Demographics of Hungary

Last updated

Demographics of Hungary
Hungary single age population pyramid 2020.png
Population Pyramid 2020
PopulationDecrease2.svg 9,597,085 (1st January 2023)
Growth rate−4.9 births/1,000 population (2020)
Birth rate9.5 births/1,000 population (2020)
Death rate14.3 deaths/1,000 population (2020)
Life expectancy76.16 years (2019)
  male72.86 years (2019)
  female79.33 years (2019)
Fertility rate1.52 children born/woman (2022) [1]
Infant mortality rate3.4 / 1000 live births (2020)
Age structure
0–14 years14.8%
15–64 years67.7%
65 and over17.5%
Sex ratio
At birth1.06 male(s)/female (2013 est.)
Under 151.06 male(s)/female
15–64 years0.96 male(s)/female
65 and over0.59 male(s)/female
Nationality
Nationalitynoun: Hungarian(s) adjective: Hungarian
Major ethnic Hungarians
Language
Spoken Hungarian

Demographic features of the population of Hungary include population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects.

Contents

Population

Population density in Hungary by district. Population density in Hungary.png
Population density in Hungary by district.
Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
1784 [2] 2,681,595    
1870 5,011,310+0.73%
1880 5,329,191+0.62%
1890 6,009,351+1.21%
1900 6,854,415+1.32%
1910 7,612,114+1.05%
1920 7,986,875+0.48%
1930 8,685,109+0.84%
1941 9,316,074+0.64%
1949 9,204,799−0.15%
1960 9,961,044+0.72%
1970 10,300,996+0.34%
1980 10,709,463+0.39%
1990 10,374,823−0.32%
2001 10,200,298−0.15%
2011 9,937,628−0.26%
2022 9,603,634−0.31%
Note: Only present territory of Hungary [3]

Hungary's population has been slowly declining since 1980. The population composition at the foundation of Hungary (895) depends on the size of the arriving Hungarian population and the size of the Slavic (and remains of Avar-Slavic) population at the time. One source mentions 200 000 Slavs and 400 000 Hungarians, [4] while other sources often don't give estimates for both, making comparison more difficult. The size of the Hungarian population around 895 is often estimated between 120 000 and 600 000, [5] with a number of estimates in the 400-600 000 range. [4] [6] [7] Other sources only mention a fighting force of 25 000 Magyar warriors used in the attack, [8] [9] while declining to estimate the total population including women and children and warriors not participating in the invasion. In the historical demographics the largest earlier shock was the Mongol Invasion of Hungary, several plagues also took a toll on the country's population.

According to the demographers, about 80 percent of the population was made up of Hungarians before the Battle of Mohács, however the Hungarian ethnic group became a minority in its own country in the 18th century due to the resettlement policies and continuous immigration from neighboring countries. Major territorial changes made Hungary ethnically homogeneous after World War I. Nowadays, more than nine-tenths of the population is ethnically Hungarian and speaks Hungarian as the mother tongue. [10]

1400-2023 Historical population development on the territory of present-day Hungary Historical population of Hungary.svg
1400-2023 Historical population development on the territory of present-day Hungary

Population over time

Population of Hungary over time with estimated percentages of ethnic Hungarians within Hungary
DateEstimated PopulationEstimated Percentages of Hungarian people, with and without Inclusion of the Kingdom of Croatia Notes
c. 900 AD
  • 250,000-350,000 [11]
  • 500,000-600,000 [11]
  • 600,000 [4]
  • 1,000,000-1,500,000 [12]
66% [4] [7] Size of the country was about 330 thousand square km, [12] with a density of 3-4.5 [12] or 0.56-1.06 [11] persons per square km
10001,000,000-1,500,000 [13]
Ethnic map of 11th century.jpg
1060500,000-550,000 [11] A density of 1.51-1.67 persons per square km. [11]
11002,000,000 [12]
11812,600,000 [12]
12001,000,000-1,100,000 [11] A density of 3.03-3.33 persons per square km (330 thousand square km). [11]
12222,000,000 [14] 70–80% [10] [15] The time of the Golden Bull. The last estimate before the Tatar invasion.
1242
  • 1,020,000-1,220,000 [11]
  • 1,200,000 [15]
Population decreased after the Mongol invasion of Hungary (estimates of population loss range from 20% to 50%). [16]
1300
1348Before the plague (at the time of the Angevin kings).
1370c. 2,000,00060–70% [15] (including Croatia)
1400
  • 3,000,000-3,500,000 [21]
  • 3,000,000 [18]
1490Before the Ottoman conquest (about 3.2 million Hungarians).
Kingdom of Hungary - Ethnic Map - 1495.jpg
1600
  • 4,000,000-4,500,000 [39]
  • 3,500,000 [40]
Populations of Royal Hungary, Transylvania, and Ottoman Hungary combined.
1699At the time of Treaty of Karlowitz (not more than 2 million Hungarians).
1711At the end of the Kuruc War, starting date of the organized resettlement.
1720
1785-878,000,0005% urban subjects. [49]
1790End of the organized resettlement (around 800 new German villages had been established between 1711 and 1780). [54]
Kingdom of Hungary - Ethnic Map - 1784.jpg
182811,495,536
1830
  • 37% (44 percent in central Hungary) [55]
1837
184612,033,399
  • 40–45%
  • 41.6% [57]
  • 36.5-40% (with Kingdom of Croatia) [57]
Two years before the Hungarian Revolution of 1848.
185011,600,000
185713,830,87044.5% [11]
186913,508,00045.2% [59]
188013,749,60346%
190016,838,25551.4% [60]
191018,264,533
  • 54.4% [60]
  • 48.1% (with Kingdom of Croatia) [61]
5% Jews (estimated according to their religion).
Ethnographic map of hungary 1910 by teleki carte rouge.jpg

Note: The data refer to the territory of the Kingdom of Hungary, and not that of the present-day republic.

Demographics of Kingdom of Hungary, (1910 Census)

Population of Hungary (1910-2009, with comments) Hungary 1910-2009.png
Population of Hungary (1910–2009, with comments)
Land Mother tongues (1910 census)
Kingdom of Hungary Hungarian (54.4%), Romanian (16.1%), Slovak (10.7%), German (10.4%), Ruthenian (2.5%), Serbian (2.5%), Croatian (1.8%)
Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia Croatian (62.5%), Serbian (24.6%), German (5.0%), Hungarian (4.1%)
Spoken languages in Transleithania (Hungary) (1910 census) [62]
Land Hungarian Romanian German Slovak Croatian Serbian Ruthenian OtherTotal
Danube Right Bank72% (2,221,295)0% (833)18% (555,694)0.6% (17,188)5.5% (168,436)0.5% (15,170)0% (232)3.4% (105,556)14.8% (3,084,404)
Danube Left Bank32.7% (711,654)0% (704)6.6% (144,395)58.8% (1,279,574)0.1% (2,294)0% (200)0% (393)1.7% (36,710)10.4% (2,175,924)
Danube-Tisza81.2% (3,061,066)0.1% (4,813)9.5% (357,822)2.1% (79,354)0.1% (4,866)4.1% (154,298)0.3% (11,121)4.1% (96,318)18% (3,769,658)
Tisza Right Bank53.5% (945,990)0.1% (1,910)5.6% (98,564)25% (441,776)0% (486)0% (247)14.3% (253,062)1.6% (27,646)8.5% (1,769,681)
Tisza Left Bank61.8% (1,603,924)24% (621,918)3.2% (83,229)3.1% (81,154)0% (327)0% (321)7.5% (194,504)0.3% (8,547)12.4% (2,594,924)
Tisza-Maros 22.2% (474,988)39.5% (845,850)19.9% (427,253)2.1% (44,715)0.2% (4,950)13.6% (290,434)0.1% (3,188)2.4% (50,391)10.3% (2,141,769)
Transylvania 34.3% (918,217)55% (1,472,021)8.7% (234,085)0.1% (2,404)0% (523)0% (421)0.1% (1,759)1.8% (48,937)12.8% (2,678,367)
Fiume 13% (6,493)0.3% (137)4.6% (2,315)0.4% (192)26% (12,926)0.9% (425)0% (11)54.8 (27,307, mostly Italian)0.2% (49,806)
Croatia-Slavonia 4% (105,948)0% (846)5.1% (134,078)0.8% (21,613)62.5% (1,638,354)24.6% (644,955)0.3% (8,317)2.6% (67,843)12.6% (2,621,954)
Total48.1% (10,050,575)14.1% (2,949,032)9.8% (2,037,435)9.4% (1,967,970)8.8% (1,833,162)5.3% (1,106,471)2.3% (472,587)2.2% (469,255)100% (20,886,487)

[69] [70] [71]

Fertility

Hungary fertility rate by county (2021)
.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}
1.7 - 1.9
1.5 - 1.7
1.4 - 1.5
1.3 - 1.4
< 1.3 Hungary total fertility rate by region 2021.png
Hungary fertility rate by county (2021)
  1.7 - 1.9
  1.5 - 1.7
  1.4 - 1.5
  1.3 - 1.4
  < 1.3

The total fertility rate is the number of children born per woman. It is based on fairly good data for the entire period in the present-day Hungary. Sources: Our World In Data and Gapminder Foundation. [72]

Years18501851185218531854185518561857185818591860 [72]
Total Fertility Rate in Hungary5.185.155.125.095.065.0354.974.944.914.88
Years1861186218631864186518661867186818691870 [72]
Total Fertility Rate in Hungary4.855.115.415.035.115.024.645.095.125.14
Years1871187218731874187518761877187818791880 [72]
Total Fertility Rate in Hungary5.234.965.185.235.555.615.295.235.585.23
Years1881188218831884188518861887188818891890 [72]
Total Fertility Rate in Hungary5.285.45.55.595.485.575.415.365.354.93
Years1891189218931894189518961897189818991900 [72]
Total Fertility Rate in Hungary5.24.965.255.085.485.114.974.954.624.79
Year Total Fertility Rate
19015.32
19104.86
19213.80
19302.84
19412.48
19492.54
19552.81
19602.02
19651.82
19701.98
19752.34
19801.91
Year Total Fertility Rate
19851.85
19901.86
19951.57
20001.32
20051.30
20101.25
20151.44
20191.49
20201.56
20211.59
20221.52
20231.50

[73]

