Azadirachta indica

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Neem
Neem (Azadirachta indica) in Hyderabad W IMG 6976.jpg
Flowers and leaves
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Sapindales
Family: Meliaceae
Genus: Azadirachta
Species:
A. indica
Binomial name
Azadirachta indica
A.Juss., 1830 [2]
Synonyms [2]
List
    • Antelaea azadirachta(L.) Adelb.
    • Antelaea canescensCels ex Heynh.
    • Antelaea javanicaGaertn.
    • Azadirachta indica subsp. vartakiiKothari, Londhe & N.P.Singh
    • Melia azadirachtaL.
    • Melia fraxinifoliaSalisb.
    • Melia hasskarliiK.Koch
    • Melia indica(A.Juss.) Brandis
    • Melia japonicaHassk.
    • Melia parvifloraMoon
    • Melia pinnataStokes

Azadirachta indica, commonly known as neem, margosa, nimtree or Indian lilac, [3] is a tree in the mahogany family Meliaceae. It is one of the two species in the genus Azadirachta . It is native to the Indian subcontinent and to parts of Southeast Asia, but is naturalized and grown around the world in tropical and subtropical areas. Its fruits and seeds are the source of neem oil. Nim is a Hindustani noun derived from Sanskrit nimba (निंब). [4] [5] [6]

Contents

Description

Margosa is a fast-growing tree that can reach a height of 15–20 metres (49–66 ft), and rarely 35–40 m (115–131 ft). It is evergreen, shedding many of its leaves during the dry winter months. The branches are wide and spreading. The fairly dense crown is roundish and may reach a diameter of 20–25 m (66–82 ft). The opposite, pinnate leaves are 20–40 cm (8–16 in) long, with 20 to 30 medium to dark green leaflets about 3–8 cm (1+1⁄4–3+1⁄4 in) long. [7] The terminal leaflet often is missing. The petioles are short. [8]

White and fragrant flowers are arranged in more-or-less drooping axillary panicles which are up to 25 cm (10 in) long. The inflorescences, which branch up to the third degree, bear from 250 to 300 flowers. An individual flower is 5–6 mm (3⁄16–1⁄4 in) long and 8–11 mm (5⁄16–7⁄16 in) wide. Protandrous, bisexual flowers and male flowers exist on the same individual tree.

The fruit is a smooth (glabrous), olive-like drupe which varies in shape from elongate oval to nearly roundish, and when ripe is 14–28 mm (1⁄2–1+1⁄8 in) by 10–15 mm (3⁄8–5⁄8 in). The fruit skin (exocarp) is thin and the bitter-sweet pulp (mesocarp) is yellowish-white and very fibrous. The mesocarp is 3–5 mm (1⁄8–1⁄4 in) thick. The white, hard inner shell (endocarp) of the fruit encloses one, rarely two, or three, elongated seeds (kernels) having a brown seed coat.

Pollen grains Azadirachta-indica-2019-5-3 14-14-55-01.jpg
Pollen grains

The margosa tree [9] is similar in appearance to its relative, the chinaberry or bakain, Melia azedarach , [10] with which it may be confused. Melia azedarach also has toothed leaflets and similar looking fruit. One difference is that margosa leaves are pinnate but chinaberry leaves are twice- and thrice-pinnate.

Taxonomy

The name Azadirachta indica was first published by Adrien-Henri de Jussieu in 1830. [11] In 1753, Carl Linnaeus had described two species, Melia azedarach and Melia azadirachta. [12] De Jussieu considered Melia azadirachta to be sufficiently different from Melia azedarach to be placed in a new genus. [13] For both his species, Linnaeus referred to the name 'azedarach', [12] which is derived from the French 'azédarac', which in turn is from the Persian 'āzād dirakht' (ازادرخت), meaning 'free or noble tree'. [14] The Persian name of the tree, azad darakhat-e-hind, meaning 'the free tree of India, implies that it is free from disease and insect problems. [15]

Distribution

Azadirachta indica is considered to be native to the Indian region and Bangladesh in the Indian subcontinent and to Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam in Indochina. It has been widely introduced elsewhere in tropical and subtropical regions, from South America to Indonesia. [2]

Ecology

The margosa tree is noted for its drought resistance. Normally, it thrives in areas with sub-arid to sub-humid conditions, with an annual rainfall of 400–1,200 mm (16–47 in). It can grow in regions with an annual rainfall below 400 mm, but in such cases it depends largely on ground water levels. Margosa can grow in many different types of soil, but it thrives best on well-drained deep and sandy soils. It is a typical tropical to subtropical tree and exists at annual mean temperatures of 21–32 °C (70–90 °F). It can tolerate high to very high temperatures and does not tolerate temperature below 5 °C (41 °F). Margosa is one of very few shade-giving trees that thrive in drought-prone areas such as the dry coastal, southern districts of India and Pakistan. The trees are not at all delicate about water quality and thrive on the merest trickle of water, whatever the quality. In India and tropical countries where the Indian diaspora has reached, it is very common to see margosa trees used for shade lining streets, around temples, schools and other such public buildings or in most people's backyards. In very dry areas, the trees are planted on large tracts of land.

