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The international standard ISO 233 establishes a system for romanization of Arabic script. It was supplemented by ISO 233-2 in 1993 which is specific for Arabic language
The table below shows the consonants for the Arabic language.
| Arabic | Latin | Unicode | Notes | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hex | Dec | ||||||
| ء | ˌ | 02CC | 716 | hamza without carrier - low vertical line | |||
| ٔ◌ | ˈ | 02C8 | 712 | hamza above carrier - vertical line (high) | |||
| ٕ◌ | hamza below carrier (= alif) | ||||||
| ا | ʾ | 02BE | 702 | modifier letter right half ring[ dubious ] | |||
| ب | B | b | |||||
| ت | T | t | |||||
| ث | Ṯ | ṯ | 1E6E | 1E6F | 7790 | 7791 | |
| ج | Ǧ | ǧ | 01E6 | 01E7 | 486 | 487 | |
| ح | Ḥ | ḥ | 1E24 | 1E25 | 7716 | 7717 | |
| خ | H̱ | ẖ | H+0331 | 1E96 | H+817 | 7830 | |
| د | D | d | |||||
| ذ | Ḏ | ḏ | 1E0E | 1E0F | 7694 | 7695 | |
| ر | R | r | |||||
| ز | Z | z | |||||
| س | S | s | |||||
| ش | Š | š | 0160 | 0161 | 352 | 353 | |
| ص | Ṣ | ṣ | 1E62 | 1E63 | 7778 | 7779 | |
| ض | Ḍ | ḍ | 1E0C | 1E0D | 7692 | 7693 | |
| ط | Ṭ | ṭ | 1E6C | 1E6D | 7788 | 7789 | |
| ظ | Ẓ | ẓ | 1E92 | 1E93 | 7826 | 7827 | |
| ع | ʿ | 02BF | 703 | modifier letter left half ring | |||
| غ | Ġ | ġ | 0120 | 0121 | 288 | 289 | |
| ف | F | f | |||||
| ق | Q | q | |||||
| ك | K | k | |||||
| ل | L | l | |||||
| م | M | m | |||||
| ن | N | n | |||||
| ه | H | h | |||||
| ة | T̈ | ẗ | T+0308 | 1E97 | T+776 | 7831 | combining diaeresis |
| و | W | w | |||||
| ي | Y | y | |||||
| ى | Ỳ | ỳ | 1EF2 | 1EF3 | 7922 | 7923 | |
ISO 233-2:1993 is an ISO schema for the simplified transliteration of Arabic characters into Roman characters and is dedicated to "Arabic language – Simplified transliteration".
This transliteration system was adopted as an amendment to ISO 233:1984. It is used mainly in library context, and was introduced because ISO 233 was not meeting the indexing purposes, which are essential for the consistency of library catalogs.
According to ISO 233-2(1993), Arabic words are vocalized prior to romanization.
ISO 233-2 is used in French libraries [1] and in North African libraries, and is recommended by ISSN for establishing key titles when cataloguing serials.
ISO 233-3:1999 is dedicated to "Persian language – Simplified transliteration".
ISO/R 233 is an earlier standard that has been withdrawn. [2]
Transliteration is a type of conversion of a text from one script to another that involves swapping letters in predictable ways, such as Greek ⟨α⟩ → ⟨a⟩, Cyrillic ⟨д⟩ → ⟨d⟩, Greek ⟨χ⟩ → the digraph ⟨ch⟩, Armenian ⟨ն⟩ → ⟨n⟩ or Latin ⟨æ⟩ → ⟨ae⟩.
In linguistics, romanisation is the conversion of text from a different writing system to the Roman (Latin) script, or a system for doing so. Methods of romanization include transliteration, for representing written text, and transcription, for representing the spoken word, and combinations of both. Transcription methods can be subdivided into phonemic transcription, which records the phonemes or units of semantic meaning in speech, and more strict phonetic transcription, which records speech sounds with precision.
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ISO 15919 is one of a series of international standards for romanization by the International Organization for Standardization. It was published in 2001 and uses diacritics to map the much larger set of consonants and vowels in Brahmic and Nastaliq scripts to the Latin script.
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The romanization of Arabic is the systematic rendering of written and spoken Arabic in the Latin script. Romanized Arabic is used for various purposes, among them transcription of names and titles, cataloging Arabic language works, language education when used instead of or alongside the Arabic script, and representation of the language in scientific publications by linguists. These formal systems, which often make use of diacritics and non-standard Latin characters and are used in academic settings or for the benefit of non-speakers, contrast with informal means of written communication used by speakers such as the Latin-based Arabic chat alphabet.
ISO 259 is a series of international standards for the romanization of Hebrew characters into Latin characters, dating to 1984, with updated ISO 259-2 and ISO 259-3.
Scientific transliteration, variously called academic, linguistic, international, or scholarly transliteration, is an international system for transliteration of text from the Cyrillic script to the Latin script (romanization). This system is most often seen in linguistics publications on Slavic languages.
There are many systems for the romanization of the Thai language, i.e. representing the language in Latin script. These include systems of transliteration, and transcription. The most seen system in public space is Royal Thai General System of Transcription (RTGS)—the official scheme promulgated by the Royal Thai Institute. It is based on spoken Thai, but disregards tone, vowel length and a few minor sound distinctions.
The Latin script, also known as the Roman script, and technically Latin writing system is an alphabetic writing system based on the letters of the classical Latin alphabet, derived from a form of the Greek alphabet which was in use in the ancient Greek city of Cumae, in southern Italy. The Greek alphabet was altered by the Etruscans, and subsequently their alphabet was altered by the Romans. Several Latin-script alphabets exist, which differ in graphemes, collation and phonetic values from the classical Latin alphabet.
Romanisation of Bengali is the representation of written Bengali language in the Latin script. Various romanisation systems for Bengali are used, most of which do not perfectly represent Bengali pronunciation. While different standards for romanisation have been proposed for Bengali, none has been adopted with the same degree of uniformity as Japanese or Sanskrit.
Romanization or Latinization of Persian is the representation of the Persian language with the Latin script. Several different romanization schemes exist, each with its own set of rules driven by its own set of ideological goals.
There are various systems of romanization of the Armenian alphabet.