Total Fertility Rate by county

County1980199020012011
Baranya 1.701.651.521.47
Bács-Kiskun 1.811.731.591.56
Békés 1.821.751.621.57
Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén 1.881.831.721.66
Csongrád 1.591.551.441.41
Fejér 1.851.791.621.56
Győr-Moson-Sopron 1.811.731.561.49
Hajdú-Bihar 1.921.821.651.56
Heves 1.791.691.571.53
Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok 1.901.801.671.62
Komárom-Esztergom 1.801.731.581.53
Nógrád 1.841.761.641.60
Pest 1.761.691.541.48
Somogy 1.741.681.581.53
Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg 2.212.051.851.75
Tolna 1.831.761.651.60
Vas 1.821.721.581.51
Veszprém 1.881.791.641.58
Zala 1.781.731.561.52
Budapest 1.251.271.171.13
All1.711.651.531.47

Source: 2011 census [74]

Life expectancy

Life expectancy in Hungary since 1900 Life expectancy in Hungary.svg
Life expectancy in Hungary since 1900
Life expectancy in Hungary since 1960 by gender Life expectancy by WBG -Hungary -diff.png
Life expectancy in Hungary since 1960 by gender
PeriodLife expectancy in
Years [75]
1950–195564.01
1955–1960Increase2.svg 66.91
1960–1965Increase2.svg 68.79
1965–1970Increase2.svg 69.45
1970–1975Decrease2.svg 69.41
1975–1980Increase2.svg 69.59
1980–1985Decrease2.svg 69.08
1985–1990Increase2.svg 69.42
1990–1995Decrease2.svg 69.41
1995–2000Increase2.svg 70.88
2000–2005Increase2.svg 72.54
2005–2010Increase2.svg 73.74
2010–2015Increase2.svg 75.26
2015–2020Increase2.svg 76.65

Infant mortality rate

The infant mortality rate (IMR) decreased considerably after WW II. In 1949, the IMR was 91.0. The rate decreased to 47.6 in 1960, 35.9 in 1970, 23.2 in 1980, 14.8 in 1990, 9.2 in 2000 and reached an all-time low in 2018: 3.4 per 1000 live born children. [76]

Vital statistics

[77] [78] [79] [80] [81]

Source: Hungarian Central Statistical Office [82]

Average population (January 1)Live birthsDeathsNatural changeCrude birth rate (per 1000)Crude death rate (per 1000)Natural change (per 1000)Crude migration change (per 1000) Total fertility rates [fn 1] [72] [83]
19006,854,000268,019177,36390,65639.427.012.45.28
1901260,439166,66293,77737.625.012.65.22
1902270,385179,26091,12538.626.911.75.16
1903258,209179,51878,69136.526.110.45.10
1904260,446172,70487,74237.024.812.25.04
1905252,501203,51648,98535.527.87.74.98
1906258,296176,93881,35836.124.911.24.91
1907261,231180,21681,01536.225.610.64.85
1908268,637177,87290,76536.725.011.74.79
1909271,177184,44586,73237.125.411.74.73
19107,612,000265,457168,87596,58235.423.412.04.67
1911261,375184,00977,36634.824.810.04.59
1912270,804172,14898,65636.023.013.04.50
1913264,418174,24190,17734.323.211.14.42
1914270,690176,57494,11634.523.411.14.34
1915187,734189,418-1,68423.725.3-1.64.26
1916135,443159,810-24,36716.820.9-4.14.17
1917130,817163,507-32,69016.020.7-4.74.09
1918127,894207,395-79,50115.325.7-10.44.01
19197,860,000217,431157,39260,03927.620.07.68.63.93
19207,987,000249,458169,71779,74131.421.410.0-5.93.84
19218,020,000255,453170,05985,39431.821.210.6-3.13.81
19228,080,000249,279173,35175,92830.821.49.41.73.60
19238,170,000238,971159,28779,68429.219.59.8-3.73.39
19248,220,000221,462167,66853,79426.920.46.53.23.18
19258,300,000235,480142,15093,33028.317.111.2-2.83.36
19268,370,000229,484139,90589,57927.416.710.73.63.24
19278,490,000218,548150,67567,87325.817.88.0-5.63.05
19288,510,000224,693146,49678,19726.417.29.2-1.03.08
19298,580,000215,463152,84762,97625.117.87.34.92.92
19308,685,000219,784134,34185,44325.415.59.9-4.72.84
19318,730,000206,925144,96861,95723.716.67.1-1.02.84
19328,783,000205,529157,10648,42323.417.95.51.62.78
19338,845,000193,911129,91363,99821.914.77.20.72.72
19348,915,000194,279129,04965,23021.814.57.302.57
19358,980,000189,479136,92352,55621.115.25.90.82.55
19369,040,000183,369128,33355,03620.314.26.10.52.48
19379,100,000182,449128,04954,40020.014.16.00.52.42
19389,159,000182,206130,62851,57819.914.35.60.82.46
19399,217,000178,633124,59154,04219.413.55.90.92.50
19409,280,000185,562132,73552,82720.014.35.7-1.82.48
19419,316,000177,047123,34953,69819.013.25.72.52.52
19429,392,000187,187136,84450,34319.914.65.4-0.32.55
19439,440,000173,295127,15846,13718.413.54.9-25.02.55
19449,250,000190,000144,04845,95220.515.65.0-26.12.61
19459,055,000169,091211,323-42,23218.723.3-4.73.32.64
19469,042,000169,120135,48633,63418.715.03.71.92.67
19479,093,000187,316117,53769,77920.612.97.7-0.62.70
19489,158,000191,907105,78086,12721.011.69.4-4.32.73
19499,205,000 [84] 190,398105,71884,68020.611.49.20.42.76
19509,293,000195,567106,90288,66520.911.49.50.22.77
19519,383,000190,645109,99880,64720.211.78.6-0.12.76
19529,463,000185,820107,44378,37719.611.38.20.52.72
19539,545,000206,926112,03994,88721.611.79.90.62.67
19549,645,000223,347106,670116,67723.011.012.00.62.61
19559,767,000210,43097,848112,58221.410.011.50.42.53
19569,883,000192,810104,23688,57419.510.58.9-14.42.44
19579,829,000167,202103,64563,55717.010.56.5-4.42.34
19589,850,000158,42897,86660,56216.09.96.10.32.23
19599,913,000151,194103,88047,31415.210.54.802.12
19609,961,000146,461101,52544,93614.710.24.50.12.02
196110,007,000140,36596,41043,95514.09.64.40.11.94
196210,052,000130,053108,27321,78012.910.82.201.79
196310,074,000132,33599,87132,46413.19.93.20.21.82
196410,108,000132,141100,83031,31113.110.03.10.11.81
196510,140,000133,009108,11924,89013.110.72.50.11.82
196610,166,000138,489101,94336,54613.610.03.601.89
196710,203,000148,886109,53039,35614.610.73.90.12.01
196810,244,000154,419115,35439,06515.111.23.80.12.06
196910,284,000154,318116,65937,65915.011.33.702.03
197010,322,000151,819120,19731,62214.711.63.1-0.21.98
197110,352,000150,640123,00927,63114.511.92.7-0.21.93
197210,378,000153,265118,99134,27414.711.43.3-0.21.92
197310,410,000156,224123,36632,85815.011.83.101.93
197410,442,000186,288125,81660,47217.812.05.8-0.12.27
197510,501,000194,240131,10263,13818.412.46.0-0.12.34
197610,563,000185,405132,24053,16517.512.55.0-0.12.23
197710,615,000177,574132,03145,54316.712.44.3-0.12.15
197810,660,000168,160140,12128,03915.713.12.6-0.12.06
197910,687,000160,364136,82923,53515.012.82.2-0.12.00
198010,709,000148,673145,3553,31813.913.60.3-0.71.91
198110,705,000142,890144,757-1,86713.313.5-0.2-0.71.87
198210,695,000133,559144,318-10,75912.513.5-1.0-1.21.79
198310,671,000127,258148,643-21,38511.913.9-2.0-0.91.74
198410,640,000125,359146,709-21,35011.813.8-2.0-1.91.75
198510,599,000130,200147,614-17,41412.213.9-1.6-2.11.85
198610,560,000128,204147,089-18,88512.113.8-1.8-3.01.84
198710,509,000125,840142,601-16,76111.913.4-1.6-2.71.82
198810,464,000124,296140,042-15,74611.713.2-1.5-2.61.81
198910,421,000123,304144,695-21,39111.813.8-2.0-2.41.80
199010,375,000125,679145,660-19,98112.114.0-1.91.71.87
199110,373,400127,207144,813-17,60612.314.0-1.71.81.88
199210,374,000121,724148,781-27,05711.714.3-2.61.71.78
199310,365,000117,033150,244-33,21111.314.5-3.21.81.69
199410,350,000115,598146,889-31,29111.214.2-3.01.71.64
199510,337,000112,054145,431-33,37710.814.1-3.21.71.57
199610,321,000105,272143,130-37,85810.213.9-3.71.81.46
199710,301,000100,350139,434-39,0849.813.5-3.81.81.38
199810,280,00097,301140,870-43,5699.513.7-4.21.61.32
199910,253,00094,645143,210-48,5659.214.0-4.71.71.28
200010,222,00097,597135,601-38,0049.613.3-3.71.51.32
200110,200,00097,047132,183-35,1369.513.0-3.40.91.31
200210,175,00096,804132,833-36,0299.513.1-3.50.31.30
200310,142,00094,647135,823-41,1769.313.4-4.11.61.27
200410,117,00095,137132,492-37,3559.413.1-3.71.81.27
200510,098,00097,496135,732-38,2369.713.5-3.81.71.30
200610,077,00099,871131,603-31,7329.913.1-3.22.11.34
200710,066,00097,613132,938-35,3259.713.2-3.51.41.31
200810,045,00099,149130,027-30,8789.913.0-3.11.71.35
200910,031,00096,442130,414-33,9729.613.0-3.41.71.32
201010,014,00090,335130,456-40,1219.013.0-4.01.21.25
20119,986,00088,049128,795-40,7468.812.9-4.1-1.31.23
20129,932,00090,269129,440-39,1719.113.0-3.91.61.34
20139,909,00088,689126,778-38,0899.012.8-3.90.71.34
20149,877,00091,510126,308-34,7989.312.8-3.51.41.41
20159,856,00091,690131,697-40,0079.313.4-4.11.51.44
20169,830,00093,063127,053-33,9909.512.9-3.50.21.49
20179,798,00091,577131,674-40,0979.413.5-4.12.11.49
20189,778,00089,807131,045-41,2389.213.4-4.23.71.49
20199,773,00089,193129,603-40,4109.113.3-4.13.81.49
20209,770,00092,338141,002-48,6649.514.5-5.01.01.56
20219,731,00093,039155,621-62,5829.616.0-6.42.11.59
20229,689,00088,491136,446-47,9559.114.1-5.0-4.51.52
20239,597,00085,200127,200-42,0008.913.3-4.4-1.81.51
20249,580,000

