Festival

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Musikfest, an eleven-day outdoor music festival held annually each August in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, is the largest free music festival in the United States, drawing over 1.3 million attendees. Weezer Bethlehem 2019 5.jpg
Musikfest, an eleven-day outdoor music festival held annually each August in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, is the largest free music festival in the United States, drawing over 1.3 million attendees.
The Hindu festival of Holi at Sri Sri Radha Krishna Temple in Utah, U.S. Holi Festival of Colors Utah, United States 2013.jpg
The Hindu festival of Holi at Sri Sri Radha Krishna Temple in Utah, U.S.

A festival is an event celebrated by a community and centering on some characteristic aspect or aspects of that community and its religion or cultures. It is often marked as a local or national holiday, mela, or eid. A festival constitutes typical cases of glocalization, as well as the high culture-low culture interrelationship. [2] Next to religion and folklore, a significant origin is agricultural. Food is such a vital resource that many festivals are associated with harvest time. Religious commemoration and thanksgiving for good harvests are blended in events that take place in autumn, such as Halloween in the northern hemisphere and Easter in the southern.

Contents

Festivals often serve to fulfill specific communal purposes, especially in regard to commemoration or thanking to the gods, goddesses or saints: they are called patronal festivals. They may also provide entertainment, which was particularly important to local communities before the advent of mass-produced entertainment. Festivals that focus on cultural or ethnic topics also seek to inform community members of their traditions; the involvement of elders sharing stories and experience provides a means for unity among families. [3] Attendants of festivals are often motivated by a desire for escapism, socialization and camaraderie; the practice has been seen as a means of creating geographical connection, belonging and adaptability. [4] [5]

Etymology

The annual Met Gala at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in Manhattan is a haute couture festival celebrating the global fashion industry. The MET.jpg
The annual Met Gala at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in Manhattan is a haute couture festival celebrating the global fashion industry.
A country festival in Swabia Landliches Fest in Schwaben.jpg
A country festival in Swabia
Procession in Honor of Isis, a 1903 depiction of the Egyptian Navigium Isidis festival by Frederick Arthur Bridgman NavigiumIsidis.jpg
Procession in Honor of Isis, a 1903 depiction of the Egyptian Navigium Isidis festival by Frederick Arthur Bridgman

The word "festival" was originally used as an adjective from the late fourteenth century, deriving from Latin via Old French. [6] In Middle English, a "festival dai" was a religious holiday. [7]

The first recorded used of the word "festival" as a noun was in 1589 (as "Festifall"). [6] Feast first came into usage as a noun c. 1200, [8] and its first recorded use as a verb was circa 1300. [9]

The word gala comes from Arabic word khil'a, meaning robe of honor. [10] The word gala was initially used to describe "festive dress", but came to be a synonym of "festival" starting in the 18th century. [11]

History

A festival at Antwerp, Belgium, in the 17th century Alexander van Bredael - A Festival in Antwerp.jpg
A festival at Antwerp, Belgium, in the 17th century

Festivals have long been significant in human culture and history and are found in virtually all cultures. [12] [13] The importance of festivals, to the present, is found in private and public; secular and religious life. [14] Ancient Greek and Roman societies relied heavily upon festivals, both communal and administrative. [15] Saturnalia was likely influential to Christmas and Carnival. [16] Celebration of social occasions, religion and nature were common. [16] Specific festivals have century-long histories and festivals in general have developed over the last few centuries – some traditional festivals in Ghana, for example, predate European colonisation of the 15th century. [5] [16] [17] Festivals prospered following the Second World War. [16] Both established in 1947, Avignon Festival and the Edinburgh Festival Fringe have been notable in shaping the modern model of festivals. [18] Art festivals became more prominent by the turn of the 21st century. [14] In modern times, festivals are commodified as a global tourist prospect although they are commonly public or not-for-profit. [19] [20]

Traditions

Many festivals have religious origins and entwine cultural and religious significance in traditional activities. The most important religious festivals such as Christmas, Rosh Hashanah, Diwali, Eid-al-Fitr and Eid-al-Adha serve to mark out the year. Others, such as harvest festivals, celebrate seasonal change. Events of historical significance, such as important military victories or other nation-building events also provide the impetus for a festival. An early example is the festival established by Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Ramesses III celebrating his victory over the Libyans. [21] In many countries, royal holidays commemorate dynastic events just as agricultural holidays are about harvests. Festivals are often commemorated annually.

