Initial Muslim victory, conquering the coastal areas of Iberian Peninula and stablishing some colonies on the coast of Spain to help the Muslim conquest of the Maghreb.
The Arab element on the Iberian peninsula is increased, on detriment of berber, due to middle easterns migrants from the junds settlements (but also destabilizing the power of the governor of al-Andalus).
Then Ferdinand I of León is crowned as King of Leon, dominating all the Iberian Peninsula and considering himself as Imperator totius Hispaniae. Afterward, in his Curia regis elevates Castille from County to Kingdom in 1065.
1° Phase:Pact of Vadoluengo: Navarre-Aragon union is mantained, with Navarre loyal to García Ramirez as vassals to Aragon loyal to Ramiro II, joining forces against Castilan invasion (which conquered Kingdom of Zaragoza).
2° Phase: García of Navarre declared himself a vassal of Alfonso VII of Castile and León, so supporting Alfonso's claims to Aragon crown.
3° Phase: Alfonso VII and Ramiro II consolidates an alliance in the Treaty of Alagon (during the short time that all iberian kingdoms were vassals of Castile, Alfonso VII declared himself Imperator totius Hispaniae). However, Garcia of Navarre rebels against Castile, while also in war with Aragon.
4° phase: Aragonese nobility rejects alliance with Castille, so pacts an alliance with Catalan County of Barcelona on the Capitulations of Barbastre, donating Ramiro II his realm to Ramon Berenguer IV of Barcelona. Aragonese-Castilian conflict ends with the Treaty of Carrion (ending the conflict of sucession in Aragon). 5° phase: After a failed attempt of partitioning Navarre between Castile and Aragon, Castilian-Navarrese conflict ends with the Peace of Calahorra (ending Conflict of sucession in Navarra).
6° phase: The Aragonese-Navarrese conflicts continues until 1146 with the Truce of San Esteban de Gormaz, in which Castile quits of the war.
Recognition of the territorial status quo at the end of active campaigning, including continued Muslim control of Jerusalem and the restoration of the Levantine Crusader States.
Languedoc, which until then was still under the influence of Catalonia and the Aragonese, definitively entered in French hands and they were incorporated into their sphere of influence as conquered Royal Domains.
The crusade leads to the definitive separation between the Occitans, to the north, and the Catalans, to the south.
End of Moroccan hegemony in the Strait of Gibraltar. No more offensive or expansion attempts against the Christian Kingdoms would be done by Marinids, being just at the defensive for the rest of the reconquista.
Navarrese conquered much of Messenia and the towns of Androusa and Kalamata for James of Baux on 1381. Then Navarrese governed the entire Morea under the auspices of James.
Navarrese fail in their offensive against Duchy of Athens. But obtain alliance with Venetians (since 1382) and Ottomans (just on 1395).
Defeat of the Government. Jewish population lost it's legal protection due to anti-semitic presions and Pogroms. Most of them are forced to convert to Catholicism or be expelled of Spain.
A small portion of Navarre north of the Pyrenees, Lower Navarre, along with the neighbouring Principality of Béarn survived as an independent kingdom, which passed by inheritance to French monarchs.
Hungary was divided into larger Ottoman and smaller Habsburg spheres of influence, as well as a semi-independent Hungarian vassal state of Transylvania.
Treaty of Nagyvárad divided Hungary between them. Ferdinand recognized Zápolya as John I, King of Hungary and ruler of two-thirds of the Kingdom, while Zápolya conceded the rule of Ferdinand over western Hungary, and recognized him as heir to the Hungarian throne, since Zápolya was childless.
Establishment of the Captaincy General of Chile after incorporating the territories up to the Biobío River, avoiding incorporating hostile indigenous people.
Spanish Empire renounces the domination of the territories south of the Biobío River and recognizes the independence of the Mapuche tribes of the place.
The Amazon is divided between Spain and Portugal with the Treaty of Madrid (1750), as both countries compromissed to stop and punish bandits expeditions from bandeirantes.
Start of a Franco-Spanish War in 1595 in defense of Catholic resistance remnants.
Political Defeat
Protestant favorite, Henry IV of France, is recognised as king in most of France after converting to Catholicism, instead of catholic favorite and pro-Spanish, Isabella Clara Eugenia.
Mole Majimu took over or received back a number of territories previously held by Ternate, such as parts of Makian, Mayu island, and a section of Morotai.
Start of Spanish-Ternatean conflicts until 1660s, through Mudafar Syah I proclamation of Sultan of Ternate with Dutch recognization.
The island was divided between the two powers: the Spaniards were allied with Tidore and the Dutch with their Ternaten allies. Spanish colonization until 1663.
