ISO 15919

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ISO 15919 is an international standard for the romanization of Indic scripts. Published in 2001, it is part of a series of romanization standards by the International Organization for Standardization.

Contents

Overview

ISO 15919 transliterations
ISO7-bit
ISO		 Devanagari Nastaliq Bengali Gurmukhi Gujarati Odia Tamil Telugu Malayalam Kannada Kaithi Sinhala Tibetan Thai Saurashtra
aaअاَঅਅઅଅஅఅഅಅ𑂃අཨอꢂ
āaaआآআਆઆଆஆఆആಆ𑂄ආཨཱอาꢃ
æaeඇ
ǣaeeඈ
iiइاِইਇઇଇஇఇഇಇ𑂅ඉཨིอิꢄ
īiiईاِیঈਈઈଈஈఈഈಈ𑂆ඊཨཱིอีꢅ
uuउاُউਉઉଉஉఉഉಉ𑂇උཨུอุꢆ
ūuuऊاُوঊਊઊଊஊఊഊಊ𑂈ඌཨཱུอูꢇ
ŭ^u്
r̥,rऋঋઋଋఋഋಋඍརྀฤꢈ
r̥̄,rrॠৠૠୠౠൠೠඎརཱྀฤๅꢉ
l̥,lऌঌઌଌఌഌಌඏལྀฦꢊ
l̥̄,llॡৡૡୡౡൡೡඐལཱྀฦๅꢋ
eeऎஎఎഎಎඑꢌ
ēeeएاےএਏએଏஏఏഏಏ𑂉ඒཨེเอꢍ
ê^eऍঅ্যাઍ
aiaiऐاَےঐਐઐଐஐఐഐಐ𑂊ඓཨཻไอꢎ
ooऒஒఒഒಒඔꢏ
ōooओاوওਓઓଓஓఓഓಓ𑂋ඕཨོโอꢐ
ô^oऑঅઑ
auauऔاَوঔਔઔଔஔఔഔಔ𑂌ඖཨཽเอาꢑ
ṁ;mंںংਂંଂஂంംಂංཾอํ
ṃ.mੰ
m̐~mँںঁਁઁଁఀྃ
n̆^nఁ
ḥ.hःہঃਃઃଃఃഃಃඃཿ
ẖ_hᳵೱྈ
ḫ^hᳶೲྉ
ḵ_kஃ
kkकکকਕકକகకകಕ𑂍කཀกꢒ
khkhखکھখਖખଖఖഖಖ𑂎ඛཁขꢓ
ggगگগਗગଗగഗಗ𑂏ගགคꢔ
ghghघگھঘਘઘଘఘഘಘ𑂐ඝགྷฆꢕ
ṅ;nङن٘ঙਙઙଙஙఙങಙ𑂑ඞངงꢖ
n̆g^ngඟ
ccचچচਚચଚசచചಚ𑂒චཅจꢗ
chchछچھছਛછଛఛഛಛ𑂓ඡཆฉꢘ
ĉ^cౘཙ
ĉh^chཚ
jjजجজਜજଜஜజജಜ𑂔ජཇชꢙ
jhjhझجھঝਝઝଝఝഝಝ𑂕ඣཇྷฌꢚ
ñ~nञڃঞਞઞଞஞఞഞಞ𑂖ඤཉญꢛ
n̆j^njඦ
ṭ.tटٹটਟટଟடటടಟ𑂗ටཊฏꢜ
ṭh.thठٹھঠਠઠଠఠഠಠ𑂘ඨཋฐꢝ
ḍ.dडڈডਡડଡడഡಡ𑂙ඩཌฑꢞ
ḍh.dhढڈھঢਢઢଢఢഢಢ𑂛ඪཌྷฒꢟ
ṛ.rड़ڑড়ੜଡ଼ཬ
ṛh.rhढ़ڑھঢ়ଢ଼ཬྷ
ṇ.nणݨণਣણଣணణണಣ𑂝ණཎณꢠ
n̆ḍ^n.dඬ
ttतتতਤતତதతതತ𑂞තཏตꢡ
ththथتھথਥથଥథഥಥ𑂟ථཐถꢢ
ddदدদਦદଦదദದ𑂠දདทꢣ
dhdhधدھধਧધଧధധಧ𑂡ධདྷธꢤ
nnनنনਨનନநనനನ𑂢නནนꢥ
n̆d^ndඳ
ppपپপਪપପபపപಪ𑂣පཔปꢦ
phphफپھফਫફଫఫഫಫ𑂤ඵཕผꢧ
bbबبবਬબବబബಬ𑂥බབพꢨ
bhbhभبھভਭભଭభഭಭ𑂦භབྷภꢩ
mmमمমਮમମமమമಮ𑂧මམมꢪ
m̆b^mbඹ
ṟ_rऱর়றఱറಱ
ṯ_tഺ
ṉ_nऩন়னഩ
ḻ_lऴழఴഴೞ
yyयیযਯયଯயయയಯ𑂨යཡยꢫ
ẏ;yय़য়ୟ
rrरرর, ৰਰરରரరരರ𑂩රརรꢬ
r̆^rर्‍
llलلলਲલଲலలലಲ𑂪ලལลꢭ
ḷ.lळࣇਲ਼ળଳளళളಳළฬꢳ
vvवوৱਵવଵவవവವ𑂫වཝวꢮ
śshशشশਸ਼શଶஶశശಶ𑂬ශཤศꢯ
ṣ.sषষષଷஷషഷಷ𑂭ෂཥษꢰ
ssसسসਸસସஸసസಸ𑂮සསสꢱ
hhहہহਹહହஹహഹಹ𑂯හཧหꢲ
''ऽঽઽଽఽഽಽ྅
qqक़قক়ਕ਼ક઼ཫ
k͟h_khख़خখ়ਖ਼ખ઼ཁ༹
ġ.gग़غগ়ਗ਼ગ઼ག༹
zzज़زজ়ਜ਼જ઼ౙಜ಼ཟ
ž^zझ़ژঝ়ཞ
ffफ़فফ়ਫ਼ફ઼ಫ಼ෆཕ༹
wwव़وৱ়ୱ
s̱_sث
s̤,sص
h̤,hح
t̤,tط
ʻ.ع
ẕ_zذ
ż;zض
ẓ.zظ

