75178,866133
Flag of Denmark.svg Denmark * 5,854,24043,094136
Flag of Estonia.svg Estonia * 1,328,70145,22729
Flag of the Faroe Islands.svg Faroe Islands * (Denmark)49,7091,39935.6
Flag of Finland.svg Finland * 5,535,992336,85216
Flag of France.svg France * 64,531,444551,500117
Flag of Georgia.svg Georgia * 3,757,98069,70054
Flag of Germany.svg Germany * 83,408,554357,137234
Flag of Gibraltar.svg Gibraltar * (UK)32,66965,445
Flag of Greece.svg Greece * 10,445,365131,95779
Flag of Guernsey.svg Guernsey * [d] 65,345631,037
Flag of Hungary.svg Hungary * 9,709,78693,026104
Flag of Iceland.svg Iceland * 370,335103,0004
Flag of Ireland.svg Ireland * 4,986,52669,82571
Flag of the Isle of Man.svg Isle of Man * [d] 84,263572147
Flag of Italy.svg Italy * 59,240,329301,339197
Flag of Jersey.svg Jersey * [d] 97,857116844
Flag of Kosovo.svg Kosovo ** [p] 1,859,20310,887171
Flag of Latvia.svg Latvia * 1,873,91964,56229
Flag of Liechtenstein.svg Liechtenstein * 39,039160244
Flag of Lithuania.svg Lithuania * 2,786,65165,30043
Flag of Luxembourg.svg Luxembourg * 639,3212,586247
Flag of Malta.svg Malta * 526,7483161,667
Flag of Moldova.svg Moldova * 3,061,50633,84690
Flag of Monaco.svg Monaco * 36,686218,343
Flag of Montenegro.svg Montenegro * 627,85913,81245
Flag of the Netherlands.svg Netherlands * 17,501,69637,354469
Flag of North Macedonia.svg North Macedonia * 2,103,33025,71382
Flag of Norway.svg Norway * 5,403,021323,78717
Flag of Poland.svg Poland * 38,307,726311,888123
Flag of Portugal.svg Portugal * [f] 10,290,10392,212112
Flag of Romania.svg Romania * 19,328,560238,39181
Flag of Russia.svg Russia * 145,102,75517,098,2468
Flag of San Marino.svg San Marino * 33,74561553
Flag of Serbia.svg Serbia * [g] 7,296,76988,36183
Flag of Slovakia.svg Slovakia * 5,447,62249,036111
Flag of Slovenia.svg Slovenia * 2,119,41020,273105
Flag of Spain.svg Spain * 47,486,935505,99294
Flag of Norway.svg Svalbard and Jan Mayen (Norway)2,86862,4220
Flag of Sweden.svg Sweden * 10,467,097450,29523
Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg Switzerland * 8,691,40641,285211
Flag of Transnistria (state).svg Transnistria * 505,0004,163121.3
Flag of Turkey.svg Turkey * 84,775,404783,562108
Flag of Ukraine.svg Ukraine * 43,531,422603,50072
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom * 67,281,039242,495277
Flag of Vatican City (2023-present).svg Vatican City * 8420.41,913.6
Flag of Aland.svg Åland (Finland)28,6661,58018

* indicates link goes to article on demographics of the country (or territory), not just the country itself.

Age

Life expectancy in Europe in 2021 Life expectancy map -Europe -2021 -with names.png
Life expectancy in Europe in 2021

Mirroring their mostly sub-replacement fertility and high life expectancy, European countries tend to have older populations overall. They had nine of the top ten highest median ages in national populations in 2005. Only Japan had an older population. [18]

Population pyramids by country (mostly 2020 and 2023 unless stated otherwise)
Liechtenstein, Monaco, San Marino and Vatican City excluded due to lack of graphic

Fertility

According to Eurostat, the average birth rate in the European Union was 1.5 children per woman in 2020. The EU countries with the highest rates were France (1.83 live births per woman), Romania (1.80) and Czechia (1.71). The lowest rates were found in Malta (1.13), Spain (1.19) and Italy (1.24). [19]