Current vital statistics

[85] [86]

PeriodLive birthsDeathsNatural increase
January–February 202314,12722,846−8,719
January–February 202412,85522,712−9,857
DifferenceDecrease2.svg −1,272 (−9.0%)Decrease Positive.svg −134 (−0.6%)Decrease2.svg −1,138

Structure of the population

Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.01.2021) (Data refer to usual resident population.): [87]
Age GroupMaleFemaleTotal%
Total4 663 7945 066 9789 730 772100
0–4241 553228 350469 9034.83
5–9235 461222 548458 0094.71
10–14250 542238 779489 3215.03
15–19250 935236 815487 7505.01
20–24269 584252 965522 5495.37
25–29321 164300 576621 7406.39
30–34321 542300 563622 1056.39
35–39322 953310 447633 4006.51
40–44404 753394 017798 7708.21
45–49396 980389 352786 3328.08
50–54340 428344 513684 9417.04
55–59271 871294 030565 9015.82
60–64279 106334 279613 3856.30
65-69283 306374 078657 3846.76
70-74203 869299 041502 9105.17
75-79137 540234 575372 1153.82
80-8477 655166 734244 3892.51
85-8937 55994 389131 9481.36
90-9412 93838 09351 0310.52
95-993 09610 43013 5260.14
100-1047251 9582 6830.03
105-1092014146150.01
110+333265<0.01
Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
0–14727 556689 6771 417 23314.56
15–643 179 3163 157 5576 336 87365.12
65+756 9221 219 7441 976 66620.31

Vital statistics by county

There are large variations in the birth rates as of 2016: Zala County has the lowest birth rate with 7.5 births per thousand inhabitants, while Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg County has the highest birth rate with 11.2 births per thousand inhabitants.

The death rates also differ greatly from as low as 11.3 deaths per thousand inhabitants in Pest County to as high as 15.7 deaths per thousand inhabitants in Békés County.

Vital statistics as of 2016 [88]
County Birth rate (‰)Death rate (‰)Natural increase
Baranya 8.013.6-5.6
Bács-Kiskun 9.313.6-4.3
Békés 8.215.7-7.5
Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén 11.014.2-3.2
Budapest 9.212.0-2.9
Csongrád 8.412.9-4.5
Fejér 9.412.5-3.1
Győr-Moson-Sopron 8.911.4-2.4
Hajdú-Bihar 10.311.6-1.3
Heves 9.414.5-5.1
Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok 9.914.8-4.8
Komárom-Esztergom 9.713.4-3.7
Nógrád 9.115.1-6.0
Pest 9.811.3-1.5
Somogy 8.814.3-5.5
Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg 11.212.2-0.9
Tolna 9.013.7-4.7
Vas 8.313.5-5.2
Veszprém 8.713.5-4.8
Zala 7.914.0-6.1

Ethnic groups and language

CountyHungarianBulgarianRomaniGreekCroatPolishGermanArmenianRomanianRusynSerbianSlovakSlovenianUkrainian
All93.5%0.1%3.2%0.0%0.3%0.1%1.9%0.00.4%0.0%0.1%0.4%0.0%0.1%
Budapest 95.5%0.1%1.2%0.1%0.1%0.2%1.7%0.1%0.5%0.0%0.1%0.2%0.0%0.1%
Bács-Kiskun 93.7%0.0%2.2%0.0%0.7%0.0%2.4%0.0%0.3%0.0%0.2%0.4%0.0%0.0%
Baranya 86.3%0.1%4.6%0.0%1.9%0.1%6.7%0.0%0.2%0.0%0.2%0.0%0.0%0.0%
Békés 91.9%0.0%2.7%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.9%0.0%1.7%0.0%0.1%2.5%0.0%0.0%
Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén 90.0%0.0%8.5%0.0%0.0%0.1%0.6%0.0%0.1%0.2%0.0%0.3%0.0%0.1%
Csongrád 96.8%0.0%1.2%0.0%0.1%0.0%0.6%0.0%0.5%0.0%0.5%0.2%0.0%0.0%
Fejér 96.0%0.0%1.5%0.1%0.1%0.1%1.7%0.0%0.2%0.0%0.1%0.1%0.0%0.1%
Győr-Moson-Sopron 95.0%0.1%0.8%0.0%0.7%0.0%2.7%0.0%0.2%0.0%0.0%0.4%0.0%0.0%
Hajdú-Bihar 95.4%0.1%3.4%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.4%0.0%0.5%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%

0.1%

Heves 92.6%0.0%6.3%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.5%0.0%0.2%0.0%0.0%0.2%0.0%0.1%
Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok 94.2%0.0%4.9%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.4%0.0%0.2%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%
Komárom-Esztergom 93.2%0.1%1.4%0.0%0.0%0.1%3.6%0.0%0.3%0.0%0.0%1.2%0.0%0.1%
Nógrád 90.0%0.0%7.7%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.7%0.0%0.1%0.0%0.0%1.4%0.0%0.0%
Pest 94.2%0.1%1.7%0.0%0.1%0.1%2.5%0.0%0.5%0.0%0.1%0.6%0.0%0.1%
Somogy 92.1%0.0%5.3%0.0%0.5%0.0%1.7%0.0%0.1%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%
Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg 90.8%0.0%8.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.5%0.0%0.2%0.1%0.0%0.1%0.0%0.3%
Tolna 90.3%0.0%3.9%0.0%0.1%0.0%5.2%0.0%0.2%0.0%0.1%0.1%0.0%0.0%
Vas 94.5%0.0%1.0%0.0%1.2%0.0%2.1%0.0%0.1%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.7%0.0%
Veszprém 94.8%0.0%1.5%0.0%0.0%0.1%3.2%0.0%0.2%0.0%0.0%0.1%0.0%0.1%
Zala 94.1%0.0%2.6%0.0%1.3%0.0%1.6%0.0%0.1%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%

[89]

History

Hungary before the Treaty of Trianon (4 June 1920)

The Red Map. Ethnic map of the Hungary proper publicized by the Hungarian delegation. Regions with population density below 20 persons/km are left blank and the corresponding population is represented in the nearest region with population density above that limit. The vibrant, dominant red color was deliberately chosen to mark Hungarians while the light purple color of the Romanians, who were already the majority in the whole of Transylvania back then, is shadow-like.
Hungarians
Germans
Slovaks
Rusyns
Romanians
Serbs
Croats
Spaces with a smaller density than 20 persons/sq km Ethnographic map of hungary 1910 by teleki carte rouge.jpg
The Red Map. Ethnic map of the Hungary proper publicized by the Hungarian delegation. Regions with population density below 20 persons/km are left blank and the corresponding population is represented in the nearest region with population density above that limit. The vibrant, dominant red color was deliberately chosen to mark Hungarians while the light purple color of the Romanians, who were already the majority in the whole of Transylvania back then, is shadow-like.
   Germans
   Slovaks
   Rusyns
   Romanians
   Serbs
   Croats
  Spaces with a smaller density than 20 persons/sq km

Hungary lost 64% of its total population in consequence of the Treaty of Trianon, decreasing from 20.9 million to 7.6 million, [94] and 31% (3.3 out of 10.7 million) of its ethnic Hungarians, [60] Hungary lost five of its ten most populous cities. [95]

Hungary lost 72% of its territory, its sea access, half of its 10 biggest cities and all of its precious metal mines; 3,425,000 ethnic Hungarians found themselves separated from their motherland. Based on the 1910 census. Administrative Hungary in green, autonomous Croatia-Slavonia grey. Hungary1910-1920.png
Hungary lost 72% of its territory, its sea access, half of its 10 biggest cities and all of its precious metal mines; 3,425,000 ethnic Hungarians found themselves separated from their motherland. Based on the 1910 census. Administrative Hungary in green, autonomous Croatia-Slavonia grey.

According to the census of 1910, the largest ethnic group in the Kingdom of Hungary were Hungarians, who were 54.5% of the population of Kingdom of Hungary, excluding Croatia-Slavonia. Although the territories of the former Kingdom of Hungary that were assigned by the treaty to neighbouring states in total had a majority of non-Hungarian population, they also included areas of Hungarian majority and significant Hungarian minorities, numbering 3,318,000 in total.

The number of Hungarians in the different areas based on census data of 1910. The present day location of each area is given in parentheses.

Non-Hungarian population in the Kingdom of Hungary, based on 1910 census data

Romanians, Slovaks, Ruthenians, Serbs, Croats and Germans, who represented the majority of the populations of the above-mentioned territories:

Post-Trianon Hungary

Population in the territory of present-day Hungary according to ethnic group 1495–1930 [101]
Ethnic
group
estimation 149517151785census 1880census 1900census 1910census 1920census 1930
Number %Number %Number %Number %Number %Number %Number %Number %
Hungarians 990,00095.6%1,176,00079.1%2,103,00079.0%4,402,36482.4%5,890,99985.9%6,730,29988.4%7,155,97389.6%8,000,33592.1%
Germans 17,0001.6%136,6009.2%291,90011.0%606,36311.3%604,7518.8%553,1797.3%550,0626.9%477,1535.5%
Slovaks n.dn.d.37,7002.5%130,4004.9%199,7883.7%192,2272.8%165,3172.2%141,8771.8%104,7861.2%
Croats 1,2000.1%58,9004.0%71,7002.7%59,2511.1%68,1611.0%62,0180.8%58,9310.7%47,3370.5%
Others23,8002.4%70,8004.8%66,2142.4%75,5981.5%98,2771.5%101,3011.3%80,0261.0%55,5030.6%
Total1,032,0001,480,0002,663,2145,343,3646,854,4157,612,1147,986,8758,685,109

According to the 1920 census 10.4% of the population spoke one of the minority languages as mother language:

The number of bilingual people was much higher, for example 1,398,729 people spoke German (17%), 399,176 people spoke Slovak (5%), 179,928 people spoke Croatian (2.2%) and 88,828 people spoke Romanian (1.1%). Hungarian was spoken by 96% of the total population and was the mother language of 89%. The percentage and the absolute number of all non-Hungarian nationalities decreased in the next decades, although the total population of the country increased.

