Between 899 and 970, according to contemporary sources, the researchers count 47 (38 to West and 9 to East)[2] raids in different parts of Europe. From these campaigns only 8 were unsuccessful and the others ended with success.[3]
Many tributes were paid to the Hungarians.
Many times the rulers of Europe hired the Hungarian warriors against each other.
The most significant result of the Battle of Pressburg is that the Hungarians secured their lands in 907, prevented a future German invasion, the Germans did not attack Hungarian land until 1030.
The Hungarians also used a preemptive war against the Germans and the German unification.
Prince Andrew and Levente returned to Hungary from their exile and quickly gained popular support for the throne, especially among the pagan populace, despite the fact that Andrew was Christian (Levente had remained pagan). On their return, a rebellion began, which Andrew and Levente initially supported. The princes accepted the claims of the rebels in exchange for fighting against King Peter.
King Peter decided to flee from Hungary and take refuge in Austria. Andrew's envoys tricked the king before he reached the frontier. King Peter fled to a fortified manor at Zámoly, but his opponents captured him. King Peter was blinded, which caused his death.
German Emperor Henry III undertook a fifth campaign against the Kingdom of Hungary, and besieged Pozsony without success, as the Hungarians sank his supply ships on the Danube river.
Pecheneg troops pillaged Syrmia in 1071. The king and the duke suspected that the soldiers of the Byzantine garrison at Belgrade incited the marauders against Hungary, so they decided to attack the fortress.
The Hungarian army crossed the river Sava, although the Byzantines used Greek fire against their boats. The Hungarians defeated the Pechenegs who helped the Byzantines to relieve the siege. Finally the Hungarians took Belgrade after a siege of three months.
King Solomon and Prince Géza marched along the valley of the river Great Morava as far as Niš. The Hungarians seized the Byzantine city without any resistance.[10]
The first five Hungarian saints, including the first king of Hungary, Stephen I, and Stephen's son, Emeric, were canonized during Ladislaus's reign. Ladislaus released Solomon at the time of the ceremony. After his release, Solomon made a final effort to regain his crown. He persuaded a Cuman chieftain, Kutesk, to invade Hungary. Solomon promised Kutesk that he would give him the right of possession over the province of Transylvania and would take his daughter as wife. King Ladislaus defeated the invaders.
At the head of a large contingent, Solomon joined a huge army of Cumans and Pechenegs who invaded the Byzantine Empire in 1087. The Byzantines routed the invaders, Solomon seems to have died fighting on the battlefield.
The widow of King Zvonimir, Helen tried to keep her power in Croatia during the succession crisis. Several Dalmatian cities and Croatian nobles around Helen asked King Ladislaus I to help Helen and offered him the Croatian throne, which was seen as rightfully his by inheritance rights.
In 1091 Ladislaus I crossed the Drava river and conquered the entire province of Slavonia without encountering opposition, Ladislaus I had success in his campaign, yet he wasn't able to establish his control over entire Croatia.
Ladislaus I appointed his nephew Prince Álmos to administer the controlled area of Croatia, established the Diocese of Zagreb as a symbol of his new authority and went back to Hungary.
Petar Snačić rose up against the Hungarian rule between 1093 and 1097.
The Cumans invaded and plundered Hungary led by chieftain Kapolcs, first breaking through Transylvania, then the territory between the Danube and Tisza rivers. They tried to leave Hungary with their booty and prisoners, but King Ladislaus I defeated them near the Temes river.[12]
Władysław I Herman, Duke of Poland, was a cousin of King Ladislaus I of Hungary. King Ladislaus I intervened in a conflict between Herman and his illegitimate son, Zbigniew, capturing Herman's younger son Boleslaus and Kraków. At Ladislaus' demand, Zbigniew was recognized as legitimate.
King Coloman seized Croatia; Doge Vitale I Michiel of Venice requested Hungarian support against the Normans. The Hungarian army, transported by Venetian ships, defeated the Normans, captured Brindisi and Monopoli, plundered the land, then withdrew after three months leaving cities to Venice.
