Bihar County

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Bihar County
Comitatus Bihariensis (Latin)
Bihar vármegye (Hungarian)
Komitat Bihar (German)
Comitatul Bihor (Romanian)
County of the Kingdom of Hungary
(11th century-1526)
County of the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom
(1526-1570)
County of the Principality of Transylvania
(1570-1692)
County of the Kingdom of Hungary
(1692-1850, 1860-1946)
County of the Second Hungarian Republic
(1946-1949)
County of the Hungarian People's Republic
(1949-1950)
Coa Hungary County Bihar.svg
Coat of arms
Bihar varmegye Magyarorszagon.svg
Bihar county between 1876 and 1920
Capital Bihar;
Nagyvárad (1083-1920, 1940-1945);
Berettyóújfalu (1920-1940; 1945-1950)
Area
 • Coordinates 47°3′N21°56′E / 47.050°N 21.933°E / 47.050; 21.933
 
• 1910
10,657 km2 (4,115 sq mi)
• 1930
2,783 km2 (1,075 sq mi)
Population 
• 1910
646,301
• 1930
176,002
History 
• Established
11th century
• Disestablished
1850
• County recreated
20 October 1860
• Treaty of Trianon
4 June 1920
• Second Vienna Award
30 August 1940
• Merged into Hajdú-Bihar County
16 March 1950
Today part of Romania
(7,874 km2)
Hungary
(2,783 km2)
Biharia; Oradea is the current name of the capital.

Bihar was an administrative county (comitatus) of the Kingdom of Hungary and a county of the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom and Principality of Transylvania (since the 16th century, when it was under the rule of the Princes of Transylvania). Most of its territory is now part of Romania, while a smaller western part belongs to Hungary. The capital of the county was Nagyvárad (now Oradea in Romania). Albrecht Dürer's father was from this county.

Contents

Geography

Bihar County was situated along the upper courses of the rivers Körös, Sebes-Körös, Fekete-Körös and Berettyó. [1] The medieval county also included Kalotaszeg region (now Țara Călatei in Romania). [2] The total territory of the medieval county was around 10,000 km2 (3,900 sq mi). [3]

After 1876, Bihar county shared borders with the Hungarian counties Békés, Hajdú, Szabolcs, Szatmár, Szilágy, Kolozs, Torda-Aranyos and Arad. The western half of the county was in the Pannonian plain, while the eastern half was part of the Apuseni mountains (Erdélyi-középhegység). Its area was 10,657 km2 (4,115 sq mi) around 1910, making it the third largest county of Hungary.

History

Origins

The origin of the name of Bihar is uncertain, however more theories exist. It could take its name from an ancient fortress in the current commune of Biharia. Or, the Hungarian Bihar derived from the word vihar (tempest, storm), that is of Slavic origin; vihor (whirlwind). A less probable theory is that Biharea is of Daco-Thracian etymology (bimeaning "two" and harati "take" or "lead"), possibly meaning two possessions of land in the Duchy of Menumorut.

In the 730s the Khazar Khaganate was ruled by Bihar Khagan, called Viharos in Armenian sources. “Viharos” is a currently used Hungarian word meaning stormy.

The castle of Byhor, or Bihar (now Biharia in Romania), was the center of the duchy of Menumorut at the time of the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin in the 890s, according to the Gesta Hungarorum. [4] [5] The Gesta—the only primary source which mentions Menumorut—describes him as a ruler "with Bulgarian heart" who was the vassal of the Byzantine Emperor. [6] [5] Menumorut's subjects were Khazars, and the Székelys joined the invading Hungarians in his duchy. [5] [7] Historian Tudor Sălăgean writes that other peoples (including Romanians) must have also lived in Menumorut's realm. [5] Menumorut was forced to give his daughter in marriage to Zoltán, son of Árpád, Grand Prince of the Hungarians. [8] When he died, his son-in-law inherited his duchy. [8] [9] Modern scholars debate whether Menumorut and his duchy actually existed or the anonymous author of the Gesta invented them. [10] For instance, historian György Györffy says that Menumorut's name preserved the memory of the Moravians who dominated parts of the Carpathian Basin in the 9th century. [7] According to historians György Györffy and Victor Spinei, the presence of Kabars in the region could have given rise to Anonymous' reference to Menumorut's "Khazars". [11] [12]

