\n*Mah-nongan:also a general term for deities who are given animal sacrifices\n*Ampual:the god of the fourth skyworld who bestowed animals and plants on the people;controls the transplanting of rice\n*Bumingi:in charge of worms,one of the eleven beings importuned to stamp out rice pests\n*Liddum:the only deity who inhabits the realm called Kabunian;communicates directly with humans on earth;{{Cite journal |last=Beyer |first=H. Otley |date=1913 |title=Origin Myths Among the Mountain Peoples of the Philippines |url=https://philjournalsci.dost.gov.ph/images/pdf_upload/pjs1913/PJS_Vol_8D_No1_Feb_1913.pdf |journal=Philippine Journal of Science |volume=8D |issue=2 |pages=85–117}}chief mediator between the people and other gods\n*Lumadab:has the power to dry up the rice leaves,one of the eleven beings importuned to stamp out rice pests\n*Mamiyo:the stretcher of skeins,one of the twenty-three deities presiding over the art of weaving\n*Monlolot:the winder of thread on the spindle,one of the twenty-three deities presiding over the art of weaving\n*Puwok:controls the dread typhoons\n*Yogyog:a causer of earthquakes;dwells in the underworld\n*Alyog:a causer of earthquakes;dwells in the underworld\n*Kolyog:the god of earthquakes\n*Makalun:spirits that serve the function as messengers of the gods\n*Namtogan:the paraplegic god of good fortune whose presence made rice harvests and community livestock bountiful;when the humans he was staying with at Ahin began neglecting the bulul,he left,causing a curse of misfortunes;the people persuaded him to return,where he responded by teaching the people how to create bululs and how to do the rituals for the statues,effectively lifting the curse{{Cite news |last=Lapniten |first=Karlston |date=May 29,2018 |title=Indigenous Paraplegic Divinity:The Story of Namtogan |language=en |work=Inquirer.net |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/995177/indigenous-paraplegic-divinity-the-story-of-namtogan |access-date=October 14,2021}}\n*Bulol:household divinities that are the souls of departed ancestors;usually depicted as carved wooden statues stored in the rice granary;the ancestral images guard the crops,make the rice harvest plentiful,and protects the rice from pests and thieves and from being too quickly consumed{{Cite journal |last=Dancel |first=Manlou M. |date=1989 |title=The Ifugao Wooden Idol |url=https://www.spafajournal.org/index.php/spafadigest/article/view/508 |journal=SPAFA Digest |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=2–5}}\n*Nabulul:spouse of Bugan;a god who possesses or lives in Bulul figures;guards the rice and make the rice harvest plentiful\n*Bugan:spouse of Nabulul;a goddess who possesses or lives in Bulul figures;guards the rice and make the rice harvest plentiful\n*Gatui:divinities associated with practical jokes,but have a malevolent side that feast on souls and cause miscarriages\n*Tagbayan:divinities associated with death that feast on human souls that are guarded by two headed monsters called kikilan\n*Imbayan:also called Lingayan;divinities who guide souls after they die\n**Himpugtan:an Imbayan divinity who can terminate those that displease him\n*Munduntug:divinities from the mountains who cause hunters to be lost\n*Banig:spirits of the hillsides and caves;among the Mayayao,the Banig take in the form of an animal who does not harm anyone,despite the people being afraid of their manifestation\n*Mun-apoh:deified ancestral spirits who are guardians and sources of blessings provided by the living;they are respected,however,their blessings could also be turned into a curse\n*Mahipnat:great spirits of sacred places\n*Bibao:spirits of ordinary places\n*Halupi:divinities of remembrance\n*Fili:divinities of property\n*Dadungut:divinities who dwell in graveyards and tombs\n*Makiubaya:divinities who watch over the gates of the village\n*Spirits of sickness\n**Libligayu\n**Hibalot\n*Binudbud:spirits that are invoked during feasts to quell the passions of men\n*Kolkolibag:spirits who cause difficult labor\n*Indu:spirits that make omens\n*Hidit:divinities who give punishments to those that break taboos\n**Puok:a kind of Hidit who use winds to destroy the dwellings of miners that break taboos\n*Hipag:spirits of war that give soldiers courage on the field of war but are ferocious and cannibalistic\n*Llokesin:the god of rats who figures in the myth of the first orange tree\n*Bumabakal:the rejected corpse divinity of the skyworld;his dead body resides on top of Mount Dukutan,where his bodily fluids cause boilsBarton,R. F. (December 1955). A Collection of Igorot Legends. Sagada Social Studies.