The first group of crusaders was led by Walter Sans Avoir with 150,000 troops. King Coloman received them in a friendly way and allowed them into the kingdom. They proceeded through Hungary without any major conflicts, the only incident occurred near the Hungarian–Byzantine border at Zimony.[14]
The next group was headed by Peter the Hermit with 40,000 troops. King Coloman permitted them to enter Hungary only after Peter pledged that he would prevent them from pillaging the countryside, but Peter could not keep his promise, the crusaders plundered and raped locals. They reached Zimony, where they learned of the story of the previous conflict. The crusaders besieged and took the town, where they massacred many thousand Hungarians. They only withdrew when Coloman's troops approached them.[14]
The third band of crusaders was led by Folkmar with 12,000 men reached Nyitra and when they saw the richness of the countryside they began plundering the region. These were soon routed by the local Hungarians.[14]
A fourth army that came to Moson was led by Gottschalk with 15,000 men. They camped near Pannonhalma, to seize food and wine, the crusaders made frequent pillaging raids against the nearby settlements. King Coloman attacked and massacred the majority of them. The crusader mob of Gottschalk fled with 3,000 men from Hungary.[14]
Following these incidents, King Coloman forbade the crusaders who arrived under the leadership of Count Emicho with 200,000 men to enter Hungary. The crusaders besieged Moson, their catapults destroyed the walls in two places, enabling them to storm into the fortress. King Coloman defended the fortress. After six weeks the morale of the crusader mob began to fail, which inspired the Hungarians, a panic broke out among the attackers that enabled the garrison to carry out a sortie and rout them, and most of the mob was slaughtered or drowned in the river.[14]
The first crusader army organized by the Holy See was led by Godfrey of Bouillon with 80,000 troops. King Coloman agreed to meet with Godfrey in Sopron. The king allowed the crusaders to march through his kingdom but stipulated that Godfrey's younger brother Baldwin and his family should stay with him as hostages. The crusaders passed through Hungary peacefully along the right bank of the Danube, King Coloman and his army followed them on the left bank. He only released his hostages after all the crusaders had crossed the river Sava. The uneventful march of the main crusader army across Hungary established Coloman's good reputation throughout Europe.[14]
Mongol victory at the Battle of Mohi. Mongols retreated within a year from Hungary due to the local Hungarian withstand. Both sides suffered a heavy casualties.[17]
Árpáds were winning militarily, but Andrew III's death in 1301 extinguished the Árpád dynasty and triggered the Árpád war of succession in Hungary (1301–1308)
The Wallachian army led by Basarab, formed of cavalry, peasants and foot archers, ambushed and defeated the 30,000-strong Hungarian army, in a mountainous region
The campaign of King Louis I against the rebellious Croatian noblesThe campaign of King Louis I against the rebellious Croatian nobles (Chronica Hungarorum, 1488)
The Golden Horde was pushed back behind the Dniester River, the Golden Horde's control of the lands between the Eastern Carpathians and the Black Sea weakened
The establishment of Moldavia in 1346 as a Hungarian vassal state.
War of Chioggia, Hungary defeated the Venetians in several times, and finally expelled Venetians from Dalmatia, however Genoa, Padoa and Austria lost the War. The war resulted in the Treaty of Turin (1381)
King Sigismund of Hungary had experience fighting with the Ottomans, but the French knights refused his battle plan. The French knights rushed to the Ottoman lines, while the other allies stayed with the Hungarian forces under King Sigismund, this caused confusion and divided the strength of the Crusader army.
Ottomans defeat Crusades and no new Anti-Ottoman alliance is formed till the 1440s.
Ottomans maintain pressure on Constantinople, tightened control over the Balkans, and became a greater threat to central Europe.
Peace agreement, Vladislaus is accepted as Hungarian king
John Hunyadi and Nicholas Újlaki annihilated the troops of Vladislaus opponents at Bátaszék at the beginning of 1441. Their victory effectively put an end to the civil war.
The grateful king appointed Hunyadi and Újlaki joint Voivodes of Transylvania and Counts of the Székelys. Hunyadi was appointed as head of several southern counties of the Kingdom of Hungary, he assumed responsibility for the defense of the frontiers.
Vladislaus I of Hungary, the young king, ignoring Hunyadi's advice, rushed 500 of his Polish knights against the Ottoman center. They attempted to overrun the Janissary infantry and take Murad II prisoner, and almost succeeded, but in front of Murad's tent Vladislaus's horse either fell, and the king was slain.
Murad's casualties at Varna were so heavy, it was not until three days later that he realized he was victorious.
The Ottoman victory in Varna, followed by the Ottoman victory in the Second Battle of Kosovo in 1448, deterred the European states from sending any substantial military assistance to the Byzantines during the Ottoman Siege of Constantinople in 1453.
After initial Hungarian-moldavian victories Hungary stopped the advocating of Moldavia, so Stephen III moldavian ruler became vasal of the Ottoman Empire.
At the end of the campaign, Hungary controlled all of Upper Austria as well, which remained under the control of King Matthias until his death, in 1490.
Hungary defeats the highly outnumbered Ottoman army in Transylvania. Ottoman casualties were extremely high. The battle was the most significant victory for the Hungarians against the raiding Ottomans, and as a result, the Ottoman Turks did not attack southern Hungary and Transylvania for many years thereafter.
Royal power declined in favour of the magnates, who used their power to curtail the peasants' freedom. Gyorgy led a revolt but was eventually caught, tortured, and executed and became known as a martyr or a dangerous criminal.[29]
Destruction of the Kingdom of Hungary as an independent and powerful European nation.
The territory of Hungary was split into two parts in 1529 and into three parts in 1541.
Around two hundred years of constant warfare with and between two empires, Habsburg and Ottoman, turned Hungary into a perpetual battlefield. The countryside was regularly ravaged by armies moving back and forth devastating the population.
