Pongal (festival)

Last updated

Pongal
Pongal fest.jpg
Pongal dish cooked for the occasion of the festival
Observed byPrimarily Tamil Hindus in India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, United States, Indonesia, Mauritius, Singapore, UK, South Africa, Canada, Australia, Gulf countries
Type Hindu [1] [2]
SignificanceHarvest festival
Celebrations Pongal (dish), decorations, home coming, prayers, processions, gift giving [3]
DateFirst day of the 10th month of Thai (Tamil calendar)
2024 dateMonday, 15 January [4]
Frequencyannual
Related to Makar Sankranti, Magh Bihu, Uttarayana, Maghi, Maghe Sankranti, Shakrain

Pongal ( /ˈθaɪˈpoʊŋʌl/ ), also referred to as Thai Pongal, is a multi-day Hindu harvest festival celebrated by Tamils. It is observed in the month of Thai according to the Tamil solar calendar and usually falls on 14 or 15 January. It is dedicated to Surya (the solar deity in Hinduism) and corresponds to Makar Sankranti, the Hindu observance celebrated under many regional names throughout the Indian subcontinent. The festival is celebrated over three or four days with Bhogi, Surya Pongal, Mattu Pongal and Kanum Pongal, observed on consecutive days.

Contents

According to tradition, the festival marks the end of winter solstice, and the start of the sun's six-month-long journey northwards called Uttarayana when the sun enters Capricorn. The festival is named after the ceremonial "Pongal", which means "to boil, overflow" and refers to the traditional dish prepared from the new harvest of rice boiled in milk with jaggery. Mattu Pongal is meant for celebration of cattle when the cattle are bathed, their horns polished and painted in bright colors, garlands of flowers placed around their necks and processions. It is traditionally an occasion for decorating rice-powder based kolam artworks, offering prayers in the home, temples, getting together with family and friends, and exchanging gifts to renew social bonds of solidarity.

Pongal is one of the most important festivals celebrated by Tamil people in Tamil Nadu and other parts of South India. It is also a major Tamil festival in Sri Lanka and observed by the Tamil diaspora worldwide.

Etymology

Thai Pongal is a portmanteau of two words: Thai (Tamil: 'தை') referring to the tenth month of the Tamil calendar and Pongal (from pongu) meaning "boiling over" or "overflow." Pongal also refers to a sweet dish of rice boiled in milk and jaggery that is ritually prepared and consumed on the day. [5]

History

The principal theme of Pongal is thanking the sun god Surya, the forces of nature, and the farm animals and people who support agriculture. The festival is mentioned in an inscription in the Viraraghava temple attributed to the Chola king Kulottunga I (1070–1122 CE), which describes a grant of land to the temple for celebrating the annual Pongal festivities. [6] The 9th-century Shaiva Bhakti text Tiruvempavai by Manikkavacakar vividly mentions the festival. [6] It appears in Tamil texts and inscriptions with variant spellings such as ponakam, tiruponakam, and ponkal. [7] Temple inscriptions from the Chola period to the Vijayanagara period detail recipes similar to pongal recipes of the modern era with variations in seasonings and relative amounts of the ingredients. [7] The terms ponakam, ponkal, and its prefixed variants might also indicate the festive pongal dish as a prasadam (religious offering) which were given as a part of the meals served by free community kitchens in South Indian Hindu temples either as festival food or to pilgrims every day. [7]

Observance and traditions

Offering from harvest to Gods during Pongal Pongal offerings.jpg
Offering from harvest to Gods during Pongal

Pongal is a multi-day Hindu harvest festival celebrated by Tamils. [1] [8] [5] It is observed in the month of Thai according to the Tamil solar calendar and usually falls on 14 or 15 January and hence is also referred to as Thai Pongal. [3] It is dedicated to the Surya, the Sun God and corresponds to Makar Sankranti, the harvest festival under many regional names celebrated throughout India. [9] [10] [11] According to tradition, the festival marks the end of winter solstice, and the start of the sun's six-month-long journey northwards when the sun enters the Capricorn, also called as Uttarayana. [1] The festival is observed for three or four days in Tamil Nadu, but for one or two days in urban locations and by the Tamil diaspora outside South Asia. [1] [8] The three days of the Pongal festival are called Bhogi Pongal, Surya Pongal, and Mattu Pongal. [12] Some Tamils celebrate a fourth day of Pongal known as Kanum Pongal. [8] It is traditionally an occasion for decorating, offering prayers in the home, temples, getting together with family and friends, and exchanging gifts to renew social bonds of solidarity. [3] [13]