Note: 300.000 Hungarian refugees fled to Hungary from the territory of successor states (Romania, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia) after the WW I. [102]

From 1938 to 1945

Ethnic map of Hungary in 1910, with 1941 borders superimposed. Hungary 1941 ethnic.svg
Ethnic map of Hungary in 1910, with 1941 borders superimposed.
Ethnic map of Northern Transylvania Northern Transylvania ethnic map.svg
Ethnic map of Northern Transylvania

Hungary expanded its borders with territories from Czechoslovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia following the First Vienna Award (1938) and Second Vienna Award (1940). The remainder of Carpathian Ruthenia and parts of Yugoslavia were occupied and annexed in 1939 and 1941, respectively. Regarding Northern Transylvania, the Romanian census from 1930 counted 38% Hungarians and 49% Romanians, [103] while the Hungarian census from 1941 counted 53.5% Hungarians and 39.1% Romanians. [104] The territory of Bácska had 789,705 inhabitants, and 45,4% or 47,2% declared themselves to be Hungarian native speakers or ethnic Hungarians. [104] The percentage of Hungarian speakers was 84% in southern Czechoslovakia and 25% in the Sub-Carpathian Rus. [101]

Population of Hungary in 1941 [105]
Ethnic
group
census 1941
Number %
Hungarians 11,881,45580.9%
Romanians 1,051,0267.2%
Ruthenians 547,7703.7%
Germans 533,0453.6%
Serbs 213,5851.5%
Slovaks 175,5501.2%
Jewish [Note 1] 139,0410.9%
Roma 76,2090.5%
Croats 12,3460.1%
Slovenes 9,4000.1%
Others29,2100.2%
Total14,679,573

After WW II: 1949–1990

After World War II, about 200,000 Germans were deported to Germany according to the decree of the Potsdam Conference. Under the forced exchange of population between Czechoslovakia and Hungary, approximately 73,000 Slovaks left Hungary. After these population movements Hungary became an ethnically almost homogeneous country except the rapidly growing number of Romani people in the second half of the 20th century.

Population of Hungary 1949–1990
Ethnic
group
census 1949census 1960census 1970census 1980census 1990
Number %Number %Number %Number %Number %
Hungarians 9,076,04198.6%9,786,03898.2%10,166,23798.5%10,638,97499.3%10,142,07297.8%
Roma 21,3870.2%25,6330.3%34,9570.3%6,4040.1%142,6831.4%
Germans 22,4550.2%50,7650.5%35,5940.4%11,3100.1%30,8240.3%
Slovaks 25,9880.3%30,6300.3%21,1760.2%9,1010.1%10,4590.1%
Croats 20,4230.2%33,0140.3%17,6090.2%13,8950.1%13,5700.1%
Romanians 14,7130.2%15,7870.2%12,6240.1%8,8740.1%10,7400.1%
Serbs 5,1580.1%4,5830.1%12,2350.1%2,8050.0%2,9050.0%
Slovenes 4,4730.1%-4,2050.0%1,7310.0%1,9300.0%
Others14,1610.1%14,5340.1%17,4620.2%16,3690.2%19,6400.2%
Total9,204,7999,961,04410,322,09910,709,46310,374,823

For historical reasons, significant Hungarian minority populations can be found in the surrounding countries, notably in Ukraine (in Transcarpathia), Slovakia, Romania (in Transylvania), and Serbia (in Vojvodina). Austria (in Burgenland), Croatia, and Slovenia (Prekmurje) are also host to a number of ethnic Hungarians.

2001–2022

[106] [107]

Population of Hungary 2001–2022
Ethnic
group
census 2001census 2011census 2022
Number %Number %Number %
Hungarians 9,416,04592.3%8,504,49285.6%8,438,12987.9%
Roma 189,9842.0%315,5833.2%209,9092.2%
Germans 62,1050.6%185,6961.9%142,5511.5%
Romanians 7,9950.1%35,6410.4%27,5540.3%
Slovaks 17,6930.2%35,2080.4%29,8810.3%
Croats 15,5970.2%26,7740.3%21,8240.2%
Serbs 3,8160.0%10,0380.1%11,6220.1%
Slovenes 3,0250.0%2,8200.0%3,9650.0%
Others57,0590.6%73,3990.9%55,6100.6%
Not stated570,5375.6%1,398,73114.1%1,086,23911.3%
Total10,198,3159,937,6289,603,634

Historical ethnic groups of Hungary

Hungarians in Hungary (2001) Hungarians in subregions.png
Hungarians in Hungary (2001)
Minorities of Hungary National minorities in Hungary.PNG
Minorities of Hungary

When the Hungarians invaded the Carpathian Basin, it was inhabited by Slavic and Avar peoples. Written sources from the 9th century also suggest that some groups of Onogurs and Bulgars occupied the valley of the river Mureș at the time of the Magyars’ invasion. There is a dispute as to whether Romanian population existed in Transylvania during that time.

The Roma minority

The first Romani groups arrived in Hungary in the fifteenth century from Turkey. [111] Nowadays, the real number of Roma in Hungary is a disputed question.

In the 2001 census only 190 046 (2%) called themselves Roma, but experts and Roma organisations estimate that there are between 450,000 and 1,000,000 Roma living in Hungary. [112] [113] [114] [115] [116] Since then, the size of the Roma population has increased rapidly. Today every fifth or sixth newborn child belongs to the Roma minority. [117] Based on current demographic trends, a 2006 estimate by Central European Management Intelligence claims that the proportion of the Roma population will double by 2050, putting the percentage of its Roma community at around 14-15% of the country's population. [117]

There are problems related to the Roma minority in Hungary, and the very subject is a heated and disputed topic.

Objective problems:

Kabars

Three Kabar tribes joined to the Hungarians and participated in the Hungarian conquest of Hungary. [50] They settled mostly in Bihar county.

Böszörménys

The Muslim Böszörménys migrated to the Carpathian Basin in the course of the 10th-12th centuries and they were composed of various ethnic groups. Most of them must have arrived from Volga Bulgaria and Khwarezm.

Pechenegs

Communities of Pechenegs (Besenyő in Hungarian) lived in the Kingdom of Hungary from the 11-12th centuries. They were most numerous in the county of Tolna.

Oghuz Turks (Ouzes)

Smaller groups of Oghuz Turk settlers ('Úzok' or 'Fekete Kunok/Black Cumans' in Hungarian) came to the Carphatian Basin from the middle of the 11th century. [120] They were settled mostly in Barcaság. The city of Ózd got its name after them.

Jassics

The Jassic (Jász in Hungarian) people were a nomadic tribe which settled -with the Cumans- in the Kingdom of Hungary during the 13th century. Their name is almost certainly related to that of the Iazyges. Béla IV, king of Hungary granted them asylum and they became a privileged community with the right of self-government. During the centuries they were fully assimilated to the Hungarian population, their language disappeared, but they preserved their Jassic identity and their regional autonomy until 1876. Over a dozen settlements in Central Hungary (e.g. Jászberény, Jászárokszállás, Jászfényszaru) still bear their name. [121]

Cumans

During the Russian campaign, the Mongols drove some 200,000 Cumans, a nomadic tribe who had opposed them, west of the Carpathian Mountains. There, the Cumans appealed to King Béla IV of Hungary for protection. [122] In the Kingdom of Hungary, Cumans created two regions named Cumania ( Kunság in Hungarian): Greater Cumania (Nagykunság) and Little Cumania (Kiskunság), both located the Great Hungarian Plain. Here, the Cumans maintained their autonomy, language and some ethnic customs well into the modern era. According to Pálóczi's estimation originally 70–80,000 Cumans settled in Hungary. [14]

Romanians

The oldest extant documents from Transylvania make reference to Vlachs too. Regardless of the subject of Romanian presence/non-presence in Transylvania prior to the Hungarian conquest, the first chronicles to write of Vlachs in the intra-Carpathian regions is the Gesta Hungarorum , [123] [124] while the first written Hungarian sources about Romanian settlements derive from the 13th century, record was written about Olahteluk village in Bihar County from 1283. [125] [126] The 'land of Romanians', Terram Blacorum (1222, 1280) [126] [127] [128] [129] showed up in Fogaras and this area was mentioned under different name (Olachi) in 1285. [126] The first appearance of a probably Romanian name 'Ola' in Hungary derives from a charter (1258). [126]

They were a significant population in Transylvania, Banat, Maramureș and Partium (Crișana). There are different estimations in connection with number of Romanians in Kingdom of Hungary. According to a research based on place-names made by István Kniezsa, 511 villages of Transylvania and Banat appear in documents at the end of the 13th century, however only 3 of them bore Romanian names, [130] and around 1400 AD, Transylvania and Banat consisted of 1757 villages, though only 76 (4.3%) of them had names of Romanian origin. [130] The number of Romanians started to increase significantly from the Early modern period, [130] and by 1700 the Romanian ethnic group consisted of 40 percent of the Transylvanian population and their number raised even more in the 18th century. [130] Although, in 1574, Pierre Lescalopier, relating his voyage from Venice to Constantinople, claimed that most of the inhabitants of Transylvania were Romanians [131] and according to other estimates, the Romanian inhabitants who were primarily peasants, consisted of more than 60 percent of the population in 1600. [132] Jean W. Sedlar estimates that Vlachs (Romanians) constituted about two-thirds of Transylvania's population in 1241 on the eve of the Mongol invasion, [133] however according to Károly Kocsis and Eszter Kocsisné Hodosi the Hungarian ethnic group in Transylvania was in decent majority before Battle of Mohács and only lost its relative majority by the 17th century. [134] Nevertheless, Grigore Ureche in Letopisețul Țării Moldovei (1642 - 1647) noticed that in Transylvania Romanians were more numerous than Hungarians. [135] Official censuses with information on Hungary's ethnic composition have been conducted since the 19th century. [136] [137] [138]

In 1881, Romanian-majority settlements projected to the present-day territory of Hungary were: Bedő, Csengerújfalu, Kétegyháza, Körösszakál, Magyarcsanád, Méhkerék, Mezőpeterd, Pusztaottlaka and Vekerd. [139] Important communities lived in the villages of Battonya, Elek, Körösszegapáti, Létavértes, Nyíradony, Pocsaj, Sarkadkeresztúr, Zsáka and in the town of Gyula. [139]

Slovaks

The Slovak people lived mainly in Upper Hungary, northern parts of the Kingdom of Hungary. Due to post-Ottoman resettlements, the regions of Vojvodina, Banat and Békés county received bigger Slovak communities in the 18th century, which revitalized many deserted villages and towns, such as Békéscsaba, where Slovaks became the biggest ethnic group, or Nyíregyháza, where they comprised more than a third of the population in 1881. [139] After WWII a major population exchange with Czechoslovakia was carried out: 71,787 or 73,200 Slovaks from Hungary [140] [141] [142] were transferred to Slovakia the exact number depends on source consulted were resettled in South Slovakia in exchange for, according to different estimations, 45,000 [143] [144] or 120,000 [145] [146] Hungarians.