There are numerous types of festivals in the world and most countries celebrate important events or traditions with traditional cultural events and activities. Most culminate in the consumption of specially prepared food (showing the connection to "feasting") and they bring people together. Festivals are also strongly associated with national holidays. Lists of national festivals are published to make participation easier. [22]

Types of festivals

The scale of festivals varies; in location and attendance, they may range from a local to national level. [23] [16] Music festivals, for example, often bring together disparate groups of people, such that they are both localised and global. [24] The "vast majority" of festivals are, however, local, modest and populist. [25] The abundance of festivals significantly hinders quantifying the total there of. [14] There exists significant variation among festivals, beyond binary dichotomies of sacred and secular, rural and urban, people and establishment. [25]

Religious festivals

Among many religions, a feast is a set of celebrations in honour of God or gods. [26] A feast and a festival are historically interchangeable. Most religions have festivals that recur annually and some, such as Passover, Easter, and Eid al-Adha are moveable feasts – that is, those that are determined either by lunar or agricultural cycles or the calendar in use at the time. The Sed festival, for example, celebrated the thirtieth year of an Egyptian pharaoh's rule and then every three (or four in one case) years after that. [27] Among the Ashantis, most of their traditional festivals are linked to gazette sites which are believed to be sacred with several rich biological resources in their pristine forms. Thus, the annual commemoration of the festivals helps in maintaining the buoyancy of the conserved natural site, assisting in biodiversity conservation. [28]

In the Christian liturgical calendar, there are two principal feasts, properly known as the Feast of the Nativity of our Lord (Christmas) and the Feast of the Resurrection (Easter), but minor festivals in honour of local patron saints are celebrated in almost all countries influenced by Christianity. In the Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, and Anglican liturgical calendars there are a great number of lesser feasts throughout the year commemorating saints, sacred events or doctrines. In the Philippines, each day of the year has at least one specific religious festival, either from Catholic, Islamic, or indigenous origins. [29]

Buddhist religious festivals, such as Esala Perahera are held in Sri Lanka and Thailand. [30] Hindu festivals, such as Holi are very ancient. The Sikh community celebrates the Vaisakhi festival marking the new year and birth of the Khalsa. [31]

Arts festivals

Among the many offspring of general arts festivals are also more specific types of festivals, including ones that showcase intellectual or creative achievement such as science festivals, literary festivals and music festivals. [32] Sub-categories include comedy festivals, rock festivals, jazz festivals and buskers festivals; poetry festivals, [33] theatre festivals, and storytelling festivals; and re-enactment festivals such as Renaissance fairs. In the Philippines, aside from numerous art festivals scattered throughout the year, February is known as national arts month, the culmination of all art festivals in the entire archipelago. [34] The modern model of music festivals began in the 1960s-70s and have become a lucrative global industry. [4] Predecessors extend back to the 11th century and some, such as the Three Choirs Festival, remain to this day. [35]

Film festivals involve the screenings of several different films, and are usually held annually. Some of the most significant film festivals include the Berlin International Film Festival, the Venice Film Festival and the Cannes Film Festival.

A food festival is an event celebrating food or drink. These often highlight the output of producers from a certain region. Some food festivals are focused on a particular item of food, such as the National Peanut Festival in the United States, or the Galway International Oyster Festival in Ireland. There are also specific beverage festivals, such as the famous Oktoberfest in Germany for beer. Many countries hold festivals to celebrate wine. One example is the global celebration of the arrival of Beaujolais nouveau, which involves shipping the new wine around the world for its release date on the third Thursday of November each year. [36] [37] Both Beaujolais nouveau and the Japanese rice wine sake are associated with harvest time. In the Philippines, there are at least two hundred festivals dedicated to food and drinks.[ citation needed ]

Seasonal and harvest festivals

Seasonal festivals, such as Beltane, are determined by the solar and the lunar calendars and by the cycle of the seasons, especially because of its effect on food supply, as a result of which there is a wide range of ancient and modern harvest festivals. Ancient Egyptians relied upon the seasonal inundation caused by the Nile River, a form of irrigation, which provided fertile land for crops. [38] In the Alps, in autumn the return of the cattle from the mountain pastures to the stables in the valley is celebrated as Almabtrieb . A recognized winter festival, the Chinese New Year, is set by the lunar calendar, and celebrated from the day of the second new moon after the winter solstice. Dree Festival of the Apatanis living in Lower Subansiri District of Arunachal Pradesh is celebrated every year from July 4 to 7 by praying for a bumper crop harvest. [39]