Weed status

Margosa is considered as a weed in many areas, including some parts of the Middle East, most of Sub-Saharan Africa including West Africa and Indian Ocean states, and some parts of Australia. Ecologically, it survives well in similar environments to its own, but its weed potential has not been fully assessed. [16]

In April 2015, A. indica was declared a class B and C weed in the Northern Territory, Australia, meaning its growth and spread must be controlled and plants or propagules are not allowed to be brought into the territory. It is illegal to buy, sell, or transport the plants or seeds. Its declaration as a weed came in response to its invasion of waterways in the "Top End" of the territory. [17]

After being introduced into Australia, possibly in the 1940s, A. indica was originally planted in the Northern Territory to provide shade for cattle. Trial plantations were established between the 1960s and 1980s in Darwin, Queensland, and Western Australia, but the Australian margosa industry did not prove viable. The tree has now spread into the savanna, particularly around waterways, and naturalised populations exist in several areas. [18]

Phytochemicals

Margosa fruit, seeds, leaves, stems, and bark contain diverse phytochemicals, some of which were first discovered in azadirachta seed extracts, such as azadirachtin established in the 1960s as an insect antifeedant, growth disruptor, and insecticide. [19] [20] The yield of azadirachtin from crushing 2 kg of seeds is about 5 g. [19]

In addition to azadirachtin and related limonoids, the seed oil contains glycerides, diverse polyphenols, nimbolide, triterpenes, and beta-sitosterol. [19] [21] The yellow, bitter oil has a garlic-like odor and contains about 2% of limonoid compounds. [19] The leaves contain quercetin, catechins, carotenes, and vitamin C. [19]

Uses

Neem tree farm from south India Neem tree farm in south india.jpg
Neem tree farm from south India
A large tree Neem.jpg
A large tree
Leaves Neem tree leaves.JPG
Leaves
Bark Bark (5059231711).jpg
Bark
Neem seeds Ineem seeds .jpg
Neem seeds

Margosa leaves are dried in India and placed in cupboards to prevent insects from eating clothes, and in containers in which rice and wheat are stored. [20] The flowers are also used in many Indian festivals like Ugadi. See below: #Association with Hindu festivals in India.

Culinary

The tender shoots and flowers of the margosa tree are eaten as a vegetable in India. A soup-like dish called vēppam pū cāṟu (வேப்பம் பூ சாறு) in Tamil (translated as "margosa flower rasam") made of the flower of neem is prepared in Tamil Nadu. In Bengal, young margosa leaves are fried in oil with tiny pieces of aubergine (brinjal). The dish is called nim bēgun bhājā (নিম বেগুন ভাজা) and is the first item during a Bengali meal, which acts as an appetizer. It is eaten with rice.

Margosa is used in parts of mainland Southeast Asia, particularly in Cambodia, Laos (where it is called kadao [ກະເດົາ]), Thailand (where it is known as sadao [สะเดา [sàʔdaw] or sataoสะเตา [sàʔtaw] ]), Myanmar (where it is known as ta.ma [တမာ]) and Vietnam (where it is known as sầu đâu and is used to cook the salad gỏi sầu đâu). Even if lightly cooked, the flavour is quite bitter, and the food is not consumed by all inhabitants of these nations. In Myanmar, young margosa leaves and flower buds are boiled with tamarind fruit to soften its bitterness and eaten as a vegetable. Pickled margosa leaves are also eaten with tomato and fish paste sauce in Myanmar.