Cuisine

Pongal made from rice with milk and jaggery Sarkarai Pongal.JPG
Pongal made from rice with milk and jaggery

The festival is named after the "Pongal" dish, which forms the festival's most significant practice. The dish is prepared by boiling freshly harvested rice in cow milk and raw cane sugar. [1] Additional ingredients such as coconut and ghee along with spices such as cardamom, raisins and cashews are also used. [12] [7] The cooking is done in a clay pot that is often garlanded with leaves or flowers, sometimes tied with a piece of turmeric root. It is either cooked at home, or in community gatherings such as in temples or village open spaces. [14] [7] The cooking is done in sunlight, usually in a porch or courtyard and the dish is dedicated to the Sun god, Surya. After it is traditionally offered to the gods and goddesses first, followed sometimes by cows, then to friends and family gathered. [15] Temples and communities organize free kitchen prepared by volunteers to all those who gather. [16] [3] Portions of the sweet pongal dish (Sakkarai Pongal) are distributed as the prasadam in temples. [12]

The dish and the process of its preparation is a part of the symbolism, both conceptually and materially. [5] [13] It celebrates the harvest and the cooking symbolizes the transformation of the gift of agriculture into nourishment for the gods and the community on a day that when the sun god is believed to start the journey north. [5] The dish "boiling over" is believed to symbolically mark the blessing by Parvati. [14] It is the ritual dish, along with many other courses prepared from seasonal foods for the gathering.

Kolam

A traditional kolam decoration during Pongal 2019 kolam decoration for Pongal festival, South India.jpg
A traditional kolam decoration during Pongal

The festival is marked with colorful kolam artwork. Kolam is a form of traditional decorative art that is drawn by using rice flour often along with natural or synthetic color powders. [17] It includes geometrical line drawings composed of straight lines, curves and loops, drawn around a grid pattern of dots. [18]

Bhogi

The first day of the Pongal festival is called Bhogi, which marks the last day of the Tamil month Marghazhi. [6] On this day people discard old belongings and celebrate new possessions. The people assemble and light a bonfire in order to burn the heaps of discards. [19] Houses are cleaned, painted and decorated to give a festive look. [12] Prayers are offered to Indra, the king of Gods with thanks and hopes for plentiful rains in the year ahead. [12] Kaappu kattu is a tradition of tying leaves of Azadirachta indica, Senna auriculata and Aerva lanata in the roofs of houses and residential areas that is widely practiced in the Kongu Nadu region. [20] [21] Bhogi is observed on the same day in the states of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. [22] Fruits of the harvest are collected along with flowers of the season and a mixture of treats along with money is given to children, who then separate and collect the money and sweet fruits. [23]

Surya Pongal

A Kolam artwork showing a Pongal pot 2011 kolam floor decorations for pongal festival, Nattarampalli.jpg
A Kolam artwork showing a Pongal pot

Surya Pongal or Thai Pongal is the second and main festive day, and is dedicated to the sun god Surya. [12] [19] It is the first day of the Tamil calendar month Thai and coincides with Makara Sankranti, a winter harvest festival celebrated in other parts of India. The day marks the start of the Uttarayana, when the sun enters the tenth house of the zodiac. [8] The day is celebrated with family and friends with new clothes worn and the preparation of the traditional pongal dish in an earthen pot. [8] The pot is typically decorated by tying a turmeric plant or flower garland and placed in the sun along with sugarcane stalks. [8] The homes are decorated with banana and mango leaves, decorative florals and kolams. [8]