\n*Kabigat:the god who sent a deluge which flooded the Earth;married to the goddess Bugan\n*Bugan:a goddess married to Kabigat;her children are a son named Wigan and a daughter also named Bugan\n*Bugan:daughter of Bugan and Kabigat;stranded on Earth after the great deluge,and became one of the two ancestors of mankind\n*Wigan:son of Bugan and Kabigat;stranded on Earth after the great deluge,and became one of the two ancestors of mankind\n*Wigan:the god of good harvest\n*Dumagid:a god who lived among the people of Benguet;married a mortal woman named Dugai and had a son named Ovug\n*Ovug:son of Dumagid and Dugai;was cut in half by his father,where one of his halves was reanimated in the skyworld,and the other on Earth;the voice of the skyworld's Ovug is the source of lightning and sharp thunder,while the voice of the Earth's Ovug is the source of low thunder\n*Bangan:the god who accompanied Dumagid in claiming Ovug from the Earth\n*Aninitud chalom:deity of the underworld,whose anger is manifested in a sudden shaking of the earth\n*Aninitud angachar:deity of the sky world;causes lightning and thunder when unsatisfied with offerings\n*Mapatar:the Sun deity of the sky in charge of daylight\n*Bulan:the Moon deity of the night in charge of nighttime\n*Mi'lalabi:the star and constellation deities\n*Pinacheng:a group or class of deities usually living in caves,stones,creeks,rocks,and in every place;mislead and hide people\n*Fulor:a wood carved into an image of a dead person seated on a death chair;an antique which a spirit in it,who bring sickness,death,and unsuccessful crops when sacrifices are not offered\n*Inamah:a wooden plate and a home of spirits;destroying or selling it will put the family in danger\n",{"template":{"target":{"wt":"div col end","href":"./Template:Div_col_end"},"params":{},"i":1}}]}" id="mwAgQ">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}
Ifugao, officially the Province of Ifugao, is a landlocked province of the Philippines in the Cordillera Administrative Region in Luzon. Its capital is Lagawe and it borders Benguet to the west, Mountain Province to the north, Isabela to the east, and Nueva Vizcaya to the south.
Mountain Province is a landlocked province of the Philippines in the Cordillera Administrative Region in Luzon. Its capital is Bontoc while Bauko is the largest municipality. Mountain Province was formerly referred to as Mountain in some foreign references. The name is usually shortened by locals to Mt. Province.
The indigenous peoples of the Cordillera in northern Luzon, Philippines, often referred to by the exonym Igorot people, or more recently, as the Cordilleran peoples, are an ethnic group composed of nine main ethnolinguistic groups whose domains are in the Cordillera Mountain Range, altogether numbering about 1.8 million people in the early 21st century.
Philippine mythology is rooted in the many indigenous Philippine folk religions. Philippine mythology exhibits influence from Hindu, Muslim, Buddhist, and Christian traditions.
The Banaue Rice Terraces are terraces that were carved into the mountains of Banaue, Ifugao, in the Philippines, by the ancestors of the Igorot people. The terraces are occasionally called the "Eighth Wonder of the World". It is commonly thought that the terraces were built with minimal equipment, largely by hand. The terraces are located approximately 1,500 meters above sea level. These are fed by an ancient irrigation system from the rainforests above the terraces. It is said that if the steps were put end to end, it would encircle half of the globe.
Banaue, officially the Municipality of Banaue, is a 4th class municipality in the province of Ifugao, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 20,652 people.
Kiangan, officially the Municipality of Kiangan is a 4th class municipality in the province of Ifugao, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 17,691 people.
Indigenous Philippine folk religions are the distinct native religions of various ethnic groups in the Philippines, where most follow belief systems in line with animism. Generally, these Indigenous folk religions are referred to as Anito or Anitism or the more modern and less ethnocentric Dayawism, where a set of local worship traditions are devoted to the anito or diwata, terms which translate to Gods, spirits, and ancestors. Many of the narratives within the indigenous folk religions are orally transmitted to the next generation, but many have traditionally been written down as well. The Spanish colonizers have claimed that the natives did not have religious writings, but records show otherwise. Accounts, both from Chinese and Spanish sources have explicitly noted the existence of indigenous religious writings. There are also Spanish records of indigenous religious books and scrolls, along with indigenous statues of gods, being burned by colonizers. In some sources, the Spanish claim that no such religious writings exist, while within the same chronicle, they record such books being burned on their own order. The writings were written on native reeds and leaves using iron points and other local pens, similar to how things are written on a papyrus, and fashioned either as scrolls or books. Some were written on bamboos. 0.23% of the population of the Philippines are affiliated with the Indigenous Philippine folk religions according to the 2020 national census, an increase from the previous 0.19% from the 2010 census.
The Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras are a World Heritage Site consisting of a complex of rice terraces on the island of Luzon in the Philippines. They were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1995, the first-ever property to be included in the cultural landscape category of the World Heritage List. This inscription has five sites: the Batad Rice Terraces and Bangaan Rice Terraces, Mayoyao Rice Terraces, Hungduan Rice Terraces and Nagacadan Rice Terraces, all in Ifugao Province. The Ifugao Rice Terraces reach a higher altitude and were built on steeper slopes than many other terraces. The Ifugao complex of stone or mud walls and the careful carving of the natural contours of hills and mountains combine to make terraced pond fields, coupled with the development of intricate irrigation systems, harvesting water from the forests of the mountain tops, and an elaborate farming system.
The Kalinga people are an indigenous ethnic group whose ancestral domain is in the Cordillera Mountain Range of the northern Philippines. They are mainly found in Kalinga province which has an area of 3,282.58 sq. km. Some of them, however, already migrated to Mountain Province, Apayao, Cagayan, and Abra. The Kalinga numbered 163,167 as of 2010.
The Itneg are an Austronesian indigenous peoples from the upland province of Abra and Nueva Era, Ilocos Norte in northwestern Luzon, Philippines.
Bulul, also known as bu-lul or tinagtaggu, is a carved wooden figure used to guard the rice crop by the Ifugao peoples of northern Luzon.
The Kankanaey people are an indigenous peoples of northern Luzon, Philippines. They are part of the collective group of indigenous peoples in the Cordillera known as the Igorot people.
The Bontoc ethnolinguistic group can be found in the central and eastern portions of Mountain Province, on the island of Luzon in the Philippines. Although some Bontocs of Natonin and Paracelis identify themselves as Balangaos, Gaddangs or Kalingas, the term "Bontoc" is used by linguists and anthropologists to distinguish speakers of the Bontoc language from neighboring ethnolinguistic groups. They formerly practiced head-hunting and had distinctive body tattoos.
"Hudhud ni Aliguyon" stands as a renowned epic originating from the Ifugao province, located on the island of Luzon within the Philippines. This epic serves as a comprehensive narrative, offering insights into the cultural and traditional facets intrinsic to the Ifugao community, alongside chronicling the heroic exploits of their revered figure, Aliguyon. Classified within the genre of "Hudhud di Ani," intended for recitation during the agricultural harvest season, this epic fulfills a multifaceted role characterized by three distinct functions.
Cañao or Kanyaw is a festival or a ceremony of the indigenous mountain people of Northern Luzon in the Philippines. It is a socio-religious ritual where chickens, pigs and/or carabaos are butchered as a sacrifice and feasted on. This is usually a thanksgiving to their god Kabunyan.
The means by which agriculture expanded into the Philippines is argued by many different anthropologists and an exact date of its origin is unknown. However, there are proxy indicators and other pieces of evidence that allow anthropologists to get an idea of when different crops reached the Philippines and how they may have gotten there. Rice is an important agricultural crop today in the Philippines and many countries throughout the world import rice and other products from the Philippines.
Symbolism is an abstract meaning given to an object or representative of one. Symbols can define certain aspects of cultures making them initially exclusive to particular groups. When it comes to symbolism in archaeology, artifacts found may display iconography with these abstract symbols or tell us more about the people who made them through their construction. Symbolism is not limited to only inanimate objects but can be found in the actions or being of living things as well. The Philippines, comprising more than 7,000 islands, is an archipelago where symbols of the past and present contribute to its unique culture. These symbols are influenced by and noticeable in burial practices, rituals, social status, architecture, agriculture, and The Philippines' place in the Austronesian world.
Old Kiyyangan Village (OKV) is an archeological site in the Lazo highlands in the province of Ifugao in the Cordillera Administrative Region of the Philippines. The importance of this site is the presence of the Ifugao people and culture as the first inhabitants in the valley, who also represent one of the major indigenous Filipino societies for rice cultivation. This site is surrounded by rice terraces used for agricultural practices and remain heavily debated as to when and how recent these terraces formed. Artifacts found at this site suggest a strong influence of Christianity, mortuary rituals, and a system that defined social status according to the accumulation of various beads and ceramics.