The reasons that Italian citizens give for not having children are economic costs, fear of losing their jobs, and lack of services for families. [20]

Eurostat says that the proportion of children born to foreign mothers, including both from other EU member states and from non-EU countries, has been increasing in the EU since 2013 and stood at 21% in 2020. [19]

Religion

Over the last several centuries, religious practice has been on the decline in a process of secularization. Several European countries have experienced a decline in church attendance as well as a decline in the number of people professing a religious belief. The 2010 Eurobarometer survey found that, on average, 51% of the citizens of the European Union that they believe there is a God, 26% believe there is some sort of spirit or life force and 20% don't believe there is any sort of spirit, God or life force. 3% declined to answer. [21] The Eurobarometer survey must be taken with caution, however, as there are discrepancies between it and national census results. For example, in the United Kingdom, the 2001 census revealed that over 70% of the population regarded themselves as "Christians" with only 15% professing to have no religion, though the wording of the question has been criticized as "misleading" by the British Humanist Association. [22] The 2011 census showed a dramatic reduction to less than 60% of the population regarding themselves as "Christians". [23]

Despite its decline, Christianity is still the largest religion in Europe. According to a survey published in 2010, 76.2% of Europeans identified themselves as Christians. [24] [25] Catholics were the largest Christian group in Europe, accounting for more than 48% of European Christians. [26] The second-largest Christian group in Europe was the Orthodox, who made up 32% of European Christians. [26] And about 19% of European Christians were part of the Protestant tradition. Europe constitutes in absolute terms the world's largest Christian population. [27] According to Scholars, in 2017, Europe's population was 77.8% Christian (up from 74.9% 1970), [28] [29] these changes were largely result of the collapse of Communism and switching to Christianity in the former Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc countries. [28]

According to a 2003 study, [30] 47% of French people declared themselves as agnostics in 2003. This situation is often called "Post-Christian Europe". A decrease in religiousness and church attendance in western Europe (especially in Belgium, the Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, the United Kingdom, Norway, the Netherlands and Sweden) has been noted. According to a survey published in 2012, atheists and agnostics make up about 18.2% of the European population. [31] According to the same survey the religiously unaffiliated make up the majority of the population only in two European countries: Czech Republic (75%) and Estonia (60%). [31]

According to another survey about Religiosity in the European Union from 2012 by Eurobarometer, Christianity was the largest religion in the Union (accounting for 72% of the total population), Catholics were with 48% the largest Christian group in the Union, Protestants made up 12%, Eastern Orthodox made up 8% and other Christians accounted for 4% of the total population. [32] non-believers/agnostics accounted for 16%, atheists accounted for 7% and Muslims accounted for 2%. [33]

Ethnic groups

Pan and Pfeil (2004) count 87 distinct "peoples of Europe", of which 33 form the majority population in at least one sovereign state, while the remaining 54 constitute ethnic minorities. The total number of national minority populations in Europe is estimated at 105 million people, or 14% of 770 million Europeans. (including Europeans in Siberia) [34]

The largest ethnic groups are the Russians, with 117 million, and the Germans, with 72 million. In some countries such as the United Kingdom, France and Spain, the designation of nationality may controversially take on ethnic aspects, subsuming smaller ethnic groups such as Scots, Welsh, Cornish, Northern Irish, Bretons, Catalans, and Basques, making it difficult to quantify a "British" or "French" ethnicity, for example.

There are an estimated 10 million Romani people in Europe. [35]

Language

Map of Europe showing the major languages Rectified Languages of Europe map.png
Map of Europe showing the major languages

Most of the languages of Europe belong to the Indo-European language family. This family is divided into a number of branches, including Romance, Germanic, Baltic, Slavic, Albanian, Celtic, Armenian and Greek. The Uralic languages, which include Hungarian, Finnish, Estonian, Udmurt, Mordvin and Sami also have a significant presence in Europe. The Turkic family also has several European members, while the North Caucasian and Kartvelian families which include Georgian, Circassian, Chechen and Abkhaz anong others are important in the southeastern extremity of geographical Europe. The Basque language of the western Pyrenees is an isolate unrelated to any other group, while Maltese is the only Semitic language in Europe with national language status, although Arabic, Hebrew and Assyrian Neo-Aramaic/Syriac are spoken by migrant populations. The Kalmyk language, is a Mongolic language, spoken in Kalmykia, located directly north of the North Caucasus in Eastern Europe. The most spoken language of Europe is Russian, which belongs to the group of Slavic languages.