Relatives and friends are invited and when the pongal starts to boil and overflow out of the vessel, participants blow a conch or make sounds while shouting "Pongalo Pongal" ("may this rice boil over"). [24] In rural areas, people sing traditional songs while the pongal dish is cooking. [5] The Pongal dish is first offered to Surya and Ganesha, and then shared with the gathered friends and family. [25] People traditionally offer prayers to the sun in the open and then proceed to eat their meal. [26] A community Pongal is an event where families gather at a public place for a ceremonial worship. [27] [28]

Mattu Pongal

A kolam depicting a cow on Mattu Pongal "Maatu pongal kolam".JPG
A kolam depicting a cow on Mattu Pongal

Mattu Pongal ("Madu" meaning cow) is the third day of the festival meant for the celebration of cattle. [5] The cattle is regarded as sources of wealth as it is a means for dairy products and fertilizers, used for transportation and agriculture. [8] [26] The cattle are bathed, their horns are polished and painted in bright colors with garlands of flowers placed around their necks and taken for processions. [29] Some decorate their cows with turmeric water and apply shikakai and kumkuma to their foreheads. The cattle are fed sweets including pongal, jaggery, honey, banana and other fruits. People may prostrate before them with words of thanks for the help with the harvest. [26]

Jallikattu, a traditional bull taming event held during Pongal Madurai-alanganallur-jallikattu.jpg
Jallikattu, a traditional bull taming event held during Pongal

The day marks a ritual visit to nearby temples where communities hold processions by parading icons from the sanctum of the temple in wooden chariots, drama-dance performances encouraging social gatherings and renewal of community bonds. [26] Other events during Pongal include community sports and games such as Jallikattu or bull fighting. [26] Jallikattu is a traditional event held during the period attracting huge crowds in which a bull is released into a crowd of people, and multiple human participants attempt to grab the large hump on the bull's back with both arms and hang on to it while the bull attempts to escape. [30] Kanu Pidi is a tradition observed on Mattu Pongal by women and young girls where they place a leaf of turmeric plant outside their home, and feed pongal dish and food to the birds, particularly crow and pray for their brothers' well being. [8] [26] Brothers pay special tribute to their married sisters by giving gifts as affirmation of their filial love. [12]

Kanum Pongal

Kanum Pongal or Kanu Pongal is the fourth day of the festival and marks the end of Pongal festivities for the year. [31] The word kanum in the context means "to visit" and families hold reunions on this day. Communities organize social events to strengthen mutual bonds and consume food and sugarcane during social gatherings. [12] [32] Young people visit elders to pay respects and seek blessings, with elders giving gifts to the visiting children. [12] [33]

Contemporary practices

Pongal preparation in a community gathering Cpongal.jpg
Pongal preparation in a community gathering

Pongal festival maybe viewed more as a "social festival" since the contemporary celebrations do not necessarily link it to temple rituals. [8] Temples and cultural centers organize the ritual cooking of Pongal dish, along with fairs (Pongal mela) with handicrafts, crafts, pottery, sarees, ethnic jewelry for sale. These sites hold traditional community sports such as Uri Adithal ("breaking a hanging mud pot while blindfolded"), Pallanguḻi and Kabbadi , as well as group dance and music performances in major cities and towns. [34] [35]

Pongala

Pongala is celebrated in Kerala, a state that shares historic cultural overlap with Tamils through Chera dynasty according to Sangam literature. The rituals including the cooking of pongal dish, social visits, and the reverence for cattle is observed by some communities and is observed on the same day as Tamil Pongal. [36] The celebrations include dance (Kathakali) and musical performances by boys and girls, as well as major processions featuring the temple goddess. [37] In the Attukal Bhagavati Temple near Thiruvanathapuram, Attukal Pongala is celebrated in the month of February–March which attract large crowds. [38] [39]

Others

In Karnataka, the festival days are similar, except the dish is called "Ellu". Decorations and social visits are also common in many parts of Karnataka. [40] The festivities coincide with Makara Sankranthi, Maghi and Bihu celebrated across various parts of India. [41] [42] [43]

In Sri Lanka, the celebration of Pongal among Sri Lankan Tamils varies slightly from the customs and practices followed in India. The Pongal festivities generally last only two days, essentially focused on Thai Pongal day. The custom of cooking Pongal is therefore carried out on the first day, rather than the second as in India, where Thai Pongal is preceded by Bhogi. [44]