Serbs

From the 14th century, escaping from the Ottoman threat, a large number of Serbs migrated to the Hungarian Kingdom. After the Battle of Mohács, most of the territory of Hungary got into Ottoman rule. In that time, especially in the 17th century, many Serb, and other Southern Slavic immigrants settled in Hungary. Most of the Ottoman soldiers in the territory of present-day Hungary were South Slavs (the Janissary). After the Turkish withdrawal, Kingdom of Hungary came under Habsburg rule, a new wave of Serb refugees migrated to the area around 1690, as a consequence of the Habsburg-Ottoman war. In the first half of the 18th century, Serbs and South Slavs were ethnic majority in several cities in Hungary.

Germans

Three waves of German migration can be distinguished in Hungary before the 20th century. The first two waves settled in Upper Hungary and in Southern Transylvania (Transylvanian Saxons), with the first being in the 11th century and the second in the 13th century.

The third, largest wave of German-speaking immigrants into Hungary occurred after the withdrawal of the Ottoman Empire from Hungarian territory, after the Treaty of Karlowitz. Between 1711 and 1780, German-speaking settlers immigrated to the regions of Southern Hungary, mostly region of Bánát, Bács-Bodrog, Baranya and Tolna counties (as well as into present-day Romania and Yugoslavia), which had been depopulated by the Ottoman wars. At the end of the 18th century, the Kingdom of Hungary contained over one million German-speaking residents (collectively known as Danube Swabians). [147] In 2011, 131,951 people declared to be German in Hungary (1,6%). [148]

Rusyns

Rusyns had lived mostly in Carpathian Ruthenia, Northeast Hungary, however significant Rusyn population appeared in Vojvodina from the 18th century.

Croats

Croatia was in personal union with Hungary from 1102. Croat communities were spread mostly in the western and southern part of the country and along the Danube, including Budapest.

Poles

The Poles lived at the northern borders of Kingdom of Hungary from the arrival of the Hungarians.

Slovenes

The Slovenes (Vendek in Hungarian) lived in the western part of the Carpathian basin before the Hungarian conquest. In the 11th and 12th century, the current linguistic and ethnic border between the Hungarian and Slovene people was established. Nowadays, they live in Vendvidék (Slovenska krajina in Slovenians) between the Mura and the Rába rivers. In 2001, there were around 5,000 Slovenes in Hungary.

Jews

The first historical document about Jews of Hungary is the letter written about 960 to King Joseph of the Khazars by Hasdai ibn Shaprut, the Jewish statesman of Córdoba, in which he says Jews living in "the country of Hungarin". There are Jewish inscriptions on tombs and monuments in Pannonia (Roman Hungary) dated to the second or third century CE. [149]

Armenians

The first Armenians came to Hungary from the Balkans in the 10 - 11th century.

Greeks

Greeks migrated to Kingdom of Hungary from the 15th and 16th centuries. Mass migrations did not occur until the 17th century, [150] the largest waves being in 1718 and 1760–1770; [151] they were primarily connected to the economic conditions of the period. [150] It is estimated that 10,000 Greeks emigrated to Hungary in the second half of the 18th century. [151] A number of Greeks Communists escaped to Hungary after the Greek Civil War, notably in the 'Greek' village of Beloiannisz.

Bulgarians

The town of Szentendre and the surrounding villages were inhabited by Bulgarians since the Middle Ages. However, present day Bulgarians are largely descended from gardeners who migrated to Hungary from the 18th century.

Religion

Religious affiliation in Hungary (2022) [152]
DenominationsPopulation % of total
Catholicism 2,886,61930
Roman Catholics 2,643,85528.3
Greek Catholics 165,1351.7
Protestantism 1,120,48511.6
Calvinists 943,9829.8
Lutherans 176,5031.8
Orthodox Christianity 15,5780.2
Judaism 7,6350.1
Other religions171,1741.8
Total religions4,201,49143.7
No religion1,549,61016.2
Did not wish to answer3,852,53340.1
total9,603,634100.00

The majority of Hungarians became Christian in the 11th century. Hungary remained predominantly Catholic until the 16th century, when the Reformation led to the first Lutherans, and later Calvinists, which were embraced by nearly the entire Hungarian population at the time.

In the second half of the 16th century, Jesuits led a successful campaign of counterreformation among the Hungarians, although Protestantism survived as the faith of a significant minority, especially in the far east and northeast of the country. Orthodox Christianity in Hungary has been the religion mainly of some national minorities in the country, notably Romanians, Rusyns, Ukrainians, and Serbs.

Faith Church, one of Europe's largest Pentecostal churches, is also located in Hungary. Hungary has historically been home to a significant Jewish community.

Distribution of religions in Hungary Hungary 2011 Religion.png
Distribution of religions in Hungary

According to 2011 census data, Christianity is the largest religion in Hungary, with around 5.2 million adherents (52.9%), [153] while the largest denomination in Hungary is the Catholic Church (38.9% — Latin Church 37.1%; Hungarian Greek Catholic Church 1.8%). [154] There is a significant Calvinist minority (11.6% of the population) and smaller Lutheran (2.2%), Orthodox (0.1%) and Jewish (0.1%) minorities. However, these census figures are representative of religious affiliation rather than attendance; around 12% of Hungarians attend religious services more than least once a week and around 50% more than once a year, while 30% of Hungarians do not believe in God at all. [155] The census showed a large drop of religious adherents who wish to answer, from 74.6% to 54.7% in ten years' time, replacing them by people either who do not wish to answer or people who are not following a religion.

Immigration

Foreign citizenship population

Number of foreign citizens residing in Hungary on January 1:
(countries with at least 2,000 persons)
[156]
Country2017201820192020202120222023
Flag of Ukraine.svg Ukraine 5,77410,50324,19730,31627,38030,70736,017
Flag of Europe.svg Flag of Germany.svg Germany 18,62717,87916,53718,34417,49019,74722,310
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China 19,11119,90518,85119,65518,55817,68518,192
Flag of Europe.svg Flag of Romania.svg Romania 24,04022,74721,01722,16218,22016,60116,542
Flag of Europe.svg Flag of Slovakia.svg Slovakia 9,5199,6529,56310,58214,67716,04016,744
Flag of Vietnam.svg Vietnam 3,2563,6984,6695,7196,7196,3767,150
Flag of Russia.svg Russia 4,9024,7905,0885,2645,0354,9806,193
Flag of Europe.svg Flag of Austria.svg Austria 4,0213,7433,1423,3184,1324,6374,922
Flag of Europe.svg Flag of Italy.svg Italy 3,3533,5763,6354,0383,6623,7173,881
Flag of Serbia.svg Serbia 2,3123,3565,3424,9893,4713,5183,988
Flag of Turkey.svg Turkey 2,0632,3272,7853,2333,2173,4613,917
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom 3,0813,1903,1053,5403,3733,3233,392
Flag of Europe.svg Flag of the Netherlands.svg Netherlands 2,8142,8772,8343,1583,0653,2993,652
Flag of the United States.svg United States 3,1983,3733,3873,5012,9773,0513,069
Flag of Europe.svg Flag of France.svg France 2,5232,6332,5932,8332,6022,7542,933
Flag of Mongolia.svg Mongolia 8389171,4701,8341,8451,8542,692
Flag of Europe.svg Flag of Poland.svg Poland 2,0611,9281,9602,1452,0172,0382,063
Flag of Syria.svg Syria 1,5191,9872,1392,1952,2771,8891,941
Total151,132161,809180,773199,957194,491202,525226,267
Foreign citizenship population by continent [156]
Continent2017
population
 % of total2018
population
 % of total2019
population
 % of total2020
population
 % of total2021
population
 % of total2022
population
 % of total2023
population
 % of total
Europe 99,19465.63104,25464.43117,55265.03131,29165.66124,42263.97131,43164.90144,10263.60
Asia 39,93726.4244,69227.6249,05627.1453,09926.5654,73028.1455,00027.1664,94528.7
America 5,3973.575,8913.646,8503.797,6313.826,9333.567,4543.687,5913.35
Africa 5,9853.966,3343.916,6603.687,2783.647,7483.988,0283.969,0414.00
Other and unknown6190.416380.396550.366580.336580.346120.305880.26

Largest cities

NamePopulation (1949)Population (1990)Population (2011)Population (2022)AgglomerationStatus
Coa Hungary Town Budapest big.svg Budapest 1,590,3162,016,6811,729,0401,682,426Decrease2.svg3,310,786 (2022)Capital city
Coa Hungary Town Debrecen.svg Debrecen 115,399212,235211,320199,520Decrease2.svg281,432 (2022)Regional centre, county seat, urban county
HUN Szeged Cimer.svg Szeged 104,867169,930168,048158,022Decrease2.svg197,245 (2022)Regional centre, county seat, urban county
HUN Miskolc Cimer.svg Miskolc 109,841196,442167,754145,735Decrease2.svg231,034 (2022)Regional centre, county seat, urban county
COA Hungary Town Pecs.svg Pécs 89,470170,039156,049139,647Decrease2.svg181,342 (2022)Regional centre, county seat, urban county
HUN Gyor Cimer.svg Győr 69,583129,331129,527128,050Decrease2.svg275,574 (2022)Regional centre, county seat, urban county
HUN Nyiregyhaza Cimer.svg Nyíregyháza 56,334114,152119,746116,439Decrease2.svg175,211 (2022)County seat, urban county
Coa Hungary Town Kecskemet.svg Kecskemét 61,730102,516111,411108,334Decrease2.svg180,023 (2022)County seat, urban county
HUN Szekesfehervar Cimer.svg Székesfehérvár 42,260108,958100,57094,906Decrease2.svg-Regional centre, county seat, urban county

See also

Notes

  1. In fertility rates, 2.1 and above represents a stable or increasing population and have been marked blue, while 2.0 and below leads to an aging and, ultimately, declining population.
  1. Except in the year 1941, Jewish people were not recognized as a minority, but only as a religion — assuredly, many Jews considered themselves as belonging to one of the recognized minorities.