Languages that are not official state languages are protected in many European countries by the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. These can include languages spoken by relatively many people, such as Catalan and Basque in Spain, Frisian in the Netherlands, as well as languages spoken by relatively few such as Cornish, Manx and Scottish Gaelic in the United Kingdom, and Romansch in Switzerland.

Genetic origins

Bronze Age spread of Yamnaya Steppe pastoralist ancestry. The Yamnaya culture is identified with the late Proto-Indo-Europeans. Yamnaya Steppe Pastoralists.jpg
Bronze Age spread of Yamnaya Steppe pastoralist ancestry. The Yamnaya culture is identified with the late Proto-Indo-Europeans.

Homo sapiens appeared in Europe roughly 40,000 years ago, with the settlement of the Cro-Magnons, followed by European hunter-gatherers and Early European Farmers (EEF). Over the prehistoric period there was continuous settlement in Europe, notably by the immediate descendants of the Proto-Indo-Europeans who migrated west after the advent of the Neolithic Revolution. [37]

Mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome DNA

Studies of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) have suggested substantial genetic homogeneity of European populations, [38] with only a few geographic or linguistic isolates appearing to be genetic isolates as well. [39] On the other hand, analyses of the Y chromosome [40] [41] and of autosomal diversity [42] have shown a general gradient of genetic similarity running from the southeast to the northwest of the continent.

Autosomal DNA

Population genomic PCA map, showing Europeans (CEU) among other sampled Eurasian populations Genetic Diversity in Asia Fig 2-B.jpg
Population genomic PCA map, showing Europeans (CEU) among other sampled Eurasian populations

According to geneticist David Reich, based on ancient human genomes that his laboratory sequenced in 2016, Europeans formed from four West-Eurasian ancestral components in varying degrees: Western Hunter-Gatherers (WHG), Eastern Hunter-Gatherers (EHG), Neolithic Levant farmers and Neolithic Iranian farmers respectively. [44]

Population structure

A study in May 2009 [45] that examined 19 populations from Europe using 270,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) highlighted the genetic diversity of European populations corresponding to the northwest to southeast gradient and distinguished "several distinct regions" within Europe:

In this study, Fst (fixation index) was found to correlate considerably with geographic distances ranging from ≤0.0010 for neighbouring populations to 0.0230 for Southern Italy and Finland. For comparisons, pair-wise Fst of non-European samples were as follows: Europeans – Yoruba (West Africans) 0.1530; Europeans – Chinese 0.1100; Yoruba (West Africans) – Chinese 0.1900. [45] :  Table S2  