Geography

Pongal is one of the most important festivals celebrated by Tamil people in Tamil Nadu and other parts of South India. [45] [46] It is also a major Tamil festival in Sri Lanka. [47] It is observed by the Tamil diaspora worldwide, [48] [49] including those in Malaysia, [50] Mauritius, [51] South Africa, [52] Singapore, [53] United States, [54] United Kingdom, [55] Canada, [56] and the Gulf countries. [57] In 2017, Delegate David Bulova introduced a joint resolution HJ573 in the Virginia House of Delegates to designate January 14 of each year as Pongal Day. [54]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Makar Sankranti</span> Hindu festival that reveres Surya (sun god)

Makar(a) Sankranti, also referred to as Uttarayana, Makar, or simply Sankranti, is a Hindu observance and a festival. Usually falling on the date of 14 January annually, this occasion marks the transition of the sun from the zodiac of Sagittarius (dhanu) to Capricorn (makara). Since the sun has made this transition which vaguely coincides with moving from south to north, the festival is dedicated to the solar deity, Surya, and is observed to mark a new beginning. Many native multi-day festivals are organised on this occasion all over India.

The Chitty, also known as the Chetty or Chetti Melaka, are a distinctive group of Tamil people found mainly and originally in Melaka, Malaysia, and in Singapore where they migrated to in the 18th and 19th centuries from Melaka, who are also known as the "Indian Peranakans" and have adopted Malay (mostly) and Chinese cultural practices whilst also retaining their Hindu faith and heritage. In the 21st century, their population stands at 2,000. The Chitty/Chetti community or Chettiar community, is from South India and are devout Hindus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kolam</span> South Indian form of drawing on the ground using rice flour

Kolam, also known as Muggu, Tarai Alangaram and Rangoli is a form of traditional decorative art that is drawn by using rice flour as per age-old conventions. It is also drawn using white stone powder, chalk or chalk powder, often along with natural or synthetic color powders. Its origin belongs to the ancient Tamil Nadu known as Tamilakam and has since spread to the other southern Indian states of Karnataka, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, and Kerala. It can be found in some parts of Goa and Maharashtra. Since the Tamil diaspora is worldwide, the practice of kolam is found around the world, including in Sri Lanka, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand and a few other Asian countries. A kolam or muggu is a geometrical line drawing composed of straight lines, curves and loops, drawn around a grid pattern of dots. It is widely practised by female family members in front of their house entrance, although men and boys also practice this tradition. The similar regional versions of kolam with their own distinctive forms are known by different names in India: raangolee in Maharashtra, aripan in Mithila, alpona in West Bengal and hase and rangole in Kannada in Karnataka. More complex kolams are drawn and colors are often added during festival days, holiday occasions and special events.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tamil calendar</span> Sidereal Hindu calendar used by the Tamil people

The Tamil calendar is a sidereal solar calendar used by the Tamil people of the Indian subcontinent. It is also used in Puducherry, and by the Tamil population in Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Singapore, and Mauritius.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Puthandu</span> First day of the Tamil calendar

Puthandu, also known as Tamil New Year, is the first day of year on the Tamil calendar and traditionally celebrated as a festival by Tamil People across the world.The festival date is set with the solar cycle of the solar Hindu calendar, as the first day of the Tamil month Chithirai. It falls on or about 14 April every year on the Gregorian calendar. The same day is observed elsewhere in South and South East Asia as the traditional new year, but is known by other names such as Vishu in Kerala, and Vaisakhi or Baisakhi in central and northern India.