The subjugated territories were returned to the Three Leagues after expelling the French, but with restrictions on the sovereign rights of the leagues (the Three Leagues effectively became a protectorate of Austria and Spain).
The Spanish representative in the Duchy of Milan was granted a right of supervision over the administration of Graubünden and a right of protection over Catholic subjects. Spain also received permission to recruit mercenaries and the right to use roads and mountain passes. These should remain closed to all enemies of Spain
France prevents Habsburg total control of Valtellina by soliciting the Papal troops to occupy Valtellina
The territory was "definitively" ceded to the Grisons in 1639 with the only condition that the practice of the Catholic religion be respected in this valley.
Koxinga's forces raided effectively several towns in the Philippines, but demanded tribute from the colonial government never accomplished and threatened invasion cancelled due to his death.
Partial reforms are given to appease the rebels, as well as severe punishments for repeat offender leaders, to prevent future insurrections among the local population.
Multiple social groups, dissatisfied with the Bourbon Reforms, would continue to rebel under the motto of "Long live the King, death to the bad government" for an improvement of the Spanish state in its compliance with the colonial pact between subject and monarch, longing for the previous "fueros" and local autonomies of the traditional Monarchy of the House of Austria against the thriving Bourbon Absolutism.
First notions of anti-colonial political independence in the most radical groups, usually influenced by the Spanish-American Enlightenment.
Bourbon territorial gains. Both Naples and Sicily were conquered by the Spanish Bourbons. France guaranteed Lorraine following death of Stanisław Leszczyński.
The thesis of the Portuguese Empire prevailed that the Guaporé river should serve as a border between the two Empires in the Amazon Jungle on present-day Bolivia.
Victory, but withdrawal due to anti-clerical policies of Charles III and economical problems in Peru to support the stability of the catholic missions.
The rebels apprehend the highest authority (Lieutenant Colonel Primo de Rivera), passing command to the second in command, Sergeant Martín. The new chief evacuated the colony, directing the survivors to São Tomé, where he was captured by the Portuguese who restored the Ten. Cor. Primo de Rivera in his position.
The Spanish city of Concepción is razed by the native Africans.
Due to the adversity of the climate, the tropical diseases that decimated the soldiers, the hostility of the nearby British fleet and the fear of an attack by the Bubi population. The Spanish leave the colony after taking possession in the name of Carlos III of Spain of the Territories of the Gulf of Guinea.
Hostilities resume later in 1807 with the commencement of the Peninsular War and expanded in 1809 with the formation of a Fifth Coalition against France
The United States forcibly relocates Seminole in northern Florida to a reservation in the center of the peninsula in the Treaty of Moultrie Creek of 1823
The Agraviados, who rose up against the "reformist" Enlightened absolutism government that supposedly had King Ferdinand VII "kidnapped", lay down their arms when Ferdinand VII had to go to Catalonia to demonstrate that he enjoyed full freedom.
The throne of the ndowés (Kingdom of Corisco) remains separated into two branches (Cabo San Juan and the north of the Corisco island) since 1843.
Bonkoro I flee to Cape san juan and complies the arrangement with Juan José Lerena y Barry (Treaty of Tika) of stablishing a Spanish protectorate. His son, king Bonkoro II recognized Spanish sovereignty over Cabo San Juan, including several towns that had not been ceded by his father, such as Corisco and Elobey.
Imunga proclaims himself as king Munga I of Kombe people, then reigned in Corisco between the years 1848 and 1858, date on which he received the support of the first Spanish governor, Carlos de Chacón y Michelena, who appointed him lieutenant governor of Corisco, transforming also in a Spanish protectorate.
In 1906 the two parts of the kingdom (Cabo San Juan and northern Corisco) were reunited under the kingdom of Santiago Uganda.
Due to Morocco–Congo Treaty, a Franco-Spanish Treaty was concluded on 27 November 1912, slightly revising the previous Franco-Spanish boundaries in Morocco, in favour to France.
1° Victory of the Spanish State and repression of Spanish Anarchists. Divission between moderates which wanted to collaborate with Spanish Republic (Treintists and Possibilists of the Syndicalist Party) and Radicals opposed to the State (Faístas).
The efforts of all the governments involved managed to end the tension between the fleets, but there would still be protests from the Spanish fishing fleet.
The Maluku Islands or the Moluccas are an archipelago in the eastern part of Indonesia. Tectonically they are located on the Halmahera Plate within the Molucca Sea Collision Zone. Geographically they are located east of Sulawesi, west of New Guinea, and north and east of Timor. Lying within Wallacea, the Moluccas have been considered a geographical and cultural intersection of Asia and Oceania.