Place names of Slavic origin—for instance, Zomlyn (near modern Darvas in Hungary), Csatár and Szalacs (now Cetariu and Sălacea in Romania)—show that Slav communities lived along the rivers Ér and Berettyó and around Bihar. [13] Graves of 10th-century warriors, buried together with parts of their horses, have been excavated, for instance, at Bihar, Hajdúböszörmény, and Nagyszalonta (now Salonta in Romania). [14] [15] According to archaeologist Thomas Nägler, the small number of graves which can be attributed to 10th-century Hungarian warriors shows that few Hungarians settled in the region after the Hungarian conquest. [16] Archaeologist Erwin Gáll writes that the cemetery at Bihar may represent a "peripheral centre" of a core region which was located along the upper courses of the river Tisza, because the burial customs were similar in the two territories. [17] Almost a dozen medieval villages—for instance, Felkér, Köröskisjenő and Köröstarján (now Felcheriu, Ineu and Tărian in Romania)—bore the name of a Hungarian tribe, suggesting that Hungarian groups settled in the region in the late 10th and early 11th centuries, according to György Györffy. [18]

Written sources and toponyms implies the presence of Székelys. [11] The castle folk of Ebey—a village, located near Nagyszalonta, which was later abandoned—were grouped into a "hundred", or centurionatus, named Székelyszáz around 1217. [19] [20] The Seat of Telegd was most probably named after the village Telegd (now Tileagd in Romania). If this scholarly theory is valid, the ancestors of the Székelys of Telegd had lived in Bihar County before they moved to eastern Transylvania. [21] [22] Historian Florin Curta writes that the Székelys settled in the county only in the early 13th century. [23]

Modern historians agree that the county was established between 1020 and 1050, most probably by Stephen I, the first king of Hungary, or possibly by his successor, Peter. [21] [24] According to a version of a royal charter, issued in 1203, mentioned that "the whole Bihar County" was located partly around Bihar and partly around Zaránd (now Zărand in Romania), suggesting that Bihar County had originally included Zaránd County, or at least its territories north of the river Fehér-Körös. [25] [26] Another version of the same charter also mentioned Békés besides Bihar and Zaránd, implying that Bihar County had also included the lands which developed into the separate Békés County. [26] [27]

Middle Ages

Anjou Legendarium: 1. The burial of King St Ladislaus in Varad Cathedral 2. People pray at his tomb 3. A rich man cannot lift a silver tray from his tomb 4. A poor man lifts the silver tray Szent Laszlo legenda 4.jpg
Anjou Legendarium : 1. The burial of King St Ladislaus in Várad Cathedral 2. People pray at his tomb 3. A rich man cannot lift a silver tray from his tomb 4. A poor man lifts the silver tray

The 11th-century Bihar Castle, made of earth and timber, was the first center of the county. [28] [29] The earliest royal charter that mentioned the ispán , or head, of the county was issued around 1067. [24] The county was included in the ducatus, or duchy, that Andrew I of Hungary granted to his younger brother, Béla, around 1050. [30] Béla's son, Géza, ruled the duchy from 1064. [31] Nomadic Turks—Pechenegs or Ouzes—plundered the eastern territories of the Kingdom of Hungary, including the region around Bihar Castle in 1068. [9] [32] [33] Duke Géza, his brother, Ladislaus, and their cousin, King Solomon of Hungary, joined their forces and chased the marauders as far as Doboka (now Dăbâca in Romania). [32] [33] Six years later, "the troops from Byhor" were under the command of Duke Ladislaus in the Battle of Mogyoród which ended with the decisive victory of Géza and Ladislaus over King Solomon. [24] [34] The first document that mentioned the county was issued in 1075. [24] [35]

According to György Györffy, the county seems to have originally been included in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Eger, because the Deanery of Zsomboly, located to the south of Bihar County, formed an exclave of the Eger bishopric during the Middle Ages. [36] The separate Roman Catholic Diocese of Bihar was set up between 1020 and 1061. [24] [37] [34] Its see was transferred to Várad (now Oradea in Romania) before 1095. [34] There were four deaneries in the county; the Deanery of Bihar was the first to have been documented (in 1213). [38] Pilgrims frequented the shrine of King St Ladislaus in the Várad Cathedral after his canonization in 1192 and trials by ordeal were also held there. [39]