The term Uttarāyaṇa is derived from two different Sanskrit words – "uttaram" (North) and "ayanam" (movement) – thus indicating the northward movement of the Sun. In the Gregorian calendar, this pertains to the "actual movement of the sun with respect to the earth." Also known as the six month period that occurs between the winter solstice and summer solstice. According to the Indian solar calendar, it refers to the movement of the Sun through the zodiac. This difference is because the solstices continually precess at a rate of 50 arcseconds per year due to the precession of the equinoxes, i.e. this difference is the difference between the sidereal and tropical zodiacs. The Surya Siddhanta bridges this difference by juxtaposing the four solstitial and equinoctial points with four of the twelve boundaries of the rashis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ratha Saptami</span> Hindu festival dedicated to Surya

Ratha Saptami, also rendered Magha Saptami, is a Hindu festival that falls on the seventh day (saptami) in the bright half of the Hindu month Magha. It is symbolically represented in the form of the sun-god Surya turning his ratha (chariot) drawn by seven horses towards the northern hemisphere, in a north-easternly direction. It also marks the birth of Surya and is hence also celebrated as Surya Jayanti.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Attukal Temple</span> Hindu shrine

The Attukal Bhagavathy Temple is a Hindu religious shrine at Attukal in Kerala, India. Goddess Bhadrakali (Kannaki), mounted over 'vethala', is the main deity in this temple. Bhadrakali, a form of Mahakali, who killed the demon king Daruka, believed to be born from the third eye of lord Shiva. 'Bhadra' means good and 'Kali' means goddess of time. So Bhadrakali is considered as the goddess of prosperity and salvation. Goddess 'Attukal bhagavathy', itself is the supreme mother 'Bhadrakali', the goddess of power and courage and the fierce form of Devi Aadiparashakti. She is often referred as Kanyavu or Kannaki, the heroine of Ilanko Adikal's 'Silapathikaaram'. The temple is renowned for the annual Attukal Pongal festival, in which over three million women participate. A festival that has figured in the Guinness Book of World Records for being the single largest gathering of women for a religious activity, the Attukal Pongala continues to draw millions of women with each passing year. Attukal Temple is situated near the heart of the city, 2 kilometres away from Sree Padmanabhaswamy Temple, East Fort in Thiruvananthapuram. Devotees believe that all of their wishes will be fulfilled by the goddess, provide prosperity and can attain salvation. Attukal devi is often worshipped in 3 forms such as Maha Saraswati, Maha Lakshmi and Mahakali/ Parvathy.

Vadamanappakkam is a village located in the Tiruvannamalai district of Tamil Nadu, South India.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Surya</span> Solar deity in Hinduism

Surya is the Sun as well as the solar deity in Hinduism. He is traditionally one of the major five deities in the Smarta tradition, all of whom are considered as equivalent deities in the Panchayatana puja and a means to realise Brahman. Other names of Surya in ancient Indian literature include Aditya, Arka, Bhanu, Savitr, Pushan, Ravi, Martanda, Mitra, Bhaskara, Prabhakara, Kathiravan, and Vivasvan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Adityas</span> Sons of the Hindu goddess Aditi

In Hinduism, Adityas, refers to the offspring of Aditi, the goddess representing the infinity. The name Aditya, in the singular, is taken to refer to the sun god Surya. Generally, Adityas are twelve in number and consists of Vivasvan (Surya), Aryaman, Tvashta, Savitr, Bhaga, Dhata, Mitra, Varuna, Amsa, Pushan, Indra and Vishnu.

Tamil culture is the culture of the Tamil people. The Tamil people speak the Tamil language, one of the ancient languages in the world. Archaeological evidence points to the Tamilakam region being inhabited for more than 400 millennia and has more than 5,500 years of continuous cultural history. Hence, the culture has seen multiple influences over the years and have developed diversely. With Tamils migrating world-wide, the culture has become diverse and forms a significant part of the life of the people in India and other regions with significant Tamil diaspora such as Sri Lanka, South East Asia and Caribbean.

Tamil Nadu is the southernmost state of India located on south-eastern coast of the Indian peninsula. The state is straddled by Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats to the west and north and the waters of Bay of Bengal and Andaman Sea on the other two sides. It is the home of the Tamil people, who speak Tamil language, one of the oldest surviving languages. The capital and largest city is Chennai which is known as the "Gateway to South India". As of 2021, the state is the most visited and has received the most number of tourists amongst all states of India.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pongala</span> Harvest festival

Pongala is a harvest festival of Kerala and Tamil Nadu. The name 'Pongala' means 'to boil over' and refers to the ritualistic offering of porridge made of rice, sweet brown molasses, coconut gratings, nuts and raisins. Generally women devotees participate in this ritual. Tamil people celebrate as Pongal.