The lands of what today is known as Catalonia, in Spain, were first settled during the Middle Palaeolithic era. Like the rest of the Mediterranean side of the Iberian Peninsula, the area was occupied by the Iberians and several Greek colonies were established on the coast before the Roman conquest. It was the first area of Hispania conquered by the Romans. It then came under Visigothic rule after the collapse of the western part of the Roman Empire. In 718, the area was occupied by the Umayyad Caliphate and became a part of Muslim ruled al-Andalus. The Frankish Empire conquered the area from the Muslims, ending with the conquest of Barcelona in 801, as part of the creation of a larger buffer zone of Christian counties against Islamic rule historiographically known as the Marca Hispanica. In the 10th century the County of Barcelona became progressively independent from Frankish rule.
The Treaty of Tordesillas, signed in Tordesillas, Spain, on 7 June 1494, and ratified in Setúbal, Portugal, divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between Portugal and the Crown of Castile, along a meridian 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde islands, off the west coast of Africa. That line of demarcation was about halfway between Cape Verde and the islands visited by Christopher Columbus on his first voyage, named in the treaty as Cipangu and Antillia.
"Els Segadors" is the official national anthem of Catalonia, nationality and autonomous community of Spain.
Raül Romeva i Rueda is a politician from Spain and a former Member of the European Parliament with the Iniciativa per Catalunya Verds, part of the European Greens. He sat on the European Parliament's Committee on Foreign Affairs and its Committee on Women's Rights and Gender Equality. In the Catalan parliamentary election of 2015 he led the pro-independence electoral list, Junts pel Sí. He was named Minister for External and Institutional Relations, and Transparency in the Catalan Regional Government under President Carles Puigdemont on January 14, 2016 before his role was revoked by the Spanish Government on the 27th of October 2017, as part of the application of the constitution's article 155 during the Catalan crisis. Romeva spent almost 4 years in prison from 2017 to 2021, and in 2019 was sentenced to 12 years imprisonment for sedition along with other members of the Puigdemont government. He was pardoned in 2021 and freed from prison.
The Principality of Catalonia was a medieval and early modern state in the northeastern Iberian Peninsula. During most of its history it was in dynastic union with the Kingdom of Aragon, constituting together the Crown of Aragon. Between the 13th and the 18th centuries, it was bordered by the Kingdom of Aragon to the west, the Kingdom of Valencia to the south, the Kingdom of France and the feudal lordship of Andorra to the north and by the Mediterranean Sea to the east. The term Principality of Catalonia was official until the 1830s, when the Spanish government implemented the centralized provincial division, but remained in popular and informal contexts. Today, the term Principat (Principality) is used primarily to refer to the autonomous community of Catalonia in Spain, as distinct from the other Catalan Countries, and usually including the historical region of Roussillon in Southern France.
The Battle of Badajoz was one of the first major engagements of the Spanish Civil War, resulting in a tactical and strategic Nationalist victory, however at a significant cost in time and troops. After several days of shelling and bombardment, Nationalists stormed the fortified border city of Badajoz on August 14, 1936, cutting off the Spanish Republic from neighbouring Portugal and linking the northern and southern zones of Nationalist control.
Juan de Silva was a Spanish military commander and governor of the Philippines, from April 1609 until his death on April 19, 1616.
The creation of the tradition of the political community of Spaniards as common destiny over other communities has been argued to trace back to the Cortes of Cádiz. From 1812 on, revisiting the previous history of Spain, Spanish liberalism tended to take for granted the national conscience and the Spanish nation.
The Sultanate of Ternate, previously also known as the Kingdom of Gapi is one of the oldest Muslim kingdoms in Indonesia besides the sultanates of Tidore, Jailolo, and Bacan.
The following tables show the sequence of events of the Peninsular War (1807–1814), including major battles, smaller actions, uprisings, sieges and other related events that took place during that period.
Enric Ucelay-Da Cal is a historian specializing in contemporary history, who has done extensive work on Catalan history. He is at present (2014) Senior Professor Emeritus at the Pompeu Fabra University (UPF) in Barcelona and coordinator of a Research Group on States, Nations and Sovereignties, linked to the UPF.
Fernando García Valverde, better known as Fernando Valverde or Tito Valverde, is a Spanish actor. Born in Ávila, he became very popular to a television audience for his performance as Pepe in the 1995 comedy television series Pepa y Pepe. He has later starred as Gerardo Castilla in the television series El comisario.