Traditional medicine

Products made from margosa trees have been used in the traditional medicine of India for centuries, [20] [19] for treating skin troubles and rheumatism, [22] but there is insufficient clinical evidence to indicate any benefits of using margosa for medicinal purposes. [19] In adults, no specific doses have been established, and short-term use of margosa appears to be safe, while long-term use may harm the kidneys or liver; in small children, margosa oil is toxic and can lead to death. [19] Margosa may also cause miscarriages, infertility, and low blood sugar. [19]

In Southern India and the Middle-East, neem twigs are often used as a teeth-cleaning twig. [23]

Pest and disease control

Margosa is a key ingredient in non-pesticidal management (NPM), providing a natural alternative to synthetic pesticides. Margosa seeds are ground into powder that is soaked overnight in water and sprayed on the crop. To be effective, it must be applied repeatedly, at least every ten days. Margosa does not directly kill insects. It acts as an anti-feedant, repellent, and egg-laying deterrent and thus protects the crop from damage. The insects starve and die within a few days. Margosa also suppresses the subsequent hatching of their eggs. Margosa-based fertilizers have been effective against southern armyworm. Margosa cake may be used as a fertilizer. [24]

Margosa oil has been shown to avert termite attack as an ecofriendly and economical agent. [25]

Other uses

Toxicity

According to the American Journal of Neuroradiology, margosa oil has the ability to cause some forms of toxic encephalopathy and ophthalmopathy if consumed in quantities exceeding 150ml (5.07 us fluid ounces). [31]

Genome and transcriptomes

Margosa genome and transcriptomes from various organs have been sequenced. [32] [33] [34] Expressed sequence tags were identified by generation of subtractive hybridization libraries of margosa fruit, leaf, fruit mesocarp, and fruit endocarp. [35] [36]

Cultural and social impact

Neem tree at Sant Nenuram Ashram, Pakistan Tree in Sant Nenuram ashram.jpg
Neem tree at Sant Nenuram Ashram, Pakistan

The name Nimai ('born under a neem tree'), of the Bhakti movement Vaishnava saint and Chaitanya Mahaprabhu (believed to be an incarnation of Radha Krishna in Gaudiya Vaishnavism and ISKCON) is due to his birth under a neem tree.

In 1995, the European Patent Office (EPO) granted a patent on an anti-fungal product derived from margosa to the United States Department of Agriculture and W. R. Grace and Company. [37] The Indian government challenged the patent when it was granted, claiming that the process for which the patent had been granted had been in use in India for more than 2,000 years. In 2000, the EPO ruled in India's favour, but W. R. Grace appealed, claiming that prior art about the product had never been published. On 8 March 2005, that appeal was lost and the EPO revoked the Neem patent. [37]

Biotechnology

The biopesticide produced by extraction from the tree seeds contains limonoid triterpenes. [19] Currently, the extraction process has disadvantages such as contamination with fungi and heterogeneity in the content of limonoids due to genetic, climatic, and geographical variations. [38] [39] To overcome these problems, production of limonoids from plant cell suspension and hairy root cultures in bioreactors has been studied, [40] [41] including the development of a two-stage bioreactor process that enhances growth and production of limonoids with cell suspension cultures of A. indica. [42]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Meliaceae</span> Family of plants commonly known as the Mahogany family

Meliaceae, the mahogany family, is a flowering plant family of mostly trees and shrubs in the order Sapindales.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Azadirachtin</span> Chemical compound

Azadirachtin, a chemical compound belonging to the limonoid group, is a secondary metabolite present in neem seeds. It is a highly oxidized tetranortriterpenoid which boasts a plethora of oxygen-bearing functional groups, including an enol ether, acetal, hemiacetal, tetra-substituted epoxide and a variety of carboxylic esters.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tamarind</span> Leguminous tree bearing edible fruit

Tamarind is a leguminous tree bearing edible fruit that is indigenous to tropical Africa and naturalized in Asia. The genus Tamarindus is monotypic, meaning that it contains only this species. It belongs to the family Fabaceae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Limonoid</span> Class of chemical compounds

Limonoids are phytochemicals of the triterpenoid class which are abundant in sweet or sour-scented citrus fruit and other plants of the families Cucurbitaceae, Rutaceae, and Meliaceae. Certain limonoids are antifeedants such as azadirachtin from the neem tree.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Curry tree</span> Species of flowering plant

The curry tree or Bergera koenigii, is a tropical and sub-tropical tree in the family Rutaceae, native to Asia. The plant is also sometimes called sweet neem, though M. koenigii is in a different family from neem, Azadirachta indica, which is in the related family Meliaceae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Neem oil</span> Vegetable oil from the Indian neem tree

Neem oil, also known as margosa oil, is a vegetable oil pressed from the fruits and seeds of the neem, a tree which is indigenous to the Indian subcontinent and has been introduced to many other areas in the tropics. It is the most important of the commercially available products of neem, and its chemical properties have found widespread use as a pesticide in organic farming.

<i>Melia azedarach</i> Species of plant

Melia azedarach, commonly known as the chinaberry tree, pride of India, bead-tree, Cape lilac, syringa berrytree, Persian lilac, Indian lilac, or white cedar, is a species of deciduous tree in the mahogany family, Meliaceae, that is native to Indomalaya and Australasia.