Mattu Pongal is the third day of the four-day Pongal festival. According to the Gregorian calendar it is celebrated on 16 January. Though the name of the festival is specific to Tamil Nadu, it is also celebrated in other southern Indian states such as Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. Makar Sankranti is a festival that marks the start of northern declination of the Sun from the Zodiac sign of Sagittarius to Capricorn, which according to Tamil calendar usually falls on 14 January.

Here is a list of glossary of Culture of India in alphabetical order:

Thozhudur,, are twin towns decorated by Vellar River in Cuddalore District, Tamil Nadu, India.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bhogi</span> First day of the Pongal festival

Bhogi is the first day of the four-day Sankranti/Pongal festival. It falls on last day of Margazhi month of Tamil Calendar and Agrahāyaṇa or Mārgaśīrṣa month of Hindu Solar Calendar, which is 13 January by the Gregorian calendar. It is the day before Makar Sankranti, celebrated widely in Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and Maharashtra.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mampatti</span> Village in Tamil Nadu, India

Mampatti is a village in Singampunari Taluk in Sivagangai District of Tamil Nadu State, India. It comes under Mampatti South panchayath union. It is a constituent of the ancient "Mallakottai Nadu" once, which was a part of 'Sivagangai Seemai'. For administrative purpose, the whole Mampatti region was divided into three Revenue Villages namely South Mampatti, North Mampatti and Mampatti Devasthanam, each under the authority of a Village Administrative Officer. Mampatti Devasthanam is the region that covers the land of temples that belongs to Sivagangai Samasthanam Devasthanam.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Religious significance of rice in India</span>