See also

Notes

^  a: Continental regions as per UN categorisations/map . Depending on definitions, various territories cited below may be in one or both of Europe and Asia , or Africa .
^  b: Includes Transnistria , a region that has declared, and de facto achieved , independence; however, it is not recognised de jure by sovereign states .
^  c:  Russia is considered a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. However, the population and area figures include the entire state.
^  d:  Guernsey , the Isle of Man and Jersey are Crown Dependencies of the United Kingdom. Other Channel Islands in the Bailiwick of Guernsey include Alderney and Sark .
^  e:  Cyprus is physiographically entirely in Western Asia , but it has strong historical and sociopolitical connections with Europe. The population and area figures refer to the entire state, including the de facto independent part Northern Cyprus .
^  f: Figures for Portugal include the Azores and Madeira archipelagos, both in Northern Atlantic .
^  g: Area figure for Serbia includes Kosovo , a province that unilaterally declared its independence from Serbia on 17 February 2008, and whose sovereign status is unclear. Population and density figures are 2010 estimates and are given without the disputed territory of Kosovo .
^  h: Figures for France include metropolitan France but not overseas departments and territories as they are not part of the European continent.
^  j:  Kazakhstan is physiographically considered a transcontinental country in Central Asia (UN region) and Eastern Europe, with European territory west of the Ural Mountains and both the Ural and Emba rivers. However, area and population figures refer to the entire country.
^  k:  Armenia is physiographically entirely in Western Asia , but it has strong historical and sociopolitical connections with Europe. The population and area figures include the entire state respectively.
^  m:  Georgia is often considered a transcontinental country in Western Asia and Eastern Europe. However, the population and area figures include the entire state. This also includes Georgian estimates for Abkhazia and South Ossetia , two regions that have declared and de facto achieved independence. The International recognition , however, is limited.
^  o: The total figures for area and population includes the whole of the transcontinental countries. The precision of these figure is compromised by the ambiguous geographical extend of Europe and the lack of references for European portions of transcontinental countries.
^  p:  Kosovo unilaterally declared its independence from Serbia on 17 February 2008. Its sovereign status is unclear. Its population is a 2007 estimate.
^  r:  Abkhazia and South Ossetia unilaterally declared their independence from Georgia on 25 August 1990 and 28 November 1991 respectively. Their sovereign status is unclear . Population figures stated as of 2003 census and 2000 estimates respectively.

    Related Research Articles

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Demographics of Egypt</span>

    Egypt is the most populous country in the Middle East, and the fourth-most populous on the African continent, after Nigeria, Ethiopia and Democratic Republic of the Congo. About 95% of the country's 104 million people live along the banks of the Nile and in the Nile Delta, which fans out north of Cairo; and along the Suez Canal. These regions are among the world's most densely populated, containing an average of over 1,540 people per km2, as compared to 96 persons per km2 for the country as a whole.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Demographics of India</span>

    India is the most populous country in the world with one-sixth of the world's population. According to estimates from the United Nations (UN), India has overtaken China as the country with the largest population in the world, with a population of 1,425,775,850 at the end of April 2023.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Demographics of the Republic of Ireland</span>

    Ireland had an estimated population of 5,380,000 as of 1 April 2024.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Demographics of Italy</span>

    Demographic features of the population of Italy include population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Demographics of Kyrgyzstan</span>

    The Demographics of Kyrgyzstan is about the demographic features of the population of Kyrgyzstan, including population growth, population density, ethnicity, education level, health, economic status, religious affiliations, and other aspects of the population. The name Kyrgyz, both for the people and the country, means "forty tribes", a reference to the epic hero Manas who unified forty tribes against the Oirats, as symbolized by the 40-ray sun on the flag of Kyrgyzstan.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Demographics of Laos</span>

    Laos is a country in Southeast Asia. The country's population was estimated at 7.43 million in 2021, dispersed unevenly across the country. Most people live in valleys of the Mekong River and its tributaries. Vientiane Prefecture, which includes Vientiane, the capital and largest city of the country, had 820,924 residents as of the 2015 census. The country's population density is 26.7/km2.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Demographics of Myanmar</span>

    This is a demography of Myanmar including statistics such as population, ethnicity, language, education level, and religious affiliations.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Demographics of Russia</span>

    As of the 2021 census, the population of Russia was 147.2 million. It is the most populous country in Europe, and the ninth-most populous country in the world, with a population density of 8.5 inhabitants per square kilometre. As of 2020, the overall life expectancy in Russia at birth was 71.54 years.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Demographics of Turkey</span>

    Demographic features of the population of Turkey include population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Demographics of the United Kingdom</span>

    The population of the United Kingdom was estimated at 67,596,281 in 2022. It is the 21st most populated country in the world and has a population density of 279 people per square kilometre, with England having significantly greater density than Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. Almost a third of the population lives in south east England, which is predominantly urban and suburban, with 8,866,180 people in the capital city, London, whose population density was 5,640 inhabitants per square kilometre (14,600/sq mi) in 2022.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Demographics of Iran</span>

    Iran's population increased dramatically during the later half of the 20th century, reaching about 80 million by 2016. As of November 2024, Iran's population is around 91.5 million. In recent years, however, Iran's birth rate has dropped significantly. Studies project that Iran's rate of population growth will continue to slow until it stabilises above 100 million by 2050. Half of Iran's population was under 35 years old in 2012.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Demographics of Belgium</span>