Sources

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hungary</span> Country in Central Europe

Hungary is a landlocked country in Central Europe. Spanning 93,030 square kilometres (35,920 sq mi) of the Carpathian Basin, it is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine to the northeast, Romania to the east and southeast, Serbia to the south, Croatia and Slovenia to the southwest, and Austria to the west. Hungary has a population of 9.6 million, mostly ethnic Hungarians and a significant Romani minority. Hungarian is the official language, and Budapest is the country's capital and largest city.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Treaty of Trianon</span> 1920 peace treaty on Hungary after World War I

The Treaty of Trianon often referred to as the PeaceDictate of Trianon or Dictate of Trianon in Hungary, was prepared at the Paris Peace Conference and was signed in the Grand Trianon château in Versailles on 4 June 1920. It formally ended World War I between most of the Allies of World War I and the Kingdom of Hungary. French diplomats played the major role in designing the treaty, with a view to establishing a French-led coalition of the newly formed states.

The ethno-linguistic composition of Austria-Hungary according to the census of 31 December 1910 was as follows:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bačka</span> Geographical area in the Pannonian Plain

Bačka or Bácska is a geographical and historical area within the Pannonian Plain bordered by the river Danube to the west and south, and by the river Tisza to the east. It is divided between Serbia and Hungary. Most of the area is located within the Vojvodina region in Serbia and Novi Sad, the capital of Vojvodina, lies on the border between Bačka and Syrmia. The smaller northern part of the geographical area is located within Bács-Kiskun County in Hungary.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kingdom of Hungary</span> Central European monarchy (1000–1946)

The Kingdom of Hungary was a monarchy in Central Europe that existed for nearly a millennium, from the Middle Ages into the 20th century. The Principality of Hungary emerged as a Christian kingdom upon the coronation of the first king Stephen I at Esztergom around the year 1000; his family led the monarchy for 300 years. By the 12th century, the kingdom became a European power.

Vojvodina's demographic history reflects its rich history and its former location at the border of the Ottoman and Habsburg empires and at the confluence of various peoples, making it a hotbed of invasion, colonization, and assimilation processes. Currently there are more than 25 ethnic groups living in Vojvodina and six official languages.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hungarian irredentism</span> Political ideas to reunite Historic Hungary

Hungarian irredentism or Greater Hungary are irredentist political ideas concerning redemption of territories of the historical Kingdom of Hungary. Targeting at least to regain control over Hungarian-populated areas in Hungary's neighbouring countries. Hungarian historiography uses the term "Historic Hungary". "Whole Hungary" is also commonly used by supporters of this ideology.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Banat of Temeswar</span> 1718–1778 Habsburg province in east-central Europe

The Banat of Temeswar or Banat of Temes was a Habsburg province that existed between 1718 and 1778. It was located in the present day region of Banat, which was named after this province. The province was abolished in 1778 and the following year it was incorporated into the Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kőszeg</span> Town in Vas, Hungary

Kőszeg is a town in Vas County, Hungary. The town is famous for its historical character.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of Transylvania</span>

Transylvania is a historical region in central and northwestern Romania. It was under the rule of the Agathyrsi, part of the Dacian Kingdom, Roman Dacia (106–271), the Goths, the Hunnic Empire, the Kingdom of the Gepids, the Avar Khaganate, the Slavs, and the 9th century First Bulgarian Empire. During the late 9th century, Transylvania was part of the Hungarian conquest, and the family of Gyula II of the seven chieftains of the Hungarians ruled Transylvania in the 10th century. King Stephen I of Hungary asserted his claim to rule all lands dominated by Hungarian lords, and he personally led his army against his maternal uncle Gyula III. Transylvania became part of the Kingdom of Hungary in 1002, and it belonged to the Lands of the Hungarian Crown until 1920.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Germans of Hungary</span> Ethnic minority in Hungary

German Hungarians are the German-speaking minority of Hungary, sometimes also called Danube Swabians, many of whom call themselves "Shwoveh" in their own Swabian dialect. There are 131,951 German speakers in Hungary. Danube Swabian is a collective term for a number of German ethnic groups who lived in the former Kingdom of Hungary, including the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia and Vojvodina. Other ethnic German groups previously lived on the territory of both the former Hungarian kingdom as well as on the territory of present-day Hungary since the Middle Ages onwards, most notably in Budapest but not only.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)</span> Former semi-independent state

The Principality of Transylvania was a semi-independent state ruled primarily by Hungarian princes. Its territory, in addition to the traditional Transylvanian lands, also included the other major component called Partium, which was in some periods comparable in size with Transylvania proper. The establishment of the principality was connected to the Treaty of Speyer. However, Stephen Báthory's status as king of Poland also helped to phase in the name Principality of Transylvania. Although the principality was essentially independent, it existed as an Ottoman vassal state for the majority of the 16th and 17th centuries, overseen by Ottoman Turkish sultans but ruled by Hungarian princes. At various points during this period, the Habsburgs also exerted a degree of suzerainty in the region.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Languages of Hungary</span>

The languages spoken in Hungary include Hungarian, recognized minority languages, and other languages.

This is demographic history of Bačka. This article contains data from various population censuses conducted in the region of Bačka during the history. Censuses from 1715 to 1910 contain data about population of the entire Bačka, while censuses from 1921 to 2002 contain data about population of the Yugoslav/Serbian part of Bačka.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hungarians</span> Ethnic group native to Central Europe

Hungarians, also known as Magyars, are a nation and ethnic group native to Hungary and historical Hungarian lands who share a common culture, history, ancestry, and language. The Hungarian language belongs to the Uralic language family, alongside, most notably Finnish and Estonian.

The Romanians in Hungary constituted a small minority. According to the most recent Hungarian census of 2011, the population of Romanians was 35,641 or 0.3%, a significant increase from 8,482 or 0.1% of 2001. The community is concentrated in towns and villages close to the Romanian border, such as Battonya, Elek, Kétegyháza, Pusztaottlaka and Méhkerék, and in the city of Gyula. Romanians also live in the Hungarian capital, Budapest. As of 2011, Romanians constitute one of the largest foreign communities in the country.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Slovaks in Hungary</span>

Slovaks in Hungary are the fourth largest minority in Hungary, after Romas, Germans and Romanians. According to the Microcensus in 2016, 29,794 Slovaks live in the country. The number of people who can speak the Slovak language is 56,107, but this also includes ethnic Hungarians from Slovakia. According to the estimates of minority organisations, the number of people with Slovak ancestry might be as high as 100,000-110,000. Hence, the estimated population of Slovaks in Hungary ranges from 0.18% to 1.1% of the total population, depending on the criteria.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Érd District</span> Districts of Hungary in Pest

Érd is a district in south-western part of Pest County. Érd is also the name of the town where the district seat is found. The district is located in the Central Hungary Statistical Region.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Szentendre District</span> Districts of Hungary in Pest

Szentendre is a district in north-western part of Pest County. Szentendre is also the name of the town where the district seat is found. The district is located in the Central Hungary Statistical Region.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Szigetszentmiklós District</span> Districts of Hungary in Pest

Szigetszentmiklós is a district in south-western part of Pest County. Szigetszentmiklós is also the name of the town where the district seat is found. The district is located in the Central Hungary Statistical Region.

