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 Mature Sanghuangporus sanghuang mushrooms on a tree [1] |
Meshimakobu [note 1] and sanghuang / sanghwang, [note 2] also known as mesima (English) or black hoof mushroom (American English), is a mushroom in East Asia.
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| Mature Sanghuangporus sanghuang mushrooms on a tree [1] |
Meshimakobu [note 1] and sanghuang / sanghwang, [note 2] also known as mesima (English) or black hoof mushroom (American English), is a mushroom in East Asia.
The Japanese name メシマコブ is composed of メシマ, an island of Gotō, Nagasaki, where this mushroom used to grow, and コブ, which means bump, referring to the mushroom's appearance. Per Wu et al. (2012) citing Ito (1955) and Imazeki and Hongo (1989), this is a mushroom that is always said to be on mulberry trees. [2]
The Chinese name 桑黃 / 桑黄 is composed of 桑 ("mulberry tree") and 黃 / 黄 ("yellow"). The Korean name 상황 is from Chinese.
The earliest attestation of the name 桑黃 is in Yaoxing Lun . [3]
Various Chinese historical records documented Xinzhou sanghuang (信州桑黃), in which Xinzhou is a place name in modern-day Jiangxi. It was depicted with hair-like objects, apparently describing Inonotus hispidus . [4]
In Tonghua, Jilin, various mushrooms were seen as sanghuang by the locals, where it was used to treat cancer and stomach illnesses. The report described the mushrooms and attached photos, but didn't identify them by Latin names. [5]
It had been long thought that this mushroom is Phellinus linteus, which is a view whose earlier iteration, that this mushroom is Phellinus yucatanensis, can be traced back to Japanese academic literacies in early 20th century based on specimens identified as Fomes yucatanensis, later deemed a synonym of P. linteus. [2]
Polyporus linteus is a species named by Miles Joseph Berkeley and Moses Ashley Curtis in 1860 with the specimen from Nicaragua. [6] Shu Chün Teng in 1963 renamed it Phellinus linteus. [7]
Dai and Xu (1998) studied specimens from various East Asian regions, and found them morphologically different from American Phellinus linteus; the study concluded that Phellinus linteus is not found in East Asia. The study deemed Phellinus linteus exist in tropical America with specimens from there, and Africa with the type specimen of Xanthochrous rudis. [8]
Zhou et al. (2015) examined two African specimens that morphologically fit X. rudis, and their sequences formed a distinct clade from P. linteus. Hence, X. rudis regained standalone taxon status and was renamed Tropicoporus rudis . And Phellinus linteus, now Tropicoporus linteus , is a tropical American species. [9]
Liu (1974) treated Phellinus igniarius as sanghuang. [10]
Phellinus baumii was the name for this mushroom seen in Dai and Xu (1998). [8] Phellinus baumii is known as Sanghuangporus baumii from 2015 on. [9]
Xie et al. (2010) inspected sanghuang strains from various institutions with molecular methods, whose test results were analyzed by Wu et al. (2012) to contain Inonotus vaninii (formerly Phellinus vaninii). [2] This mushroom is from 2015 known as Sanghuangporus vaninii . [9]
Inonotus sanghuang was seen as this mushroom in Wu et al. (2012). It only grows on mulberry trees. [2] [note 3] It was renamed Sanghuangporus sanghuang in 2015. [9]
Inonotus hispidus was seen as sanghuang in Bao et al. (2017). [4] I. hispidus grows on various broad-leaf trees, including mulberry trees. [1]
There is insufficient evidence from clinical studies to indicate its use as a prescription drug to treat cancer or any disease. [12] [13]
In Asian folk medicine, the mushroom is prepared as a tea. Its processed mycelium may be sold as a dietary supplement in the form of capsules, pills or powder. [13]
Auricularia cornea is a species of fungus in the order Auriculariales. It is commercially cultivated for food in China. The species was previously referred to Auricularia polytricha, but the latter species is probably a later synonym. Auricularia cornea is a popular ingredient in many Chinese dishes and is also used in traditional Chinese medicine.
Lingzhi, Ganoderma sichuanense, also known as reishi or Ganoderma lingzhi is a polypore fungus native to East Asia belonging to the genus Ganoderma.
The Hymenochaetales are an order of fungi in the class Agaricomycetes. The order in its current sense is based on molecular research and not on any unifying morphological characteristics. According to one 2008 estimate, the Hymenochaetales contain around 600 species worldwide, mostly corticioid fungi and poroid fungi, but also including several clavarioid fungi and agarics. Species of economic importance include wood decay fungi in the genera Phellinus and Inonotus sensu lato, some of which may cause losses in forestry. Therapeutic properties are claimed for Inonotus obliquus ("chaga") and Phellinus linteus, both of which are now commercially marketed.
The Polyporaceae are a family of poroid fungi belonging to the Basidiomycota. The flesh of their fruit bodies varies from soft to very tough. Most members of this family have their hymenium in vertical pores on the underside of the caps, but some of them have gills or gill-like structures. Many species are brackets, but others have a definite stipe – for example, Polyporus badius.