    Demographic features of the population of Belgium include ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects. All figures are from the National Institute for Statistics unless otherwise indicated.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Demographics of France</span>

    The demography of France is monitored by the Institut national d'études démographiques (INED) and the Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques (INSEE). As of 1 January 2021, 66,142,961 people lived in Metropolitan France, while 2,230,472 lived in overseas France, for a total of 68,373,433 inhabitants in the French Republic.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Demographics of the Czech Republic</span>

    Demographic features of the population of the Czech Republic include population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, and religious affiliations.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Religion in Belgium</span>

    Christianity is the largest religion in Belgium, with the Catholic Church representing the largest community, though it has experienced a significant decline since the 1950s. Belgium's policy separates the state from the churches, and freedom of religion of the citizens is guaranteed by the country's constitution.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Religion in Europe</span>

    Religion has been a major influence on the societies, cultures, traditions, philosophies, artistic expressions and laws within present-day Europe. The largest religion in Europe is Christianity. However, irreligion and practical secularisation are also prominent in some countries. In Southeastern Europe, three countries have Muslim majorities, with Christianity being the second-largest religion in those countries. Ancient European religions included veneration for deities such as Zeus. Modern revival movements of these religions include Heathenism, Rodnovery, Romuva, Druidry, Wicca, and others. Smaller religions include Indian religions, Judaism, and some East Asian religions, which are found in their largest groups in Britain, France, and Kalmykia.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Religion in the European Union</span> Overview of religion in the European Union

    Religion in the European Union is diverse. The largest religion in the EU is Christianity, which accounted for 72.8% of EU population as of 2018. Smaller groups include those of Islam, Buddhism, Judaism, Hinduism, and some East Asian religions, most concentrated in Germany and France. Also present are revival movements of pre-Christianity European folk religions including Heathenism, Rodnovery, Romuva, and Druidry.

    Europeans are the focus of European ethnology, the field of anthropology related to the various ethnic groups that reside in the states of Europe. Groups may be defined by common ancestry, common language, common faith, etc.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Demographics of the European Union</span>

    The demographics of the European Union show a highly populated, culturally diverse union of 27 member states. As of 1 January 2024, the population of the EU is around 449 million people.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Demographics of the world</span> Global human population statistics

    Earth has a human population of over 8 billion as of 2024, with an overall population density of 50 people per km2. Nearly 60% of the world's population lives in Asia, with more than 2.8 billion in the countries of India and China combined. The percentage shares of China, India and rest of South Asia of the world population have remained at similar levels for the last few thousand years of recorded history. The world's literacy rate has increased dramatically in the last 40 years, from 66.7% in 1979 to 86.3% today. Lower literacy levels are mostly attributable to poverty. Lower literacy rates are found mostly in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa.