Emeric, King of Hungary approached Pope Innocent III, asking him to make "Latins" abbot of the Greek monasteries in the Kingdom of Hungary to restore discipline. [40] In a letter, written on 16 May 1204, the pope ordered Simon, the Catholic Bishop of Várad to visit the "Greek" monasteries and to set up a separate diocese, directly subjected to the Holy See, for them. [41] According to historian Ioan-Aurel Pop, those "Greek" monasteries actually belonged to the local Orthodox Romanians'. [41] Pop also writes that the Orthodox bishopric "in the country of Knez Bela", mentioned in a letter that Pope Innocent wrote to the Archbishop of Kalocsa in 1205, was located north of Oradea. [42]

At least 19 villages—including Köröskisjenő, Mezőgyán and Mezősas in Bihar County, and Gyulavarsánd and Vadász (now Vărșand and Vânători) in Zaránd County—made up the honour of Bihar Castle in the early 13th century. [43] The Várad Register—a codex which preserved the minutes of hundreds of ordeals held at the Várad Chapter between 1208 and 1235 [44] —provides information of the life of the commoners in the honour. [45] The castle folk who were divided in "hundreds" provided well-specified services to the ispán. [45] The Register mentioned the gatekeepers and the hunters of Bihar Castle. [45] The Register also referred to "guest settlers" of foreign—Rus', German or "Latin"—origin. [46] [47] For instance, Walloon "guests" established Olaszi near Várad (now Olasig neighborhood in Oradea) before 1215. [48]

The kings started to give away parcels of the royal domain already in the 11th century. [36] Prelates and ecclesiastic institutions—including the bishops of Várad, the Dömös Chapter and the Garamszentbenedek Abbey—were the first beneficiaries. [36] According to György Györffy, the noble Ákos, Borsa, Gutkeled and Hont-Pázmány clans received their first estates in the county in the 11th century; the Geregyes, the Telegdis and most other lords only in the late 13th century. [49] The western and southwestern lowlands were distributed among dozens of noble families, each holding only one village. [50]

The Mongols captured and destroyed Várad during their invasion of Hungary in 1241, according to Roger of Torre Maggiore, who was archdeacon of the Várad Chapter at that time. [51] [52] [53] At least 18% of the nearly 170 settlements documented in the county before 1241 disappeared during the Mongol invasion. [53] Stephen V of Hungary exempted the peasants living in the estates of the bishop of Várad of royal taxation and granted the bishop the right to open mines in his estates in 1263 to promote the economic recovery of the bishopric. [54] A silver mine was in short opened at the bishop's domains at Belényes (now Beiuș in Romania). [55]

New fortresses were built during the decades following the withdrawal of the Mongols. [53] Judge royal Paul Geregye erected Sólyomkő Castle at Élesd (now Aleșd in Romania); his sons held further 2 newly built fortresses in the 1270s. [56] Their power was crushed during King Ladislaus the Cuman's reign; he granted their fortresses and domains to the Borsas. [55] James Borsa, one of the semi-independent "oligarchs", was the actual ruler of Bihar, Kraszna, Szabolcs, Szatmár and Szolnok counties in the early 14th century. [55] After James Borsa's fall in the late 1310s, the noble Czibak, Debreceni and Telegdi families became the wealthiest lay landowners in the county. [55] The center of the Debrecenis' ancestral estates, Debrecen, developed into a market town. [57]

One of the earliest references to the presence of Romanians in the county—the place name Olahteluk ("Vlachs' Plot")—was recorded in a non-authentic charter, dated to 1283. [58] The first authentic document mentioning Romanians was issued in 1293. [53] They lived in the region of the bishop's castle at Várasfenes (now Finiș in Romania). [59] Next a charter of 1326 referred to the Romanian Voivode Neagul who "settled and lived" (considet and commoratur) in Nicholas Telegdi's estate at Káptalanhodos (now Hodiş in Romania). [60] Historian Ioan Aurel Pop writes that the latter charter proves that Nicholas Telegdi's estate had originally owned by Voivode Neagul. [61]