The Eastern Army, also translated as the Army of the East, was a unit of the Spanish Republican Army that operated in the eastern part of Spain during the Spanish Civil War. Republican forces deployed on the Aragon front of the war initially came under the command structure of the unit. Later in the Civil War, the unit operated in Catalonia, defending the Republican defensive line along the Segre river.
The 81st Mixed Brigade was a unit of the Spanish Republican Army created during the Spanish Civil War. It operated on the Teruel, Levante and Estremadura fronts.
Francisco José Veiga Rodríguez is a Spanish historian, journalist and writer. He is a doctor and professor in the Department of Contemporary History at the Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), where he has been a professor since 1983, with a focus on Eastern Europe, the countries of the former Soviet Union, the countries of the Balkan Peninsula and Turkey. He is an author of newspaper articles for El Periódico de Catalunya and El País.
↑ Wise Bauer, Susan (2010). The History of the Medieval World: From the Conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 369. ISBN978-0-393-07817-6
↑ Dupuy, R. Ernest; Dupuy, Trevor N. (1986). The Encyclopedia of Military History from 3500 B.C. to the Present (2nd ed.). New York: Harper & Row Publishers. ISBN0-06-181235-8
↑ Thomas F. Glick. Islamic and Christian Spain in the Early Middle Ages. (Princeton, Princeton University Press), p. 38
↑ The Crusades and the military orders: expanding the frontiers of latin christianity; Zsolt Hunyadi page 226
↑ Valerii︠a︡ Fol, Bulgaria: History Retold in Brief, (Riga, 1999), 103.
↑ Bell, Adrian. "English Members of the Order of the Passion: Their Political, Diplomatic and Military Significance". In Philippe de Mézières and His Age, (Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2012) doi: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004211445_018"whether his influence encouraged the involvement of an English force at the battle of Nicopolis in 1396"
1 2 Csorba, Csaba; Estók, János; Salamon, Konrád (1998). Magyarország Képes Története. Budapest: Hungarian Book-Club. ISBN963-548-961-7. 62.-64. p.
↑ Véronne, Chantal de la (2012). "Saʿdids". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Brill
↑ Abun-Nasr, Jamil (1987). A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 219–220. ISBN0-521-33767-4
↑ Domínguez Ortiz, Antonio; Vincent, Bernard (1993). Historia de los moriscos: vida y tragedia de una minoría. Alianza Universidad. Madrid: Alianza ed. ISBN978-84-206-2415-0.
↑ Treaty of alliance between France and Portugal concluded at Paris, 1 June 1641. Davenport, Frances Gardiner: European Treaties Bearing on the History of the United States and Its Dependencies to 1648. Clark, New Jersey: The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd., 2012. ISBN9781584774228, pp. 324–328
1 2 From 1703 started the Rákóczi's War of Independence as a proxy conflict of the Habsburg-Bourbon conflict during Spanish Succession War. Spanish mercenaries fought in the Hungarian conflict for both sides due to alliances.
↑ The Acts of Union of 1707 united the crowns of England and Scotland, forming the Kingdom of Great Britain. For much of the war, Scottish units were under Dutch pay and operated as part of the army of the Dutch Republic.
1 2 In 1707, the kingdoms of England and Scotland were unified as the Kingdom of Great Britain, sharing a single Parliament at Westminster under the Act of Union 1707. After this, Scottish troops joined their English counterparts in all colonial wars.
↑ From H.M.C. Brown to Peter P. Pitchlynn. Re: rumors of a band of Comanches and Apaches of hostile nature gathering. "Peter P. Pitchlynn Collection"Archived 17 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine , Western Histories Collection, University of Oklahoma Libraries
↑ Cesáreo Fernández Duro, Armada española desde la unión de los reinos de Castilla y de León, Est. tipográfico Sucesores de Rivadeneyra, Madrid, 1902, Vol. VI, p. 118
↑ Jorge Ortiz Sotelo (2005). "Expediciones peruanas a Tahití, siglo XVIII"[Peruvian expeditions to Tahiti, 18th century](PDF). Derroteros de la Mar del Sur (in Spanish) (13): 95–103. Archived from the original(PDF) on 9 June 2007. Retrieved 23 June 2023.
↑ Serulnikov, Sergio (2013). Revolution in the Andes: The Age of Túpac Amaru. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. ISBN9780822354833.
↑ "Morocco expresses full support for Central African Republic Peace Agreement". The North Africa Post. 17 November 2019. Morocco has deployed 762 blue helmets in the MINUSCA, who, he said, have succeeded in establishing bonds of trust with local populations regardless of their religious affiliations, said Bourita.
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Roman Republic 
Visigothic Kingdom 