    References

    1. 1 2 "World Population Prospects 2022". United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
    2. 1 2 "World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" (XSLX) ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
    3. ↑ "Figure 8: Population by Total Fertility (millions)" in World Population Prospects, the 2010 Revision. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2011)
    4. ↑ Bocquet-Appel, Jean-Pierre; Demars, Pierre-Yves; Noiret, Lorette; Dobrowsky, Dmitry (November 2005). "Estimates of Upper Palaeolithic meta-population size in Europe from archaeological data". Journal of Archaeological Science. 32 (11): 1656–1668. Bibcode:2005JArSc..32.1656B. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2005.05.006.
    5. ↑ Tallavaara, Miikka; Luoto, Miska; Korhonen, Natalia; Järvinen, Heikki; Seppä, Heikki (22 June 2015). "Human population dynamics in Europe over the Last Glacial Maximum". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 112 (27): 8232–8237. Bibcode:2015PNAS..112.8232T. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1503784112 . PMC   4500234 . PMID   26100880.
    6. ↑ "The first Europeans weren't who you might think". National Geographic. August 2019. Archived from the original on 19 March 2021.
    7. ↑ Müller, Johannes (2015). "EIGHT MILLION NEOLITHIC EUROPEANS: SOCIAL DEMOGRAPHY AND SOCIAL ARCHAEOLOGY ON THE SCOPE OF CHANGE – FROM THE NEAR EAST TO SCANDINAVIA". Paradigm Found: Archaeological Theory – Present, Past and Future. Essays in Honour of Evžen Neustupný. Oxbow Books. doi:10.2307/j.ctvh1dpc1. ISBN   978-1-78297-770-4. JSTOR   j.ctvh1dpc1. Archived from the original on 3 January 2024. Retrieved 3 January 2024.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
    8. ↑ Angus Maddison, The World Economy: Historical Statistics, Statistical Appendix (2007, ggdc.net). Estimates cited are for the beginning of the 1st millennium ("year 0"), the beginning of the 2nd millennium ("year 1000"), and for the beginning each century since the 16th (years 1820 and 1913 are given for the 19th and 20th century, respectively, as Maddison presents detailed estimates for these years), and a projection for the year 2030.
    9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500 501 502 503 504 505 506 507 508 509 510 511 512 513 514 515 516 517 518 519 520 521 522 523 524 525 526 527 528 529 530 531 532 533 534 535 536 537 538 539 Maddison. "Growth of World Population, GDP and GDP Per Capita before 1820" (PDF). Retrieved 27 July 2016.
    10. ↑ "Europe Population (LIVE)". worldometers.info.
    11. ↑ Charles Morris, ed. (1916). Winston's Cumulative ...: Encyclopedia; a Comprehensive Reference Book, Volume 4. John C. Winston Company. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
    12. 1 2 3 "World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision". UN – Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Retrieved 27 January 2018.
    13. ↑ "Eurostat: Population on 1 January". European Commission . Retrieved 27 January 2018.
    14. ↑ Population in million: Albania 2.9, Belarus 9.5, Bosnia and Herzegovina 3.5, Iceland 0.3, Moldova 4.1, North Macedonia 2.1, Norway 5.2, Serbia and Kosovo 8.9, Switzerland 8.3, Ukraine 44.7.
    15. ↑ Population in million: Armenia 2.9, Georgia 4.0, Kazakhstan 17.8, Russia 144, Turkey 78.3.
    16. ↑ "World Population Prospects – Population Division – United Nations". Population Division – United Nations. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
    17. ↑ "United Nations Statistics Division – Demographic and Social Statistics". United Nations. Retrieved 18 July 2021.
    18. ↑ United Nations Population Division, World Population Prospects: The 2004 Revision Highlights. 2005
    19. 1 2 "How many children were born in 2020?". Eurostat. 28 April 2022. Retrieved 22 February 2023.
    20. ↑ "Italia, crollo natalità – In dieci anni i nuovi nati scendono del 25%. Ecco i motivi" [Italy, birth rate collapse – In ten years, newborns drop by 25%. The study]. Torino News 24 (in Italian).
    21. ↑ "Special Eurobarometer, biotechnology, page 204" (PDF). 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2010.
    22. ↑ "Census 2011". Humanism.org.uk. 17 September 2012. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
    23. ↑ "BBC News – At-a-glance: Census 2011 findings". BBC. 11 December 2012. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
    24. ↑ "Global Christianity". Pewforum.org. 19 December 2011. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
    25. ↑ "The Global Religious Landscape: Christians". Pewforum.org. 18 December 2012. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