<i>Azadirachta</i> Genus of flowering plants

Azadirachta is a genus of two species of trees in the mahogany family Meliaceae. Numerous species have been proposed for the genus but only two are currently recognized, Azadirachta excelsa and the economically important tree Azadirachta indica, the neem tree, from which neem oil is extracted. Both species are native to the Indomalaysian region, and A. indica is also widely cultivated and naturalized outside its native range.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pale-billed flowerpecker</span> Species of bird

The pale-billed flowerpecker or Tickell's flowerpecker is a tiny bird that feeds on nectar and berries, found in India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and western Myanmar. The bird is common especially in urban gardens with berry bearing trees. They have a rapid chipping call and the pinkish curved beak separates it from other species in the region.

Neem cake organic manure is the by-product obtained in the process of cold pressing of neem tree fruits and kernels, and the solvent extraction process for neem oil cake. It is a potential source of organic manure under the Bureau of Indian Standards, Specification No. 8558. Neem has demonstrated considerable potential as a fertilizer. For this purpose, neem cake and neem leaves are especially promising. Puri (1999), in his book Neem : The Divine Tree Azadirachta, has given details about neem seed cake as manure and nitrification inhibitor. The author has described that, after processing, neem cake can be used for partial replacement of poultry and cattle feed.

<i>Madhuca longifolia</i> Species of tree

Madhuca longifolia is an Indian tropical tree found largely in the central, southern, north Indian plains and forests, Nepal, Myanmar and Sri Lanka. It is commonly known as madhūka, mahura,madkam, mahuwa, Butter Tree,mahura, mahwa, mohulo, Iluppai, Mee or Ippa-chettu. It is a fast-growing tree that grows to approximately 20 meters in height, possesses evergreen or semi-evergreen foliage, and belongs to the family Sapotaceae. It is adaptable to arid environments, being a prominent tree in tropical mixed deciduous forests in India in the states of Maharashtra, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Kerala, Gujarat, West Bengal and Tamil Nadu.

<i>Dalbergia sissoo</i> Species of deciduous tree

Dalbergia sissoo, known commonly as North Indian rosewood or shisham, is a fast-growing, hardy, deciduous rosewood tree native to the Indian subcontinent and southern Iran. D. sissoo is a large, crooked tree with long, leathery leaves and whitish or pink flowers.

<i>Vateria indica</i> Species of tree

Vateria indica, the white dammar, is a species of tree in the family Dipterocarpaceae. It is endemic to the Western Ghats mountains in India. It is threatened by habitat loss. It is a large canopy or emergent tree frequent in tropical wet evergreen forests of the low and mid-elevations.

<i>Melia</i> (plant) Genus of trees

Melia is a genus of flowering trees in the family Meliaceae. The name is derived from μελία, the Greek name used by Theophrastus for Fraxinus ornus, which has similar leaves.

<i>Mangifera indica</i> Species of flowering plant in the cashew family Anacardiaceae

Mangifera indica, commonly known as mango, is an evergreen species of flowering plant in the family Anacardiaceae. It is a large fruit tree, capable of growing to a height and width of 30 metres. There are two distinct genetic populations in modern mangoes – the "Indian type" and the "Southeast Asian type".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nimbin (chemical)</span> Chemical compound

Nimbin is a triterpenoid isolated from the neem tree. Nimbin is thought to be responsible for much of the biological activities of neem oil, and is reported to have anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, fungicidal, antihistamine and antiseptic properties. The neem tree is found in multiple Asian countries such as China, Thailand, and India. Nimbin is part of the chemical family of limonoids and triterpenoids. Nimbin was first extracted in 1942 from neem seeds by Siddiqi et al. Its molecular formula was established by mass-spectrometry along with salannin, a compound whose chemical formula and properties are very close those of nimbin. Nimbin can be extracted from different parts of the neem tree with a solvent or supercritical carbon dioxide. Nimbin is used for different purposes because it has multiple properties such as insecticide, antiviral, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-fungal. Nimbin was commonly used in traditional Indian and Chinese medicine. For example, it can be used to treat skin conditions like eczema and psoriasis.

Phomopsis azadirachtae is a fungus, a species of the genus Phomopsis. It has been identified as the fungus responsible for dieback in Azadirachta indica (neem) in India. The species was first identified and described by Sateesh et al in 1997.