Stephen Bocskai was recognized as the Prince of Transylvania, and guaranteed the right of Transylvanians to elect their own independent princes in the future.
Preservation of an independent Transylvania, a potential base for the unification of Hungary.
Annexation of a border strip between eastern Slovakia and Carpathian Ruthenia
1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945Hungary entered: 27 June 1941Hungary exited: 11 May 1945
World War IIHungarian Arrow Cross militia and a German Tiger II tank in Budapest, October 1944Hungarian Toldi I tank used during the 1941 invasion of the Soviet Union
"Afghanization" of Afghan conflict. Withdrawal of most US troops by 2014
End of Operation Enduring Freedom; start of 2015 phase of war, and Operation Freedom's Sentinel. End of US and ISAF led combat mission; beginning of NATO-led training and assistance mission.
Bánlaky, József (1928). A magyar nemzet hadtörténelme[The Military History of the Hungarian Nation] (in Hungarian). Budapest.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Barta, Gábor; Granasztói, György (1981). "A három részre szakadt ország és a török kiűzése (1526–1605)". In Benda, Kálmán; Péter, Katalin (eds.). Magyarország történeti kronológiája, II: 1526–1848 [Historical Chronology of Hungary, Volume I: 1526–1848] (in Hungarian). Akadémiai Kiadó. pp.361–430. ISBN963-05-2662-X.
Engel, Pál (2001). The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526. I.B. Tauris Publishers. ISBN1-86064-061-3.
Fine, John V. A. (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late TwelfthCentury to the Ottoman Conquest. The University of Michigan Press. ISBN0-472-08260-4.
Nagy, Kálmán (2007). A honfoglalás korának hadtörténete[Military History of the Age of the Hungarian Conquest] (in Hungarian). Budapest: Heraldika Kiadó.
Pop, Ioan-Aurel (2005). "Romanians in the 14th–16th Centuries: From the "Christian Republic" to the "Restoration of Dacia"". In Pop, Ioan-Aurel; Bolovan, Ioan (eds.). History of Romania: Compendium. Romanian Cultural Institute (Center for Transylvanian Studies). pp.209–314. ISBN978-973-7784-12-4.
Teke, Zsuzsa (1980). Hunyadi János és kora [John Hunyadi and his Times] (in Hungarian). Gondolat. ISBN963-280-951-3.
1 2 Szabados, György (August 2005). "Vereség háttér nélkül? Augsburg, 955"[Defeat without background? Augsburg, 955]. Hitel – irodalmi, művészeti és társadalmi folyóirat [literary, artistic and social journal] (in Hungarian) (8).
↑ Kristó Gyula: Levedi törzsszövetségétől Szent István államáig; Magvető Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1980 p. 248 From Miracula Sancti Georgii. Hungarian translation: "A nyugati népek, azaz a bolgárok, magyarok, szküthák, médek és türkök leghevesebb felkelése történt" English translation from the Hungarian: "It was the most violent upraising of the Western nations: the Bulgarians, Hungarians, Scythians, Medians and Turks"
1 2 Bánlaky, József. "A 984. évi mölki összecsapás"[The Clash at Melk in 984]. A magyar nemzet hadtörténelme[The Military History of the Hungarian Nation] (in Hungarian). Budapest.
↑ Kosztolnyik, Z. J. (1981). Five Eleventh Century Hungarian Kings: Their Policies and their Relations with Rome. Boulder. p.82. ISBN0-914710-73-7.
↑ Érszegi, Géza; Solymosi, László (1981). "Az Árpádok királysága, 1000–1301" [The Monarchy of the Árpáds, 1000–1301]. In Solymosi, László (ed.). Magyarország történeti kronológiája, I: a kezdetektől 1526-ig[Historical Chronology of Hungary, Volume I: From the Beginning to 1526] (in Hungarian). Akadémiai Kiadó. p.89. ISBN963-05-2661-1.
↑ Bánlaky, József. "A belgrádi hadjárat 1071-ben és a nisi hadművelet 1072-ben"[The Campaign of Belgrade in 1071 and the Campaign of Nis in 1072]. A magyar nemzet hadtörténelme[The Military History of the Hungarian Nation] (in Hungarian). Budapest.
↑ Bánlaky, József. "IV. Henrik hadjárata László ellen 1079-ben"[Campaign of Henry IV Against Ladislaus in 1079]. A magyar nemzet hadtörténelme[The Military History of the Hungarian Nation] (in Hungarian). Budapest.
1 2 Bánlaky, József. "László második hadjárata a kúnok ellen 1091-ben"[The Second Campaign of Ladislaus Against the Cumans in 1091]. A magyar nemzet hadtörténelme[The Military History of the Hungarian Nation] (in Hungarian). Budapest.
↑ Bánlaky, József. "Az 1092. évi orosz hadjárat"[The Russian Campaign of 1092]. A magyar nemzet hadtörténelme[The Military History of the Hungarian Nation] (in Hungarian). Budapest.
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