Clitocybe is a genus of mushrooms characterized by white, off-white, buff, cream, pink, or light-yellow spores, gills running down the stem, and pale white to brown or lilac coloration. They are primarily saprotrophic, decomposing forest ground litter. There are estimated to be around 300 species in the widespread genus.
Wong Shun-leung was a Hong Kong martial artist who studied Wing Chun kung fu under Yip Man (葉問) and was credited with training Bruce Lee. In interviews, Wong claimed to have won at least 60, and perhaps over 100, street fights against martial artists of various styles, though these numbers cannot be independently confirmed. Due to his reputation, his students and admirers referred to him as 'Gong Sau Wong'. Wong recorded one instructional film entitled Wing Chun: The science of in-fighting.
Auricularia is a genus of fungi in the family Auriculariaceae. Basidiocarps are typically gelatinous and ear-shaped, with a slightly downy to conspicuously hirsute upper surface and an under surface that is smooth, wrinkled or veined. All species grow on wood. Several Auricularia species are edible and commercially cultivated on a large scale in China and East Asia.
The Dactylosporaceae or Sclerococcaceae are a family of lichen-forming fungi in the class Eurotiomycetes. It is the only family of the order Sclerococcales and subclass Sclerococcomycetidae.
Macrolepiota albuminosa is a species of agaric fungus in the family Agaricaceae, found in Peradeniya, Ceylon.
Hispidin is a natural substance. It can also be synthesized.
Phellinus ellipsoideus is a species of polypore fungus in the family Hymenochaetaceae, a specimen of which produced the largest fungal fruit body ever recorded. Found in China, the fruit bodies produced by the species are brown, woody basidiocarps that grow on dead wood, where the fungus feeds as a saprotroph. The basidiocarps are perennial, allowing them to grow very large under favourable circumstances. They are resupinate, measuring 30 centimetres (12 in) or more in length, though typically extending less than a centimetre from the surface of the wood. P. ellipsoideus produces distinct ellipsoidal spores, after which it is named, and unusual setae. These two features allow it to be readily differentiated microscopically from other, similar species. Chemical compounds isolated from the species include several steroidal compounds. These may have pharmacological applications, but further research is needed.
Phellibaumins are hispidin derivatives made by the fungus Phellinus. Five such derivatives have been identified, known as Phellibaumin A through E. Phellibaumins A and B are classified as pyranones, while Phellibaumins C, D, and E are classified as styrylpyranones.
Medicinal fungi are fungi that contain metabolites or can be induced to produce metabolites through biotechnology to develop prescription drugs. Compounds successfully developed into drugs or under research include antibiotics, anti-cancer drugs, cholesterol and ergosterol synthesis inhibitors, psychotropic drugs, immunosuppressants and fungicides.
Strobilomyces glabriceps is a species of bolete fungus in the family Suillaceae found in China. It was described as new to science in 1948 by Wei-Fan Chiu. The type collection was made in Kunming in June, 1938.
Tropicoporus is a genus of fungi in the family Hymenochaetaceae. It was circumscribed in 2015 with Tropicoporus excentrodendri as the type species, and six additional species transferred from Inonotus.
Tropicoporus tropicalis is a mushroom of the family Hymenochaetaceae. Tropicoporus tropicalis is a wood-decaying basidiomycetes that rarely causes disease in animals and human, and is commonly found in humid climate such as Brazil. In its natural environment, the fungus is associated with white rot woody angiosperms, and has its annual fruiting body on tree trunks and branches. Tropicoporus tropicalis has two kinds of hyphae, generative and skeletal, that lack clamp connections.
The largest mushrooms and conks are the largest known individual fruit bodies. These are known as sporocarps, or, more specifically, basidiocarps and ascocarps for the Basidiomycota and Ascomycota respectively. These fruit bodies have a wide variety of morphologies, ranging from the typical mushroom shape, to brackets (conks), puffballs, cup fungi, stinkhorns, crusts and corals. Many species of fungi, including yeasts, moulds and the fungal component of lichens, do not form fruit bodies in this sense, but can form visible presences such as cankers. Individual fruit bodies need not be individual biological organisms, and extremely large single organisms can be made up of a great many fruit bodies connected by networks of mycelia can cover a very large area.
The Chinese term zhī (芝) commonly means "fungi; mushroom", best exemplified by the medicinal Lingzhi mushroom, but in Daoism it referred to a class of supernatural plant, animal, and mineral substances that were said to confer instantaneous xian immortality when ingested. In the absence of a semantically better English word, scholars have translated the wide-ranging meaning of zhi as "excrescences", "exudations", and "cryptogams".
Auricularia heimuer, also known as heimuer or black wood ear, is a species of fungus in the order Auriculariales. It is commercially cultivated for food in China at a value exceeding $4 billion (USD) per year. The species was previously referred to as the European Auricularia auricula-judae, but the latter is not known to occur in east Asia. Auricularia heimuer is a popular ingredient in many Chinese dishes, such as hot and sour soup, and it is also used in traditional Chinese medicine.
Tropicoporus linteus is a tropical American mushroom. Its former name Phellinus linteus is applied wider, including to an East Asian mushroom.