Midsummer or St John's Day, is an example of a seasonal festival, related to the feast day of a Christian saint as well as a celebration of the time of the summer solstice in the northern hemisphere, where it is particularly important in Sweden. Winter carnivals also provide the opportunity to utilise to celebrate creative or sporting activities requiring snow and ice. In the Philippines, each day of the year has at least one festival dedicated to harvesting of crops, fishes, crustaceans, milk, and other local goods.[ citation needed ]

Politics

Scholarly literature notes that festivals functionally disseminate political values and meaning, such as ownership of place, which undergoes transformation in accordance with the festival. [5] [25] Furthermore, a festival may act as an artefact which allows citizens to achieve "certain ideals", including those of identity and ideology. [40] Festivals may be used to rehabilitate or elevate the image of a city; the ephemerality of festivals means that their impact is often incorporeal, of name, memory and perception. [14] [25] In deviating from routine, festivals may reinforce the convention, be it social, cultural or economic. [16] [25]

Study of festivals

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Holiday</span> Festive day set aside by custom or by law

A holiday is a day or other period of time set aside for festivals or recreation. Public holidays are set by public authorities and vary by state or region. Religious holidays are set by religious organisations for their members and are often also observed as public holidays in religious majority countries. Some religious holidays, such as Christmas, have become secularised by part or all of those who observe them. In addition to secularisation, many holidays have become commercialised due to the growth of industry.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wheel of the Year</span> Annual cycle of seasonal festivals observed by modern pagans

The Wheel of the Year is an annual cycle of seasonal festivals, observed by a range of modern pagans, marking the year's chief solar events and the midpoints between them. Modern pagan observances are based to varying degrees on folk traditions, regardless of the historical practices of world civilizations. British neopagans popularized the Wheel of the Year in the mid-20th century, combining the four solar events marked by many European peoples, with the four midpoint festivals celebrated by Insular Celtic peoples.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vesak</span> Buddhist festival marking the birth, enlightenment and death of the Buddha

Vesak, also known as Buddha Jayanti, Buddha Purnima, and Buddha Day, is a holiday traditionally observed by Buddhists in South Asia and Southeast Asia, as well as Tibet and Mongolia. It is among the most important Buddhist festivals. The festival commemorates the birth, enlightenment (Nibbāna), and death (Parinirvāna) of Gautama Buddha in Theravada, Tibetan Buddhism and Navayana.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Religious festival</span> Time of special importance marked by adherents of some religion

A religious festival is a time of special importance marked by adherents to that religion. Religious festivals are commonly celebrated on recurring cycles in a calendar year or lunar calendar. The science of religious rites and festivals is known as heortology.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eid al-Fitr</span> Islamic holiday at the end of Ramadan, first day of Shawwal

Eid al-Fitr is the earlier of the two official holidays celebrated within Islam. Eid al-Fitr is celebrated by Muslims worldwide because it marks the end of the month-long dawn-to-dusk fasting of Ramadan. Eid al-Fitr falls on the first day of Shawwal in the Islamic calendar; this does not always fall on the same Gregorian day, as the start of any lunar Hijri month varies based on when the new moon is sighted by local religious authorities. The holiday is known under various other names in different languages and countries around the world. The day is also known as the First Eid or as the Lesser Eid by some Muslim communities.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Diwali</span> Hindu festival of lights

Diwali, also known as Deepavali, is the Hindu festival of lights, with variations celebrated in other Indian religions. It symbolises the spiritual "victory of light over darkness, good over evil, and knowledge over ignorance". Diwali is celebrated during the Hindu lunisolar months of Ashvin and Kartika—between around mid-September and mid-November. The celebrations generally last five or six days.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Onam</span> Harvest festival in Kerala, India

Onam is an annual harvest and Hindu cultural festival celebrated mostly by the people of Kerala. A major annual event for Keralites, it is the official festival of the state and includes a spectrum of cultural events.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mid-Autumn Festival</span> Chinese harvest festival

The Mid-Autumn Festival is a harvest festival celebrated in Chinese culture. It is held on the 15th day of the 8th month of the Chinese lunisolar calendar with a full moon at night, corresponding to mid-September to early October of the Gregorian calendar. On this day, the Chinese believe that the moon is at its brightest and fullest size, coinciding with harvest time in the middle of autumn.