References

  1. "STADAT – 1.1. Population, vital events (1941–)". www.ksh.hu.
  2. Dezső Danyi-Zoltán Dávid: Az első magyarországi népszámlálás (1784–1787)/The first census in Hungary (1784–1787), Hungarian Central Statistical Office, Budapest, 1960, pp. 30
  3. Népesség a település jellege szerint, január 1. (1980–) KSH.hu
  4. 1 2 3 4 A Country Study: Hungary. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress . Retrieved 2009-03-06.
  5. "Eurasian Studies Yearbook". Eurolingua. May 10, 2006 via Google Books.
  6. "Eurasian Studies Yearbook". Eurolingua. 6 April 2018 via Google Books.
  7. 1 2 Edgar C. Polomé, Essays on Germanic religion, Institute for the Study of Man, 1989, p. 150
  8. Editors of Kingfisher (2004). The Kingfisher History Encyclopedia . Kingfisher. p.  120. ISBN   9780753457849 . Retrieved 2015-05-18.
  9. McDonnald, Alexander Hopkins (6 April 2018). "The Encyclopedia Americana". Americana Corporation via Google Books.
  10. 1 2 3 4 Hungary. (2009). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved May 11, 2009, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online: https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/276730/Hungary
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 József Kovacsics, Population history of Hungary mirrored by the conference-series (896-1870) (Magyarország népességtörténete a konferenciasorozat tükrésben (896-1870)), In: Demographia, 1996 - VOLUME 39, NUMBER 2-3, p. 145-165
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Péter Rabb, Natural conditions in the Carpathian Basin of the Middle Ages, 2007, p. 58
  13. 1 2 Marcell Sebők, The man of many devices, who wandered full many ways--: festschrift in honour of János M. Bak, Central European University Press, 1999, p. 658
  14. 1 2 Nóra Berend, At the gate of Christendom: Jews, Muslims, and "pagans" in medieval Hungary, c. 1000-c. 1300, Cambridge University Press, 2001, pp. 63-72
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Historical World Atlas. With the commendation of the Royal Geographical Society. Carthographia, Budapest, Hungary, 2005. ISBN   978-963-352-002-4 CM
  16. Peter Purton, A History of the Late Medieval Siege, 1200-1500, Boydell & Brewer, 2009, p. 15
  17. 1 2 Tore Nyberg, Lars Bisgaard, Medieval spirituality in Scandinavia and Europe: a collection of essays in honour of Tore Nyberg, Odense University Press, 2001, p. 170
  18. 1 2 Josiah Cox Russell, Late ancient and medieval population, American Philosophical Society, 1958, p. 100
  19. 1 2 György Enyedi, Hungary: an economic geography, Westview Press, 1976, p. 23
  20. Miklós Molnár, A concise history of Hungary, Cambridge University Press, 2001, p. 42
  21. 1 2 Elena Mannová, Blanka Brezováková, A concise history of Slovakia, Historický ústav SAV, 2000, p. 88
  22. Joseph Slabey Rouček, Contemporary Europe: a study of national, international, economic, and cultural trends. A symposium, D. Van Nostrand Co., 1947, p. 424
  23. 1 2 3 M. L. Bush, Servitude in modern times, Wiley-Blackwell, 2000, p. 143
  24. Éva Molnár, Hungary: essential facts, figures & pictures, MTI Media Data Bank, 1995
  25. 1 2 3 Lauren S. Bahr, Bernard Johnston (M.A.), Collier's encyclopedia: with bibliography and index, Volume 12, P.F. Collier, 1993, p. 381-383
  26. 1 2 3 Raphael Patai, The Jews of Hungary: history, culture, psychology, Wayne State University Press, 1996, p. 201
  27. 1 2 3 Zoltán Halász, Hungary: a guide with a difference, Corvina Press, 1978, pp. 20-22
  28. Joseph Held, Hunyadi: legend and reality, East European Monographs, 1985, p. 59
  29. 1 2 George Richard Potter, The New Cambridge modern history: The Renaissance, 1493–1520, CUP Archive, 1971, p. 405
  30. 1 2 The New review, Volume 6, World Federation of Ukrainian Former Political Prisoners and Victims of the Soviet Regime, A. Pidhainy., 1966, p. 25
  31. Leslie Konnyu, Hungarians in the United States: an immigration study, American Hungarian Review, 1967, p. 4
  32. László Kósa, István Soós, A companion to Hungarian studies, Akadémiai Kiadó, 1999, p. 16
  33. Teppo Korhonen, Helena Ruotsala, Eeva Uusitalo, Making and breaking of borders: ethnological interpretations, presentations, representations, Finnish Literature Society, 2003, p.39
  34. Carlile Aylmer Macartney, The Habsburg Empire, 1790–1918, Macmillan, 1969, p. 79
  35. Gábor Ágoston, Bruce Alan Masters, Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire, Infobase Publishing, 2009, p. 258
  36. Domokos G. Kosáry, A history of Hungary, The Benjamin Franklin bibliophile society, 1941, p. 79
  37. 1 2 3 Michael Hochedlinger, Austria's wars of emergence: war, state and society in the Habsburg monarchy, 1683-1797, Pearson Education, 2003, p. 21
  38. 1 2 The Ottomans and the Balkans: a discussion of historiography By Fikret Adanır, Suraiya Faroqhi p.333 [ permanent dead link ]
  39. 1 2 István György Tóth, Gábor Ágoston, Millenniumi magyar történet: Magyarország története a honfoglalástól napjainkig, Osiris, 2001, p. 321
  40. 1 2 Rhoads Murphey, Ottoman warfare, 1500-1700, Rutgers University Press, 1999, p. 174
  41. 1 2 Klára Papp – János Barta Jr., Minorities research 6. Archived 2011-12-29 at the Wayback Machine , Kisebbségkutatás (Minorities Studies and Reviews)
  42. Lonnie Johnson, Central Europe: enemies, neighbors, friends, Oxford University Press, 2002, p. 100
  43. Eric H. Boehm, Historical abstracts: Modern history abstracts, 1450-1914, Volume 49, Issues 1-2, American Bibliographical Center of ABC-Clio, 1998, p. 331
  44. Imre Wellmann, A magyar mezőgazdaság a XVIII. században, Akadémiai Kiadó, 1979, p. 13
  45. Rudolf Andorka, Determinants of fertility in advanced societies, Taylor & Francis, 1978, p. 93
  46. 1 2 Stephen Denis Kertesz, Diplomacy in a whirlpool: Hungary between Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia, Greenwood Press, 1974, p. 191
  47. 1 2 David I. Kertzer, Aging in the past: demography, society, and old age, University of California Press, 1995, p. 130
  48. M. L. Bush, Rich noble, poor noble, Manchester University Press ND, 1988, p. 19
  49. IIván T. Berend History Derailed: Central and Eastern Europe in the Long Nineteenth Century
  50. 1 2 Peter F. Sugar, Péter Hanák, Tibor Frank, A History of Hungary, Indiana University Press, 1994 pp. 11-143.
  51. "The Encyclopedia Americana". Americana Corporation. 6 April 1968 via Google Books.
  52. Jonathan Dewald, Europe 1450 to 1789: encyclopedia of the early modern world, Charles Scribner's Sons, 2004, p. 230
  53. Arthur J. Sabin, Red Scare in Court: New York Versus the International Workers Order, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999, p. 4
  54. Thomas Spira, German-Hungarian relations and the Swabian problem: from Károlyi to Gömbös, 1919-1936, East European quarterly, 1977, p. 2
  55. Krej?í, O.; Styan, M.C.; vied, Ú. (2005). Geopolitics of the Central European Region: The View from Prague and Bratislava. VEDA, Publishing House of the Slovak Academy of Sciences. p. 284. ISBN   9788022408523 . Retrieved 2015-05-18.
  56. 1 2 Robert Bideleux, Ian Jeffries, History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change, Taylor & Francis, 2007, page 259, ISBN   978-0-415-36627-4
  57. 1 2 Paul Lendvai, The Hungarians: a thousand years of victory in defeat, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2003, p.286
  58. A Concise History of Hungary, by Miklós Molnár page 179
  59. Andrew C. Janos. The Politics of Backwardness in Hungary, 1825-1945
  60. 1 2 3 Richard C. Frucht, Eastern Europe: an introduction to the people, lands, and culture / edited by Richard Frucht, Volume 1, ABC-CLIO, 2005, p. 356
  61. Carl Cavanagh Hodge, Encyclopedia of the Age of Imperialism, 1800–1914: A-K, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2008, p. 306
  62. Fajth, Gáspár; Dr Gyulay, Ferenc; Dr Klinger, András; Dr Harcsa, István; Kamarás, Ferenc; Dr Csahók, István; Dr Ehrlich, Éva (1992). Történeti statisztikai idősorok 1867–1992 I.: Népesség-népmozgalom (in Hungarian). Hungarian Central Statistical Office. ISBN   9789637070433. Archived from the original on 2 June 2019. Retrieved 3 June 2019.
  63. 1 2 Kocsis, Károly (1996–2000). "V. Népesség és társadalom – Demográfiai jellemzők és folyamatok – Magyarország népessége – Anyanyelv, nemzetiség alakulása" [V. Population and Society – Demographic Characteristics and Processes – Hungary's Population – Development of Mother Tongue and Nationality]. In István, Kollega Tarsoly (ed.). Magyarország a XX. században – II. Kötet: Természeti környezet, népesség és társadalom, egyházak és felekezetek, gazdaság[Hungary in the 20th century – II. Volume: Natural Environment, Population and Society, Churches and Denominations, Economy] (in Hungarian). Szekszárd: Babits Kiadó. ISBN   963-9015-08-3.
  64. Kocsis, Károly. "Series of Ethnic Maps of the Carpatho-Pannonian Area".
  65. Árpád, Varga E. (1999). Népszámlálások Erdély területén 1850 és 1910 között [Censuses in Transylvania between 1850 and 1910](PDF). Bucharest.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  66. "1910. ÉVI NÉPSZÁMLÁLÁS 1. A népesség főbb adatai községek és népesebb puszták, telepek szerint (1912) | Könyvtár | Hungaricana".
  67. Taylor 1948, p. 268.
  68. Kocsis, Károly; Bottlik, Zsolt. The Changing Ethnic Patterns on the Present-Day Territory Of Hungary (PDF).
  69. Magyarország a XX. században / Születési mozgalom és termékenység. Mek.niif.hu. Retrieved on 2010-10-19.
  70. Budapesti Közgazdaságtudományi és Államigazgatási Egyetem Archived 2009-03-04 at the Wayback Machine . (PDF). Retrieved on 2010-10-19.
  71. "STADAT 1.1. Population, vital statistics (1949 )". portal.ksh.hu. Retrieved 2015-05-18.
  72. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Max Roser (2014), "Total Fertility Rate around the world over the last centuries", Our World In Data, Gapminder Foundation
  73. "22.1.1.6. Live births, total fertility rate". www.ksh.hu. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  74. "Területi adatok (Territorial data) – 2011 Census". Hungarian Central Statistical Office.
  75. "World Population Prospects - Population Division - United Nations". esa.un.org. Retrieved 2018-08-26.
  76. "STADAT – 1.1. Population, vital statistics (1900–)". www.ksh.hu. Retrieved 2022-08-09.