<i>Croton megalocarpus</i> Species of flowering plant

Croton megalocarpus is a tree species in the family Euphorbiaceae. It is indigenous to ten countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, including Somalia, Kenya, Uganda, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, and Mozambique.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gedunin</span> Chemical compound

Gedunin is a pentacyclic triterpenoid with the molecular formula C28H34 O7. It is most notably found in Azadirachta indica, but is a constituent of several other plants. Gedunin shows therapeutic potential in the treatment of leukemia, and Parkinson's disease.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Azadiradione</span> Chemical compound

Azadiradione is a naturally occurring compound found in several plants, most notably the neem tree. It is a tetracyclic triterpenoid.

References

  1. ↑ Barstow, M.; Deepu, S. (2018). "Azadirachta indica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2018: e.T61793521A61793525. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T61793521A61793525.en . Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. 1 2 3 "Azadirachta indica A.Juss". Plants of the World Online. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2017. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
  3. ↑ "Azadirachta indica". Germplasm Resources Information Network . Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved 9 June 2017.
  4. ↑ Compact Oxford English Dictionary (2013), Neem, page 679, Third Edition 2008 reprinted with corrections 2013, Oxford University Press.
  5. ↑ Henry Yule and A. C. Burnell (1996), Hobson-Jobson, Neem, page 622, The Anglo-Indian Dictionary, Wordsworth Reference. (This work was first published in 1886)
  6. ↑ Encarta World English Dictionary (1999), Neem, page 1210, St. Martin's Press, New York.
  7. ↑ "Neem | Azadirachta indica". Plants For A Future. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
  8. ↑ "Factsheet - Azadirachta indica (Neem)". keys.lucidcentral.org. Retrieved 7 August 2024.
  9. ↑ saikia, Curtingle (2 January 2023). "How to Use Neem- Uses and benefits - prakasti.com". Prakasti. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
  10. ↑ The Tree. National Academies Press (US). 1992.
  11. ↑ "Azadirachta indica A.Juss." The International Plant Names Index . Retrieved 26 March 2023.
  12. 1 2 Linnaeus, C. (1753), "Melia", Species Plantarum, vol. 1, Stockholm: Laurentius Salvius, pp. 384–385, retrieved 26 March 2023
  13. ↑ de Jussieu, A. (1830). "Mémoire sur le groupe des Méliacées". Mémoires du Muséum d'histoire naturelle. 19: 153–304. Retrieved 26 March 2023. p. 221
  14. ↑ "azedarach". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved 26 March 2023.
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  16. ↑ Plant Risk Assessment, Neem Tree, Azadirachta indica (PDF). Biosecurity Queensland. 2008. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
  17. ↑ Neem has been declared: what you need to know (PDF), Department of Land Resource Management, 2015, archived from the original (PDF) on 24 March 2015, retrieved 17 March 2015
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  35. ↑ Narnoliya, Lokesh K.; Rajakani, Raja; Sangwan, Neelam S.; Gupta, Vikrant; Sangwan, Rajender S. (2014). "Comparative transcripts profiling of fruit mesocarp and endocarp relevant to secondary metabolism by suppression subtractive hybridization in Azadirachta indica (neem)". Molecular Biology Reports. 41 (5): 3147–3162. doi:10.1007/s11033-014-3174-x. PMID   24477588. S2CID   16605633.
  36. ↑ Rajakani, Raja; Narnoliya, Lokesh; Sangwan, Neelam S.; Sangwan, Rajender S.; Gupta, Vikrant (2014). "Subtractive transcriptomes of fruit and leaf reveal differential representation of transcripts in Azadirachta indica". Tree Genetics & Genomes. 10 (5): 1331–1351. doi:10.1007/s11295-014-0764-7. S2CID   11857916.
  37. 1 2 "India wins landmark patent battle". BBC News . 9 March 2005. Retrieved 2 October 2009.
  38. ↑ Sidhu, O. P.; Kumar, Vishal; Behl, Hari M. (15 January 2003). "Variability in Neem (Azadirachta indica) with Respect to Azadirachtin Content". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 51 (4): 910–915. doi:10.1021/jf025994m. PMID   12568548.
  39. ↑ Prakash, Gunjan; Bhojwani, Sant S.; Srivastava, Ashok K. (1 August 2002). "Production of azadirachtin from plant tissue culture: State of the art and future prospects". Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering. 7 (4): 185–193. doi:10.1007/BF02932968. ISSN   1226-8372. S2CID   85845199.
  40. ↑ Srivastava, Smita; Srivastava, Ashok K. (17 August 2013). "Production of the Biopesticide Azadirachtin by Hairy Root Cultivation of Azadirachta indica in Liquid-Phase Bioreactors". Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology. 171 (6): 1351–1361. doi:10.1007/s12010-013-0432-7. ISSN   0273-2289. PMID   23955295. S2CID   36781838.
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