Eid al-Adha is the second of the two main holidays in Islam alongside Eid al-Fitr. It falls on the 10th of Dhu al-Hijja, the twelfth and final month of the Islamic calendar. Celebrations and observances are generally carried forward to the three following days, known as the Tashreeq days.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pongal (festival)</span> Tamil Hindu harvest festival

Pongal, also referred to as Thai Pongal, is a multi-day Hindu harvest festival celebrated by Tamils. It is observed in the month of Thai according to the Tamil solar calendar and usually falls on 14 or 15 January. It is dedicated to Surya and corresponds to Makar Sankranti, the Hindu observance celebrated under many regional names throughout the Indian subcontinent. The festival is celebrated over three or four days with Bhogi, Surya Pongal, Mattu Pongal and Kanum Pongal, observed on consecutive days.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pohela Boishakh</span> Bengali new year

Pohela Boishakh is the Bengali New Year celebrated on 14 April in Bangladesh and 15 April in the Indian states of West Bengal, Tripura, Jharkhand and Assam. It is a festival based on the spring harvest—which marks the first day of the new year in the official calendar of Bangladesh.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vishu</span> Indian festival

Vishu is a Hindu festival celebrating the Malayali New Year in Kerala, Tulu Nadu, and Mahe of India. Vishu falls on the first day of the month of Medam in the Malayalam Calendar. It is the traditional new year, while the Kollam era calendar new year falls on the 1st Chingham.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mawlid</span> Holiday commemorating the birthday of the Islamic prophet Muhammad

Mawlid is an annual festival commemorating the birthday of Islamic prophet Muhammad on the traditional date of 12 Rabi' al-Awwal, the third month of the Islamic calendar. A day central to the traditions of Sunni Islam, the Mawlid is also celebrated by Shia Muslims.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vaisakhi</span> Religious, harvest and traditional new year festival

Vaisakhi, also known as Baisakhi, marks the first day of the month of Vaisakh and is traditionally celebrated annually on 13 April and sometimes 14 April. It is seen as a spring harvest celebration primarily in Punjab and Northern India. Whilst it is culturally significant as a festival of harvest, in many parts of India, Vaisakhi is also the date for the Indian Solar New Year.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Buddha's Birthday</span> Birthday of Siddhartha Gautama

Buddha's Birthday or Buddha Day is a primarily Buddhist festival that is celebrated in most of South, Southeast and East Asia, commemorating the birth of the prince Siddhartha Gautama, who became the Gautama Buddha and founded Buddhism. According to Buddhist tradition and archaeologists, Gautama Buddha, c. 563-483 BCE, was born at Lumbini in Nepal. Buddha's mother was Queen Maya Devi, who delivered the Buddha while undertaking a journey to her native home, and his father was King Śuddhodana. The Mayadevi Temple, its gardens, and an Ashoka Pillar dating from 249 BCE mark the Buddha's birthplace at Lumbini.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Puthandu</span> First day of the Tamil calendar

Puthandu, also known as Tamil New Year, is the first day of year on the Tamil calendar that is traditionally celebrated as a festival by Tamils. The festival date is set with the solar cycle of the solar Hindu calendar, as the first day of the month of Chittirai. It falls on or about 14 April every year on the Gregorian calendar. The same day is observed elsewhere in South and South East Asia as the traditional new year, but it is known by other names such as Vishu in Kerala, and Vaisakhi or Baisakhi in central and northern India.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Winter solstice</span> Astronomical phenomenon

The winter solstice, also called the hibernal solstice, occurs when either of Earth's poles reaches its maximum tilt away from the Sun. This happens twice yearly, once in each hemisphere. For that hemisphere, the winter solstice is the day with the shortest period of daylight and longest night of the year, and when the Sun is at its lowest daily maximum elevation in the sky. Each polar region experiences continuous darkness or twilight around its winter solstice. The opposite event is the summer solstice.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thanksgiving</span> Holiday in various countries

Thanksgiving is a national holiday celebrated on various dates in October and November in the United States, Canada, Saint Lucia, Liberia, and unofficially in countries like Brazil, Germany and the Philippines. It is also observed in the Dutch town of Leiden and the Australian territory of Norfolk Island. It began as a day of giving thanks for the blessings of the harvest and of the preceding year. Various similarly named harvest festival holidays occur throughout the world during autumn. Although Thanksgiving has historical roots in religious and cultural traditions, it has long been celebrated as a secular holiday as well.