  77. B.R. Mitchell. European historical statistics, 1750–1975.
  78. United nations. Demographic Yearbook 1948
  79. "Vital statistics, Hungarian Central Statistical Office". ksh.hu. Retrieved 2015-05-18.
  80. "22.1.2.7. Vital events by county and region". www.ksh.hu.
  81. "22.1.1.1. Main indicators of population and vital events". www.ksh.hu.
  82. "Hungarian Central Statistical Office". www.ksh.hu.
  83. "World Factbook EUROPE : HUNGARY", The World Factbook , July 12, 2018
  84. hungarian central statistical office, 22.1.1.2. The number of population and average age by sex, visited Oktober 7 2023
  85. "First Releases – Vital events". ksh.hu.
  86. "22.2.1.1. Main indicator of vital events (monthly data)". www.ksh.hu.
  87. "UNSD — Demographic and Social Statistics". unstats.un.org. Retrieved 2023-05-10.
  88. "STADAT – 6.1.5. Main rates in vital statistics (2001–)". www.ksh.hu.
  89. "Népszámlálás 2011 - Területi adatok". www.terezvaros.hu.
  90. "Teleki Pál – egy ellentmondásos életút". National Geographic Hungary (in Hungarian). 2004-02-18. Retrieved 2008-01-30.
  91. "A kartográfia története" (in Hungarian). Babits Publishing Company. Retrieved 2008-01-30.
  92. Spatiul istoric si ethnic romanesc, Editura Militara, Bucuresti, 1992
  93. "Browse Hungary's detailed ethnographic map made for the Treaty of Trianon online". dailynewshungary.com. 9 May 2017.
  94. "Open-Site:Hungary".
  95. "Treaty of Trianon WORLD WAR I [1920]". Britannica. Retrieved 18 January 2020.
  96. Francis Tapon: The Hidden Europe: What Eastern Europeans Can Teach Us , Thomson Press India, 2012
  97. Molnar, A Concise History of Hungary, p. 262
  98. Richard C. Frucht, Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture pp. 359–360M1
  99. Pavol Tišliar. "Census in Slovakia in 1919 and 1921" (PDF).
  100. Árpád Varga. "Hungarians in Transylvania between 1870 and 1995".
  101. 1 2 A népesség változó etnikai arculata Magyarország mai területén (map+data+essay) (Kocsis Károly, Bottlik Zsolt, Hungarian Academy of Sciences - Földrajztudományi Kutatóintézet, Budapest, 2009, ISBN   978-963-9545-19-9)
  102. Philip D. Morgan (2003). Fascism in Europe, 1919-1945 (Routledge history, politics). Oxford: Psychology Press. p. 41. ISBN   9780415169431.
  103. Charles Upson Clark (1941). Racial Aspects of Romania's Case. Caxton Press.
  104. 1 2 Károly Kocsis, Eszter Kocsisné Hodosi, Ethnic Geography of the Hungarian Minorities in the Carpathian Basin, Simon Publications LLC, 1998, p. 116-153 Archived 2015-04-03 at the Wayback Machine
  105. Joseph Rothschil. East Central Europe Between the Two World Wars
  106. "Hungarian census 2001 - Population by ethnic minorities and main age groups, 1941, 1980–2001". nepszamlalas2001.hu. Retrieved 2015-05-18.
  107. "Hungarian census 2011 - final data and methodology" (PDF). ksh.hu. Retrieved 2015-05-18.
  108. Vukovich, Gabriella (2018). Mikrocenzus 2016 - 12. Nemzetiségi adatok [2016 microcensus - 12. Ethnic data](PDF) (in Hungarian). Budapest: Hungarian Central Statistical Office. ISBN   978-963-235-542-9 . Retrieved 9 January 2019.
  109. A roma népesség területi megoszlásának változása Magyarországon az elmúlt évtizedekben Changes in the Spatial Distribution of the Roma Population in Hungary During the Last Decades. ksh.hu Retrieved 2018-01-1
  110. Ennyi roma él Magyarországon. hvg.hu. Retrieved 2018-07-15.
  111. Huping Ling, Emerging voices: experiences of underrepresented Asian Americans, Rutgers University Press, 2008, p. 111
  112. Stratégiai Audit 2005 - DEMOS Magyarország Archived 2009-02-26 at the Wayback Machine . Demos.hu (2009-11-06). Retrieved on 2010-10-19.
  113. "The New York Times - Breaking News, US News, World News and Videos". www.nytimes.com.
  114. "Hungary would put the number of Roma in the country at 800,000–1,000,000, or up to 10% of the total population of Hungary. European Rights Roma Center". errc.org. Retrieved 2015-05-18.
  115. The New York City Times: Roma make up an estimated 8 to 10 percent of Hungary's population
  116. The Christian science monitor: "[...] the Roma, who account for between 8 and 10 percent of Hungary's 10 million people."
  117. 1 2 "Index - Gazdaság - Romák a szegénység csapdájában | "Ma minden ötödik-hatodik születendő gyermek cigány."". index.hu. 9 May 2006. Retrieved 2015-05-18.
  118. "Az érettségit megszerzők aránya azonban 0,5%-ról csupán 1,5%-ra nőtt, felsőfokú végzettséget pedig elenyésző számban szereztek.", "A felsőoktatásban tanulók aránya az 1993-as kutatás adatai szerint mindössze 0,22 ezrelék."". mek.oszk.hu.
  119. "Index - Romák a szegénység csapdájában". mek.oszk.hu. 9 May 2006. Retrieved 2015-05-18.
  120. Alfried Wieczorek, Hans-Martin Hinz, Europe's centre around AD 1000, Volume 1, Theiss, 2000, p.135
  121. "National and historical symbols of Hungary". nemzetijelkepek.hu. Archived from the original on 2008-07-29. Retrieved 2015-05-18.
  122. Mongol Invasions: Battle of Liegnitz, HistoryNet
  123. Kristó, Gyula (2003). Early Transylvania (895-1324). Lucidus Kiadó. ISBN   978-963-9465-12-1.
  124. Spinei, Victor (2009). The Romanians and the Turkic Nomads North of the Danube Delta from the Tenth to the Mid-Thirteenth century. Koninklijke Brill NV. ISBN   978-90-04-17536-5.
  125. György Fejér, Codex diplomaticus Hungariae ecclesiasticus ac civilis, Volume 7, typis typogr. Regiae Vniversitatis Vngaricae, 1831
  126. 1 2 3 4 Tamás Kis, Magyar nyelvjárások, Volumes 18-21, Nyelvtudományi Intézet, Kossuth Lajos Tudományegyetem (University of Kossuth Lajos). Magyar Nyelvtudományi Tanszék, 1972, p. 83
  127. Dennis P. Hupchick, Conflict and chaos in Eastern Europe, Palgrave Macmillan, 1995 p. 58
  128. István Vásáry, Cumans and Tatars: Oriental military in the pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185–1365, Cambridge University Press, 2005, p. 28 [ permanent dead link ]
  129. Heinz Stoob, Die Mittelalterliche Städtebildung im südöstlichen Europa, Böhlau, 1977, p. 204
  130. 1 2 3 4 Louis L. Lote (editor), ONE LAND — TWO NATIONS TRANSYLVANIA AND THE THEORY OF DACO-ROMAN-RUMANIAN CONTINUITY, COMMITTEE OF TRANSYLVANIA INC. (This is a special issue of the CARPATHIAN OBSERVER Volume 8, Number 1. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number; 80-81573), 1980, p. 10
  131. "Tout ce pays la Wallachie et Moldavie et la plus part de la Transivanie a esté peuplé des colonie romaines du temps de Traian l'empereur...Ceux du pays se disent vrais successeurs des Romains et nomment leur parler romanechte, c'est-à-dire romain ... " cited from "Voyage fait par moy, Pierre Lescalopier l'an 1574 de Venise a Constantinople", fol 48 in Paul Cernovodeanu, Studii si materiale de istorie medievala, IV, 1960, p. 444
  132. White, G.W. (2000). Nationalism and Territory: Constructing Group Identity in Southeastern Europe. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 129. ISBN   9780847698097 . Retrieved 2015-05-18.
  133. Sedlar, Jean W.: East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000–1500; University of Washington Press, 1994; ISBN   0-295-97290-4, page 8
  134. Károly Kocsis, Eszter Kocsisné Hodosi, Ethnic Geography of the Hungarian Minorities in the Carpathian Basin, Simon Publications LLC, 1998, p. 102 (Table 19) [ permanent dead link ]
  135. "În ţara Ardealului nu lăcuiescu numai unguri, ce şi saşi peste samă de mulţi şi români peste tot locul, de mai multu-i ţara lăţită de români decât de unguri." cited from Grigore Ureche, Letopisețul Țării Moldovei, pp. 133–134
  136. A. J. P. Taylor, The Habsburg Monarchy 1809–1918, 1948.
  137. "Erdély etnikai és felekezeti statisztikája". Varga.adatbank.transindex.ro. Retrieved 2017-07-10.
  138. Erdély rövid története, Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 1989, 371. o. - The short history of Transylvania, Akadémiai Kiadó, 1989 Budapest p. 371.
  139. 1 2 3 "Hungarian 1881 census" (in Hungarian).
  140. obchod ⛰️, Roy sk | outdoorový. "České mesiace - mesiace po česky ❤️ Roy.sk". roy.sk. Archived from the original on March 1, 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  141. Bobák, Ján (1996). Maďarská otázka v Česko–Slovensku, 1944–1948 [Hungarian Question in Czechoslovakia] (in Slovak). Matica slovenská. ISBN 978-80-7090-354-4.
  142. Zvara, Juraj (1969). Maďarská menšina na Slovensku po roku 1945 [Hungarian minority in Slovakia after 1945] (in Slovak). Bratislava: Epocha, t. Pravda.
  143. Kaplan, Karel (1987). The short march: the Communist takeover in Czechoslovakia, 1945–1948. C.Hurst & Co. Publishers. ISBN 978-0-905838-96-0.
  144. Šutaj, Štefan (2005). Nútené presídlenie Maďarov zo Slovenska do Čiech [Deportation of population of Hungarian nationality out of Slovakia to Bohemia after the World War II] (in Slovak). Prešov: Universum. ISBN 978-80-89046-29-4.
  145. Károly Kocsis, Eszter Kocsisné Hodosi, Ethnic Geography of the Hungarian Minorities in the Carpathian Basin, Simon Publications LLC, 1998, p. 23 [ permanent dead link ]
  146. Pertti Ahonen, People on the move: forced population movements in Europe in the Second World War and its aftermath, Berg Publishers, 2008, p. 83
  147. Sue Clarkson. "History of German Settlements in Southern Hungary". Feefhs.org. Archived from the original on 1997-02-04. Retrieved 2009-09-20.
  148. "18. Demographic data" – Hungarian Central Statistical Office Archived May 19, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  149. Patai, Raphael (1996). The Jews of Hungary: History, Culture, Psychology (2015 ed.). Wayne State University Press. p. 21.
  150. 1 2 "Oi ellinikes paroikies tis Kentrikis Evropis". Greek Migration to Europe (15th-19th c.). Archived from the original on 2007-05-02. Retrieved 2007-02-18.
  151. 1 2 "Oi ellinikes paroikies stin Ungaria". Greek Migration to Europe (15th-19th c.). Archived from the original on 2007-05-02. Retrieved 2007-02-18.
  152. "Demographic data – Hungarian Central Statistical Office". Nepszamlalas.hu/KSH. Retrieved 2013-07-18.
  153. "2011 Hungary Census Report" (PDF). ksh.hu. Retrieved 2015-05-18.
  154. "Population by religions, 2001 census (English)". nepszamlalas.hu. Archived from the original on 2011-05-11. Retrieved 2015-05-18.
  155. "World Walues Survey". worldvaluessurvey.org. Retrieved 2015-05-18.
  156. 1 2 "Foreign citizens residing in Hungary" Hungarian Statistical Bureau