Rice has religious significance and spiritual heritage in India, and is considered a sacred grain in Hindu scriptures such as the Vedas, Taittirīya Brāhmaṇa, Shatapatha Brahmana, the Mahabharata epic, and in archaeological finds in places such as the holy city of Kashi.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 "Pongal (Hindu festival)". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2016. Retrieved 15 January 2023.
  2. ↑ "Religious Festivals". Government of India . Retrieved 1 October 2022.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Beteille, Andre (1964). "89. A Note on the Pongal Festival in a Tanjore Village". Man. 64. Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland: 73–75. doi:10.2307/2797924. ISSN   0025-1496. JSTOR   2797924.
  4. ↑ "Pongal 2024" . Retrieved 5 January 2024.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Denise Cush; Catherine A. Robinson; Michael York (2008). Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Psychology Press. pp. 610–611. ISBN   978-0-7007-1267-0. Archived from the original on 21 April 2023. Retrieved 30 October 2019.
  6. 1 2 3 Kasturi, Prema; Madhavan, Chithra (2007). South India heritage: an introduction. East West Books. p. 223. ISBN   978-81-88661-64-0. Archived from the original on 21 April 2023. Retrieved 30 October 2019.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 Gutiérrez, Andrea (2018). "Jewels Set in Stone: Hindu Temple Recipes in Medieval Cōḻa Epigraphy". Religions. 9 (9): 279–281, context: 270–303. doi: 10.3390/rel9090270 . ISSN   2077-1444.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Vijaya Ramaswamy (2017). Historical Dictionary of the Tamils. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 274–275. ISBN   978-1-5381-0686-0. Archived from the original on 21 April 2023. Retrieved 30 October 2019.
  9. ↑ Abbas, R (2011). History of People and Their Environs. Bharathi Puthakalayam. pp. 751–752. ISBN   978-93-80325-91-0. Archived from the original on 21 April 2023. Retrieved 30 October 2019.
  10. ↑ J. Gordon Melton (2011). Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations. ABC-CLIO. pp. 547–548. ISBN   978-1-59884-206-7.
  11. ↑ Roy W. Hamilton; Aurora Ammayao (2003). The art of rice: spirit and sustenance in Asia. University of California Press. pp. 156–157. ISBN   978-0-930741-98-3. Archived from the original on 21 April 2023. Retrieved 30 October 2019.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Mani, A; Prakash, Pravin; Selvarajan, Shanthini (2017). Mathew Mathews (ed.). Singapore Ethnic Mosaic, The: Many Cultures, One People. World Scientific Publishing Company, Singapore. pp. 207–211. ISBN   978-9-8132-3475-8. Archived from the original on 21 April 2023. Retrieved 30 October 2019.
  13. 1 2 Good, Anthony (1983). "A Symbolic Type and Its Transformations: The Case of South Indian Ponkal". Contributions to Indian Sociology. 17 (2). SAGE Publications: 223–244. doi:10.1177/0069966783017002005. S2CID   145809405.
  14. 1 2 Susan de-Gaia (2018). Encyclopedia of Women in World Religions: Faith and Culture across History. Abc-Clio. pp. 336–337. ISBN   978-1-4408-4850-6. Archived from the original on 21 April 2023. Retrieved 30 October 2019.
  15. ↑ G. Eichinger Ferro-Luzzi (1978). "Food for the Gods in South India: An Exposition of Data". Zeitschrift für Ethnologie. Bd. 103, H. 1 (1): 86–108. JSTOR   25841633.
  16. ↑ Gabriella Eichinger Ferro-Luzzi (1977). "The Logic of South Indian Food Offerings". Anthropos. Bd. 72, H. 3/4 (3/4): 529–556. JSTOR   40459138.
  17. ↑ "Traditional customs and practices - Kolams". Indian Heritage. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
  18. ↑ Dr.Gift Siromoney. "KOLAM". Chennai Mathematical Institute. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
  19. 1 2 Jagannathan, Maithily (2005). South Indian Hindu Festivals and Traditions. Abhinav Publications. pp. 139–141. ISBN   978-81-7017-415-8.
  20. ↑ Baliga (Rao Bahadur.), B. S. (1998). Madras District Gazetteers: Tiruchirappalli (pt. 1-2). Superintendent, Government Press. p. 338.
  21. ↑ "Kaapu kattu is not just a ritual". Vikatan (in Tamil). Retrieved 14 January 2023.
  22. ↑ Murthy, Neeraja (13 January 2020). "Citizens speak about the change they would want to see this Bhogi". The Hindu . ISSN   0971-751X . Retrieved 13 January 2022.
  23. ↑ Bureau, ABP News (13 January 2022). "Happy Bhogi 2022: Significance & History Of This Festival In South India". ABP. Archived from the original on 14 January 2022. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  24. ↑ "Pongal Harvest Festival". Archived from the original on 9 January 2013. Retrieved 3 January 2013.
  25. ↑ James G. Lochtefeld (2001). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Volume 2. The Rosen Publishing Group. pp. 514–515. ISBN   978-0-8239-3180-4. Archived from the original on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 31 October 2019.
  26. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Gough, Kathleen (2008). Rural Society in Southeast India. Cambridge University Press. pp. 230–231. ISBN   978-0-521-04019-8. Archived from the original on 21 April 2023. Retrieved 30 October 2019.