Modern Times

Bihar County as a part Principality of Transylvania, 1606-1660 Transylvanian Principality.svg
Bihar County as a part Principality of Transylvania, 1606–1660
Bihar County (in the western part of the territory) as a part of the Principality of Transylvania during Gabriel Bethlen's rule Bethlen Gabor fejedelemsege.png
Bihar County (in the western part of the territory) as a part of the Principality of Transylvania during Gabriel Bethlen's rule
Contemporary map of Bihar county Bihar county map (1891).jpg
Contemporary map of Bihar county

Soon after the Battle of Mohács in 1526 the Kingdom of Hungary was partitioned; the county's territory became part of the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom, then from 1570 the Principality of Transylvania. A large part of it was ruled by the Ottoman Empire as Varat Eyalet between 1660–1692, before it became part of the Kingdom of Hungary again. Within Hungary Bihar was part of the Districtus/Circulus Trans-Tibiscanus ('district/circle beyond the Tisza'; German: District/Kreis jenseits der Theiß), one of four such districts; in the early 19th century this district also contained eleven other counties: Máramaros, Ugocsa, Szatmár, Szabolcs, Békés, Csongrád, Csanád, Arad and the three Banat counties of Krassó, Temes and Torontál. [62]

Following the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, in 1850 Bihar was provisionally partitioned into Ober- and Unter-Bihar (Upper- and Lower-Bihar) as part of the District of Großwardein. [63] : IV  These later became Süd- and Nord-Bihar (South- and North-Bihar). [64] : V  The border between Süd- and Nord-Bihar mostly followed the Berettyó/Barcău river. Süd-Bihar was centred on the Landbezirk of Großwardein (Hungarian : Nagyvárad, Romanian : Oradea) and also included the Stuhlbezirke (districts) of Ártánd, Élesd, Margita, Szalonta, Belényes and Tenke. [64] : V§44 Nord-Bihar was centred on the Land- and Stadtbezirk of Debreczin and also included the Stuhlbezirke of Dorogh, Diószegh, Derecske and Püspök-Ladány. [64] : V§44  Part of Nord-Bihar's territory had previously belonged to the Hajdúság (see Hajdú County) and Szabolcs County. The pre-1848 counties of Hungary, including Bihar, were restored in October 1860.

In 1876 the Kingdom of Hungary was divided into seven Circles, with a total of 64 counties. [65] The Circle on the left bank of the Tisza contained eight counties, including Bihar, with the other seven being Békés, Hajdú, Máramaros, Szabolcs, Szatmár, Szilágy and Ugocsa. Bihar county in the Austro-Hungarian Empire contained Debrecen and Nagyvárad.

In 1920, by the Treaty of Trianon about 75% of the county became part of Romania. The west of the county remained in Hungary. The capital of this smaller county Bihar was Berettyóújfalu. In 1940, by the Second Vienna Award, the county's territory have been extended by its former parts gained from Romania.

In 1950, the Hungarian county Bihar was merged with Hajdú County to form Hajdú-Bihar county. The southernmost part of Hungarian Bihar (the area around Sarkad and Okány) went to Békés County. [66]

The Romanian part of former Bihar County now forms the Romanian Bihor County, except the southernmost part (around Beliu), which is in Arad County.

Demographics

Ethnic map of the county with data of the 1910 census (see the key in the description). Bihar ethnic map.png
Ethnic map of the county with data of the 1910 census (see the key in the description).
Population by mother tongue [lower-alpha 1]
CensusTotal Hungarian Romanian Slovak German Other or unknown
1880 [67] 446,777233,135 (54.02%)186,264 (43.16%)4,554 (1.06%)4,305 (1.00%)3,277 (0.76%)
1890 [68] 516,704283,806 (54.93%)219,940 (42.57%)5,957 (1.15%)3,374 (0.65%)3,627 (0.70%)
1900 [69] 577,312324,970 (56.29%)239,449 (41.48%)7,152 (1.24%)3,620 (0.63%)2,121 (0.37%)
1910 [70] 646,301365,642 (56.57%)265,098 (41.02%)8,457 (1.31%)3,599 (0.56%)3,505 (0.54%)
Population by religion [lower-alpha 2]
CensusTotal Calvinist Eastern Orthodox Roman Catholic Greek Catholic Jewish Other or unknown
1880446,777184,890 (41.38%)163,531 (36.60%)37,198 (8.33%)38,158 (8.54%)21,187 (4.74%)1,813 (0.41%)
1890516,704209,075 (40.46%)187,444 (36.28%)45,864 (8.88%)45,975 (8.90%)25,968 (5.03%)2,378 (0.46%)
1900577,312230,102 (39.86%)205,474 (35.59%)56,585 (9.80%)52,222 (9.05%)29,170 (5.05%)3,759 (0.65%)
1910646,301249,613 (38.62%)233,159 (36.08%)68,019 (10.52%)57,488 (8.89%)32,462 (5.02%)5,560 (0.86%)