Punjabi festivals are various festive celebrations observed by Punjabis in Pakistan, India and the jairish alipreet Punjabi found in Kannada. The Punjabis are a diverse group of people from different religious background that affects the festivals they observe. According to a 2007 estimate, the total population of Punjabi Muslims is about 90 million, with 97% of Punjabis who live in Pakistan following Islam, in contrast to the remaining 30 million Punjabi Sikhs and Punjabi Hindus who predominantly live in India.

References

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  2. ↑ Caves, R. W. (2004). Encyclopedia of the City. Routledge. p. 264. ISBN   978-0-415-25225-6.
  3. ↑ "Why festivals are important". www.thenews.com.pk. Retrieved February 10, 2023.
  4. 1 2 Davies, Karen (2021). "Festivals Post Covid-19". Leisure Sciences. 43 (1–2): 184–189. doi:10.1080/01490400.2020.1774000. ISSN   0149-0400. S2CID   225693273.
  5. 1 2 3 Quinn, Bernadette (2003). "Symbols, practices and myth-making: Cultural perspectives on the Wexford Festival Opera". Tourism Geographies. 5 (3): 329–349. doi:10.1080/14616680309710. ISSN   1461-6688. S2CID   143509970. Archived from the original on August 28, 2022. Retrieved August 21, 2022.
  6. 1 2 "festival, adj. and n." OED Online . Oxford University Press. March 2014. Archived from the original on August 28, 2022. Retrieved April 16, 2014.
  7. ↑ "festival (adj.)". Middle English Dictionary . Archived from the original on July 2, 2014. Retrieved April 16, 2014.
  8. ↑ "feast, n." OED Online . Oxford University Press. March 2014. Archived from the original on August 28, 2022. Retrieved April 16, 2014.
  9. ↑ "feast, v." OED Online . Oxford University Press. March 2014. Archived from the original on August 28, 2022. Retrieved April 16, 2014.
  10. ↑ James E Glevin (2020). The Modern Middle East: A History. Oxford University Press. p. 21. ISBN   978-0-19-007406-7.
  11. ↑ "gala (n.)". Online Etymology Dictionary . Archived from the original on June 27, 2020. Retrieved June 27, 2020.
  12. ↑ Cudny 2016, p. 13.
  13. ↑ Falassi, Alessandro, ed. (1987). Time Out of Time: Essays on the Festival. University of New Mexico Press. p. 1. ISBN   0-8263-0932-1. OCLC   15017471. Archived from the original on August 28, 2022. Retrieved August 21, 2022.
  14. 1 2 3 4 Quinn, Bernadette (2005). "Arts Festivals and the City". Urban Studies. 42 (5–6): 927–943. Bibcode:2005UrbSt..42..927Q. doi:10.1080/00420980500107250. ISSN   0042-0980. S2CID   154354884.
  15. ↑ Brandt, J. Rasmus; Iddeng, Jon W., eds. (2012). Greek and Roman Festivals: Content, Meaning, and Practice (1st ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 1. ISBN   978-0-19-969609-3.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Cudny, Waldemar (2014). "The Phenomenon of Festivals: Their Origins, Evolution, and Classifications". Anthropos. 109 (2): 640–656. doi:10.5771/0257-9774-2014-2-640. ISSN   0257-9774. JSTOR   43861801. Archived from the original on August 23, 2022. Retrieved August 23, 2022.
  17. ↑ Odotei, Irene (2002). "Festivals in Ghana: Continuity, Transformation and Politicisation of Tradition". Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana (6): 17–34. ISSN   0855-3246. JSTOR   41406666. Archived from the original on August 24, 2022. Retrieved August 24, 2022.
  18. ↑ Bartie, Angela (2013). The Edinburgh Festivals: Culture and Society in Post-war Britain. Edinburgh University Press. p. 6. doi:10.3366/edinburgh/9780748670307.001.0001. ISBN   978-0-7486-7030-7. Archived from the original on August 28, 2022. Retrieved August 24, 2022.
  19. ↑ Prentice, Richard; Andersen, Vivien (2003). "Festival as creative destination". Annals of Tourism Research. 30 (1): 7–30. doi:10.1016/S0160-7383(02)00034-8. Archived from the original on June 23, 2022. Retrieved August 21, 2022.