  27. ↑ "Pongalo pongal". Deccan Chronicle . 14 January 2021. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  28. ↑ "Village celebrates Pongal as one community". The Times of India . 18 January 2019. Archived from the original on 19 January 2019. Retrieved 27 April 2021.
  29. ↑ G. Eichinger Ferro-Luzzi (1978). "Food for the Gods in South India: An Exposition of Data". Zeitschrift für Ethnologie. Bd. 103, H. 1 (1). Dietrich Reimer Verlag GmbH: 86–108. JSTOR   25841633.
  30. ↑ Ramakrishnan, T. (26 February 2017). "Governor clears ordinance on 'jallikattu'". The Hindu . Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  31. ↑ "What is Pongal? Learn some amazing facts about this harvest festival". India Today. 15 January 2016. Retrieved 25 February 2020.
  32. ↑ K.R. Gupta; Amita Gupta (2006). Concise Encyclopaedia of India. Atlantic Publishers. pp. 986–987. ISBN   978-81-269-0639-0. Archived from the original on 21 April 2023. Retrieved 31 October 2019.
  33. ↑ M. N. Pushpa (2012). An Ethnographic Study of the Urikara Naicken Community of Taminadu. Government Museum. p. 59. Archived from the original on 21 April 2023. Retrieved 31 October 2019.
  34. ↑ "Pongal mela on Sunday". The Hindu . 15 January 2012. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
  35. ↑ "A Celebration of Harvest". The New Indian Express . 15 January 2018. Retrieved 31 October 2019.
  36. ↑ "Holiday declared for Pongal in Kerala". The Hindu . 15 January 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  37. ↑ Norbert C. Brockman (2011). Encyclopedia of Sacred Places, 2nd Edition. ABC-CLIO. p. 22. ISBN   978-1-59884-655-3.
  38. ↑ Sreedhar Mini, Darshana (2016). "Attukal "Pongala": The "Everydayness" in a Religious Space". Journal of Ritual Studies. 30 (1): 63–73. JSTOR   44737780.
  39. ↑ Jenett, Dianne (2005). "A Million Shaktis Rising: Pongala, a Women's Festival in Kerala, India". Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion. 21 (1). Indiana University Press: 35–55. doi: 10.1353/jfs.2005.0009 .
  40. ↑ Gupta, K.R.; Gupta, Amita (2006). Concise Encyclopaedia of India. Atlantic Publishers. p. 987. ISBN   978-81-269-0639-0. Archived from the original on 21 April 2023. Retrieved 31 October 2019.
  41. ↑ Knott, Kim (2016). Hinduism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. p. 58. ISBN   978-0-19-874554-9. Archived from the original on 21 April 2023. Retrieved 3 January 2020.
  42. ↑ Singha, H.S. (2005). Sikh Studies. Hemkunt Press. pp. 101–102. ISBN   978-81-7010-245-8.
  43. ↑ Nikita Desai (2010). A Different Freedom: Kite Flying in Western India; Culture and Tradition. Cambridge Scholars. pp. 28–33. ISBN   978-1-4438-2310-4. Archived from the original on 21 April 2023. Retrieved 5 January 2020.
  44. ↑ Indrakumar, Menaka (14 January 2021). "Thai Pongal: The Harvest Festival". Daily News . Retrieved 20 January 2024.
  45. ↑ "Telangana celebrates Sankranti with traditional fervour". Telangana Today. 14 January 2021. Archived from the original on 24 October 2021. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
  46. ↑ Richmond, Simon (15 January 2007). Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei. Lonely Planet. p. 490. ISBN   978-1-74059-708-1 . Retrieved 3 January 2012.
  47. ↑ "Grand Pongal celebration organized in Sri Lanka". The Times of India . 9 January 2024. Retrieved 12 January 2024.
  48. ↑ "Thai Pongal celebrated across the globe". Archived from the original on 5 July 2015. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
  49. ↑ "Meaning of 'Thai Pongal'". The Hindu . 14 January 2008. Archived from the original on 24 July 2016. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
  50. ↑ "Malaysian Prime Minister Greets Ethnic Tamils on Pongal". NDTV . 15 January 2015. Archived from the original on 5 July 2015. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
  51. ↑ "Mauritius celebrates Thai Pongal in style". Air Mauritius . Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  52. ↑ Sivasupramaniam, V. "History of the Tamil Diaspora". Archived from the original on 10 February 2012. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
  53. ↑ "Hindus celebrate Thai Pongal". Straits Times. 14 January 1937. Archived from the original on 5 July 2015. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
  54. 1 2 Ramakrishnan, Deepa H. (20 April 2017). "Virginia passes resolution designating Pongal Day". The Hindu . ISSN   0971-751X. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  55. ↑ "Community celebrates Thai Pongal harvest festival". Harrow Times. 19 January 2015. Archived from the original on 5 July 2015. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
  56. ↑ "Statement by Liberal Party of Canada Leader Justin Trudeau on Thai Pongal". Liberal Canada. 14 January 2015. Archived from the original on 5 July 2015. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
  57. ↑ "BLS services: India visa, passport services open seven days a week in Dubai and Sharjah". Gulf Times. 20 January 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.