List of ispáns

Eleventh and twelfth centuries

TermIncumbentMonarchNotesSource
c. 1067Stephen Solomon the county was part of the duchy of King Solomon's cousin, Géza [71] [31]
c. 1111 –c. 1113Saul Coloman [71]
c. 1135 Bucan Béla II also judge royal; he is only mentioned in a non-authentic diploma [71]
c. 1138Ákos Béla II [71]
c. 1166John Stephen III [71]
c. 1181 –c. 1183Esau Béla he was almost surely identical either with Palatine Esau or with Judge royal Esau both who held their offices between 1197 and 1198 [72]
c. 1192 –c. 1193Both Béla [73]
c. 1197 Peter Emeric he may have been identical with Peter, son of Töre, who killed Queen Gertrude in 1213, according to historian Attila Zsoldos [74]
c. 1198 –c. 1199 Mika Ják Emeric also Master of the treasury (1198) and judge royal (1199) [73]
c. 1199 Nicholas Emeric [74]

Thirteenth century

TermIncumbentMonarchNotesSource
c. 1200 –c. 1201 Mika Ják Emeric second rule; also palatine (1199) [73]
c. 1202 –c. 1203 Benedict Emeric also palatine (1202-1204) [73]
c. 1205 –c. 1206Gyrco Andrew II [73]
c. 1206 –c. 1207 Mog Andrew II also palatine (1206) [73]
c. 1207 Nicholas Andrew II [75]
c. 1208 Marcellus Tétény Andrew II [75]
c. 1208 Smaragd Andrew II [76]
c. 1209 Michael Kacsics Andrew II [77]
c. 1209 Nicholas Andrew II second rule [75]
1209 –1212 Bánk Bár-Kalán Andrew II also count of the Queen's court [78]
1212 –1216 Mika Andrew II [78]
1216 –1217 Neuka Andrew II [78]
1219 –1221 Mika Andrew II second rule [78]
1222 Buzád Hahót Andrew II [78]
1222Elias Andrew II [78]
1222 Julius Rátót Andrew II [78]
1223 –1224Pós Andrew II Mór Wertner identified him with Pousa Bár-Kalán [79] [78]
1224 Theodore Csanád Andrew II [78]
1226 Mika Andrew II [78]
1228Nicholas Csák Andrew II [78]
1229 –1230 Mojs Andrew II also palatine (1228-1231) [78]
1233 –1235 Stephen Andrew II also master of the cupbearers (1235) [80]
1236 Denis Tomaj Béla IV [80]
1236 –1238 Lawrence Béla IV [80]
1240 Dominic Rátót Béla IV master of the treasury [80]
1264 Mojs, son of Mojs Béla IV also ispán of Somogy County [80]
1272Lawrence, son of Lawrence Stephen V [80]
1291Benedict Andrew III also bishop of Várad (1287-1296) [80]
c. 1299Paul Balogsemjén Andrew III also ispán of Kraszna and Szatmár Counties [80]

Fourteenth century

TermIncumbentMonarchNotesSource
1302 –1316Beke Borsaalso ispán of Szabolcs and Békés Counties [81]
1317 –1318 Dózsa Debreceni Charles I also ispán of Szabolcs County [81]

Districts

In the early 19th century Bihar County was divided into five processus : Processus Váradiensis (east), Processus Sár-Rétiensis (north west), Processus Szalontensis (south west), Processus Ér-mellyékensis  [ hu ] (north east) and Processus Belényesiensis (south east). [62]

In the early 20th century, the districts (járás) and their capitals were:

Bihar County Bihar varmegye.png
Bihar County
Districts (járás)
DistrictCapital
BélBél, RO Beliu
BelényesBelényes, RO Beiuş
Berettyóújfalu Berettyóújfalu
Biharkeresztes Biharkeresztes
CséffaCséffa, RO Cefa
Derecske Derecske
ÉlesdÉlesd, RO Aleşd
ÉrmihályfalvaÉrmihályfalva, RO Valea lui Mihai
KözpontNagyvárad, RO Oradea
MagyarcsékeMagyarcséke, RO Ceica
MargittaMargitta, RO Marghita
NagyszalontaNagyszalonta, RO Salonta
Sárrét Biharnagybajom
SzalárdSzalárd, RO Sălard
SzékelyhidSzékelyhid, RO Săcueni
TenkeTenke, RO Tinca
VaskohVaskoh, RO Vaşcău
Urban counties (törvényhatósági jogú város)
Nagyvárad, RO Oradea

The towns of Derecske, Berettyóújfalu, Biharnagybajom and Biharkeresztes are now in Hungary, while the other towns mentioned are in Romania.

Notes

  1. ↑ Only linguistic communities > 1% are displayed.
  2. ↑ Only religious communities > 1% are displayed.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Glad (duke)</span> Legendary ruler of Banat around 900 AD

Glad was the ruler of Banat at the time of the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin around 900 AD, according to the Gesta Hungarorum. The Gesta, which was written by an author known in modern scholarship as Anonymus in the second half of the 12th century or in the early 13th century, is the earliest extant Hungarian chronicle. The Gesta did not refer to the enemies of the conquering Hungarians, who had been mentioned in earlier annals and chronicles, but wrote of a dozen persons, including Glad, who are unknown from other primary sources of the Hungarian Conquest. Therefore, modern historians debate whether Glad was an actual enemy of the conquerors or only a "fictitious person" made up by Anonymus. In Romanian historiography, based on the mention by Anonymus some 300 years later, Glad is described as one of the three Romanian dukes who ruled a historical region of present-day Romania in the early 10th century.

The Early Middle Ages in Romania started with the withdrawal of the Roman troops and administration from Dacia province in the 270s. In the next millennium a series of peoples, most of whom only controlled two or three of the nearly ten historical regions that now form Romania, arrived. During this period, society and culture underwent fundamental changes. Town life came to an end in Dacia with the Roman withdrawal, and in Scythia Minor – the other Roman province in the territory of present-day Romania – 400 years later. Fine vessels made on fast potter's wheels disappeared and hand-made pottery became dominant from the 450s. Burial rites changed more than once from cremation to inhumation and vice versa until inhumation became dominant by the end of the 10th century.

The Roman Catholic Diocese of Cumania was a Latin-rite bishopric west of the Siret River from 1228 to 1241. The lands incorporated into the diocese had been dominated by the nomadic Cumans since about 1100. Catholic missions began after Andrew II of Hungary granted Burzenland to the Teutonic Knights in 1211. After Andrew expelled the Knights from the territory in 1225, Dominican friars continued the Cuman mission. Robert, Archbishop of Esztergom baptized Boricius, an influential Cuman chieftain, two years later.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Voivode of Transylvania</span> Official in Transylvania, 12th–16th century

The Voivode of Transylvania was the highest-ranking official in Transylvania within the Kingdom of Hungary from the 12th century to the 16th century. Appointed by the monarchs, the voivodes – themselves also the heads or ispáns of Fehér County – were the superiors of the ispáns of all the other counties in the province.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin</span>

The Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin, also known as the Hungarian conquest or the Hungarian land-taking, was a series of historical events ending with the settlement of the Hungarians in Central Europe in the late 9th and early 10th century. Before the arrival of the Hungarians, three early medieval powers, the First Bulgarian Empire, East Francia, and Moravia, had fought each other for control of the Carpathian Basin. They occasionally hired Hungarian horsemen as soldiers. Therefore, the Hungarians who dwelt on the Pontic-Caspian Steppe east of the Carpathian Mountains were familiar with what would become their homeland when their conquest started.

Torda County was a county in Transylvania between the 11th century and 1876.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Duke of Transylvania</span> Hungarian honorific in the high middle ages

The Duke of Transylvania was a title of nobility four times granted to a son or a brother of the Hungarian monarch. The dukes of the first and second creations, Béla (1226–1235) and Stephen of the Árpád dynasty were in fact viceroys with significant authority in Transylvania. The duke of the third creation, Louis, did not administer the province. The fourth duke, Stephen of the Anjou dynasty (1350–1351) did not play any significant role in politics.