Relation to other systems

ISO 15919 is an international standard for the romanization of many Brahmic scripts, which was agreed upon in 2001 by a network of the national standards institutes of 157 countries.[ citation needed ] However, the Hunterian transliteration system is the "national system of romanization in India" and a United Nations expert group noted about ISO 15919 that "there is no evidence of the use of the system either in India or in international cartographic products." [1] [2] [3]

Another standard, United Nations Romanization Systems for Geographical Names (UNRSGN), was developed by the United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names (UNGEGN) [4] and covers many Brahmic scripts.

The ALA-LC romanization was approved by the Library of Congress and the American Library Association and is a US standard. The International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration (IAST) is not a standard (as no specification exists for it) but a convention developed in Europe for the transliteration of Sanskrit rather than the transcription of Brahmic scripts.

As a notable difference, both international standards, ISO 15919 and UNRSGN [5] transliterate anusvara as ṁ, while ALA-LC and IAST use ṃ for it. However, ISO 15919 provides guidance towards disambiguating between various anusvara situations (such as labial versus dental nasalizations), which is described in the table below.

Comparison with UNRSGN and IAST

The table below shows the differences between ISO 15919, UNRSGN [5] and IAST for Devanagari transliteration.

DevanagariISO 15919UNRSGNIASTComment
ए / ेēeeTo distinguish between long and short 'e' in Dravidian languages, 'e' now represents ऎ / ॆ (short). The use of ē is considered optional in ISO 15919, and using e for ए (long) is acceptable for languages that do not distinguish long and short e.
ओ / ोōooTo distinguish between long and short 'o' in Dravidian languages, 'o' now represents ऒ / ॊ (short). The use of ō is considered optional in ISO 15919, and using o for ओ (long) is acceptable for languages that do not distinguish long and short o.
ऋ / ृr̥ṛṛIn ISO 15919, ṛ is used to represent ड़.
ॠ / ॄr̥̄ṝṝFor consistency with r̥
ऌ / ॢl̥l̤ḷIn ISO 15919, ḷ is used to represent ळ.
ॡ / ॣl̥̄l̤̄ḹFor consistency with l̥
◌ंṁṁṃISO 15919 has two options about anusvāra. (1) In the simplified nasalization option, an anusvāra is always transliterated as ṁ. (2) In the strict nasalization option, anusvāra before a class consonant is transliterated as the class nasal—ṅ before k, kh, g, gh, ṅ; ñ before c, ch, j, jh, ñ; ṇ before ṭ, ṭh, ḍ, ḍh, ṇ; n before t, th, d, dh, n; m before p, ph, b, bh, m.ṃ is sometimes used to specifically represent the Gurmukhi tippi ੰ.
ṅ ñ ṇ n m
◌ँm̐m̐Vowel nasalization is transliterated as a tilde above the transliterated vowel (over the second vowel in the case of a digraph such as aĩ, aũ), except in Sanskrit.

Font support

Only certain fonts support all Latin Unicode characters for the transliteration of Indic scripts according to this standard. For example, Tahoma supports almost all the characters needed. Arial and Times New Roman font packages that come with Microsoft Office 2007 and later also support most Latin Extended Additional characters like ḍ, ḷ, ṛ, ṣ and ṭ.

There is no standard keyboard layout for ISO 15919 input but many systems provide a way to select Unicode characters visually. ISO/IEC 14755 refers to this as a screen-selection entry method .

See also

Notes

    References

    1. ↑ United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (2007), Technical reference manual for the standardization of geographical names, United Nations Publications, 2007, ISBN   978-92-1-161500-5, ... ISO 15919 ... There is no evidence of the use of the system either in India or in international cartographic products ... The Hunterian system is the actually used national system of romanization in India ...
    2. ↑ United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (1955), United Nations Regional Cartographic Conference for Asia and the Far East, Volume 2, United Nations, 1955, ... In India the Hunterian system is used, whereby every sound in the local language is uniformly represented by a certain letter in the Roman alphabet ...
    3. ↑ National Library (India) (1960), Indian scientific & technical publications, exhibition 1960: a bibliography, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, Government of India, 1960, ... The Hunterian system of transliteration, which has international acceptance, has been used ...
    4. ↑ "UNGEGN Working Group on Romanization Systems". www.eki.ee. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
    5. 1 2 "Differences between ISO 15919 and UNRSGN". Working group on Romanization systems. www.eki.ee/wgrs/. March 2016. Retrieved 13 February 2017.
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