    26. 1 2 Christianity in Europe Archived 4 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine , excluding the Asian part of Russia, including the European part of Turkey
    27. ↑ "The Global Religious Landscape" (PDF). Pewforum.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 January 2017. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
    28. 1 2 Zurlo, Gina; Skirbekk, Vegard; Grim, Brian (2019). Yearbook of International Religious Demography 2017. BRILL. p. 85. ISBN   9789004346307.
    29. ↑ Ogbonnaya, Joseph (2017). African Perspectives on Culture and World Christianity. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 2–4. ISBN   9781443891592.
    30. ↑ Dogan, Mattei, Religious Beliefs in Europe: Factors of Accelerated Decline, 2003
    31. 1 2 "Religiously Unaffiliated". Pewforum.org. 18 December 2012. Archived from the original on 30 July 2013. Retrieved 11 January 2018.
    32. ↑ "Discrimination in the EU in 2012" (PDF). Special Eurobarometer . 383. European Union: European Commission: 233. 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 December 2012. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
    33. ↑ "Discrimination in the EU in 2012" (PDF), Special Eurobarometer , 383, European Union: European Commission, p. 233, 2012, archived from the original (PDF) on 2 December 2012, retrieved 14 August 2013 The question asked was "Do you consider yourself to be...?" With a card showing: Catholic, Orthodox, Protestant, Other Christian, Jewish, Muslim, Sikh, Buddhist, Hindu, Atheist, and Non-believer/Agnostic. Space was given for Other (SPONTANEOUS) and DK. Jewish, Sikh, Buddhist, Hindu did not reach the 1% threshold.
    34. ↑ Christoph Pan, Beate Sibylle Pfeil,Minderheitenrechte in Europa. Handbuch der europäischen Volksgruppen (2002). [missing], English translation 2004.
    35. ↑ "Roma integration in the EU". European Commission.
    36. ↑ Pan, Christoph; Pfeil, Beate S. (2003). "The Peoples of Europe by Demographic Size, Table 1". National Minorities in Europe: Handbook. Wien: Braumueller. p. 11f. ISBN   978-3-7003-1443-1. (a breakdown by country of these 87 groups is given in Table 5, pp. 17–31.)
    37. ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica , s.v. "Europe : The people".
    38. ↑ Torroni A, Achilli A, Macaulay V, Richards M, Bandelt HJ (2006): "Harvesting the fruit of the human mtDNA tree". Trends in Genetics22: 339–345.
    39. ↑ Simoni L, Calafell F, Pettener D, Bertranpetit J, Barbujani G (2000): "Geographic patterns of mtDNA diversity in Europe". American Journal of Human Genetics66: 262–278.
    40. ↑ Chikhi L, Nichols RA, Barbujani G, Beaumont MA (2002): "Y genetic data support the Neolithic demic diffusion model". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America99: 11008–11013.
    41. ↑ Roewer L, Croucher PJ, Willuweit S, Lu TT, Kayser M, et al. (2005): "Signature of recent historical events in the European Y-chromosomal STR haplotype distribution". Human Genetics116: 279–291.
    42. ↑ Barbujani G, Goldstein DB (2004): "Africans and Asians abroad: genetic diversity in Europe". Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics5: 119–150.
    43. ↑ The HUGO Pan-Asian SNP Consortium; Abdulla, Mahmood Ameen; Ahmed, Ikhlak; Assawamakin, Anunchai; Bhak, Jong; et al. (11 December 2009). "Mapping Human Genetic Diversity in Asia". Science. 326 (5959): 1541–1545. Bibcode:2009Sci...326.1541.. doi:10.1126/science.1177074. ISSN   0036-8075. PMID   20007900. S2CID   34341816.
    44. ↑ Lazaridis, Iosif; et al. (2016). "Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East" (PDF). Nature. 536 (7617): 419–424. Bibcode:2016Natur.536..419L. doi:10.1038/nature19310. PMC   5003663 . PMID   27459054 . Retrieved 18 April 2018. bottom-left: Western Hunter Gatherers (WHG), top-left: Eastern Hunter Gatherers (EHG), bottom-right: Neolithic Levant and Natufians, top-right: Neolithic Iran. This suggests the hypothesis that diverse ancient West Eurasians can be modelled as mixtures of as few as four streams of ancestry related to these population
    45. 1 2 Nelis, Mari; Esko, Tõnu; Mägi, Reedik; Zimprich, Fritz; Zimprich, Alexander; et al. (8 May 2009). "Genetic Structure of Europeans: A View from the North–East". PLOS ONE. 4 (5): e5472. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.5472N. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005472 . ISSN   1932-6203. PMC   2675054 . PMID   19424496.
    This page is based on this Wikipedia article
    Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
    Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.