  20. ↑ Andersson, Tommy D.; Getz, Donald (2008). "Stakeholder Management Strategies of Festivals". Journal of Convention & Event Tourism. 9 (3): 199–220. doi:10.1080/15470140802323801. ISSN   1547-0148. S2CID   154831702. Archived from the original on August 27, 2022. Retrieved August 28, 2022.
  21. ↑ Berrett, LaMar C.; Ogden D. Kelly (1996). Discovering the world of the Bible (3rd ed., rev. ed.). Provo, Utah: Grandin Book Co. p. 289. ISBN   0-910523-52-5.
  22. ↑ See for example: List of festivals in Australia; Bangladesh; Canada; China; Colombia; Costa Rica; Fiji; India; Indonesia; Iran; Japan; Laos; Morocco; Nepal; Pakistan; Philippines; Romania; Tunisia; Turkey; United Kingdom; United States; Vietnam.
  23. ↑ Cudny 2016, p. 15.
  24. ↑ Hondros, Konstantin; Silva, Glaucia Peres da, eds. (2019). Music Practices Across Borders : (E)Valuating Space, Diversity and Exchange. Transcript. p. 86. ISBN   978-3-8394-4667-6. OCLC   1105916920. Archived from the original on August 28, 2022. Retrieved August 24, 2022.
  25. 1 2 3 4 5 Waterman, Stanley (1998). "Carnivals for elites? The cultural politics of arts festivals". Progress in Human Geography. 22 (1): 54–74. doi:10.1191/030913298672233886. ISSN   0309-1325. S2CID   144867877.
  26. ↑ Bleeker, Claas Jouco (1967). Egyptian Festivals: Enactments of Religious Renewal. Brill Archive. Archived from the original on August 28, 2022. Retrieved August 27, 2022.
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  28. ↑ Robson, James P. (2007). "Local approaches to biodiversity conservation: lessons from Oaxaca, southern Mexico". International Journal of Sustainable Development. 10 (3): 267. doi:10.1504/ijsd.2007.017647. ISSN   0960-1406.
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  30. ↑ Gerson, Ruth (1996). Traditional festivals in Thailand . Kuala Lumpur; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN   967-65-3111-1.
  31. ↑ Roy, Christian (2005). "Sikh Vaisakhi: Anniversary of the Pure". Traditional Festivals, Vol. 2 [M – Z]: A Multicultural Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p.  480. ISBN   978-1-57607-089-5.
  32. ↑ See List of music festivals.
  33. ↑ Some such as such as Cúirt International Festival of Literature started as a poetry festival and then broadened in scope.
  34. ↑ Kasilag, Giselle P. (February 1999). "Performances, exhibits around the country mark National Arts Month". BusinessWorld (SanJuan, Philippines): 1. ISSN   0116-3930 – via Nexis Uni.
  35. ↑ Frey, Bruno S. (1994). "The Economics of Music Festivals". Journal of Cultural Economics. 18 (1): 29–39. doi:10.1007/bf01207151. ISSN   0885-2545. S2CID   153806851. Archived from the original on August 28, 2022. Retrieved August 25, 2022.
  36. ↑ Hyslop, Leah (November 21, 2013). "Beaujolais Nouveau day: 10 facts about the wine" . The Telegraph . Archived from the original on January 11, 2022.
  37. ↑ Haine, W. Scott (2006). Culture and Customs of France. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 103. ISBN   978-0-313-32892-3. Archived from the original on May 1, 2016. Retrieved December 15, 2015.
  38. ↑ Bunson, Margaret (2009). "Nile festivals". Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. Infobase Publishing. p. 278. ISBN   978-1-4381-0997-8. Archived from the original on May 7, 2016. Retrieved December 15, 2015.
  39. ↑ "Press release – Dree festival". Directorate of Information, Govt of Arunachal Pradesh. July 5, 2004. Archived from the original on July 18, 2011. Retrieved July 13, 2009.
  40. ↑ Jeong, Sunny; Santos, Carla Almeida. (2004). "Cultural Politics and Contested Place Identity". Annals of Tourism Research. 31 (3): 640–656. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2004.01.004.
  41. ↑ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Heortology"  . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  42. ↑ Parker, Robert (1996). Athenian religion : a history. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN   0-19-814979-4. OCLC   32590127. Archived from the original on May 12, 2022. Retrieved August 27, 2022.

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