Lawrence was a Hungarian distinguished nobleman and military leader, who served as voivode of Transylvania between 1242 and 1252.

Dózsa Debreceni, or Dózsa of Debrecen, was an influential lord in the Kingdom of Hungary in the early 14th century. He was Palatine in 1322, and Voivode of Transylvania between 1318 and 1321. He was one of the staunchest supporters of Charles I of Hungary.

The Arad Chapter was a collegiate chapter, established in the 12th century, in the Kingdom of Hungary. It was dedicated to Saint Martin of Tours. The chapter was under the direct jurisdiction of the archbishop of Esztergom. It held landed property in at least seven counties. From the 1220s, the chapter was a place of authentication.

The Titel Chapter was a collegiate chapter, established in the late 11th century, in the Kingdom of Hungary. It was dedicated to the Holy Wisdom.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of Kerlés</span> Engagement between Pechenegs and Ouzes in 1068

The Battle of Kerlés also known as the Battle of Cserhalom, was an engagement between an army of Pechenegs and Ouzes commanded by Osul and the troops of King Solomon of Hungary and his cousins, Dukes Géza and Ladislaus, in Transylvania in 1068. The Pechenegs had been the dominant power of the westernmost regions of the Eurasian steppes since around 895. However, large Pecheneg groups moved to the Balkan Peninsula at the same time as the westward migration of the Ouzes and Cumans in the 1040s. The first recorded Pecheneg invasion of Transylvania occurred during the reign of Stephen I of Hungary.

Paul from the kindred Geregye was an influential Hungarian baron following the Mongol invasion of 1241. He served as Judge royal twice during the reign of Béla IV of Hungary.

References

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  2. ↑ Györffy 1987, p. 570.
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  5. 1 2 3 4 Sălăgean 2005, p. 140.
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  7. 1 2 Györffy 1987, p. 572.
  8. 1 2 Sălăgean 2005, p. 146.
  9. 1 2 Györffy 1987, p. 603.
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  11. 1 2 Györffy 1987, p. 573.
  12. ↑ Spinei 2003, p. 61.
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  14. ↑ Gáll 2013, pp. 56–59, 372–374.
  15. ↑ Spinei 2003, p. 58.
  16. ↑ Nägler 2005, p. 210.
  17. ↑ Gáll 2013, pp. 917–918.
  18. ↑ Györffy 1987, pp. 573, 628, 631–632, 674.
  19. ↑ Györffy 1987, p. 572, 614.
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  21. 1 2 Kordé 1994, p. 103.
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  26. 1 2 Györffy 1987, p. 574.
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  31. 1 2 Bóna 1994, pp. 141–142.
  32. 1 2 Spinei 2003, p. 130.
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  55. 1 2 3 4 Györffy 1987, p. 579.
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  57. ↑ Györffy 1987, p. 611.
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  59. ↑ Györffy 1987, p. 616.
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  62. 1 2 Lipszky, Janos; Gottfried, Prixner; Karacs, Ferenc (1808). "Mappa Generalis Regni Hungariae partiumque adnexarum Croatiae, Slavoniae et Confiniorum Militarium Magni item Principatus Transylvaniae..." David Rumsey Map Collection . Pesthini. Retrieved 3 October 2024.
  63. ↑ "Verordnung des Ministeriums des Inneren vom 13. September 1850 wodurch in Gemäßheit der Allerhöchsten Entschließung vom 8. September 1850 nachstehende Bestimmungen über die Einrichtung der politischen Verwaltungsbehörden im Königreiche Ungarn erlassen und zur allgemeinen Kenntniß gebracht werden". ÖNB-ALEX - Historische Rechts- und Gesetztexte Online (in German). 13 September 1850. Retrieved 17 August 2022.
  64. 1 2 3 "Verordnung der Ministerien des Inneren, der Justiz und der Finanzen vom 6. April 1854 betreffend die politische und gerichtliche Oraganisierung des Königreichs Ungarn". ÖNB-ALEX - Historische Rechts- und Gesetztexte Online (in German). 6 April 1854. Retrieved 17 August 2022.
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  66. ↑ Party state and county system 1949-1950 Archived 5 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine , Zempléni Múzsa
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Sources

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