Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP

Last updated
Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP
Filename extension
.mpd
Internet media type
application/dash+xml [1]
Developed by Moving Picture Experts Group
Initial releaseApril 2012
Standard ISO/IEC 23009-1:2022

Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH), also known as MPEG-DASH, is an adaptive bitrate streaming technique that enables high quality streaming of media content over the Internet delivered from conventional HTTP web servers. Similar to Apple's HTTP Live Streaming (HLS) solution, MPEG-DASH works by breaking the content into a sequence of small segments, which are served over HTTP. An early HTTP web server based streaming system called SProxy was developed and deployed in the Hewlett Packard Laboratories in 2006. [2] [3] It showed how to use HTTP range requests to break the content into small segments. SProxy shows the effectiveness of segment based streaming, gaining best Internet penetration due to the wide deployment of firewalls, and reducing the unnecessary traffic transmission if a user chooses to terminate the streaming session earlier before reaching the end. Each segment contains a short interval of playback time of content that is potentially many hours in duration, such as a movie or the live broadcast of a sport event. The content is made available at a variety of different bit rates, i.e., alternative segments encoded at different bit rates covering aligned short intervals of playback time. While the content is being played back by an MPEG-DASH client, the client uses a bit rate adaptation (ABR) algorithm [4] to automatically select the segment with the highest bit rate possible that can be downloaded in time for playback without causing stalls or re-buffering events in the playback. [5] The current MPEG-DASH reference client dash.js [6] offers both buffer-based (BOLA [7] ) and hybrid (DYNAMIC [5] ) bit rate adaptation algorithms. Thus, an MPEG-DASH client can seamlessly adapt to changing network conditions and provide high quality playback with few stalls or re-buffering events.

Contents

MPEG-DASH is the first adaptive bit-rate HTTP-based streaming solution that is an international standard. [8] MPEG-DASH should not be confused with a transport protocol — the transport protocol that MPEG-DASH uses depends on which version of HTTP is used: TCP over HTTP and HTTP/2, or UDP over HTTP/3. MPEG-DASH uses existing HTTP web server infrastructure that is used for delivery of essentially all World Wide Web content. It allows devices like Internet-connected televisions, TV set-top boxes, desktop computers, smartphones, tablets, etc. to receive multimedia content (video, TV, radio, etc.) delivered via the Internet, coping with variable Internet receiving conditions. Standardizing an adaptive streaming solution is meant to provide confidence to the market that the solution can be adopted for universal deployment, compared to similar but more proprietary solutions like Smooth Streaming by Microsoft, or HDS by Adobe. Unlike HDS, or Smooth Streaming, DASH is codec-agnostic, which means it can use content encoded with any coding format, such as H.265, H.264, VP9, etc. [9]

Standardization

MPEG-DASH technology was developed under MPEG. Work on DASH started in 2010; it became a Draft International Standard in January 2011, and an International Standard in November 2011. [8] [10] The MPEG-DASH standard was published in April, 2012 but has been revised in 2019 and then once more in 2022 as .

DASH is a technology related to Adobe Systems HTTP Dynamic Streaming, Apple Inc. HTTP Live Streaming (HLS) and Microsoft Smooth Streaming. DASH is based on Adaptive HTTP streaming (AHS) in 3GPP Release 9 and on HTTP Adaptive Streaming (HAS) in Open IPTV Forum Release 2. [11] [12] As part of their collaboration with MPEG, 3GPP Release 10 has adopted DASH (with specific codecs and operating modes) for use over wireless networks. [11]

The DASH Industry Forum (DASH-IF) [13] further promotes and catalyzes the adoption of MPEG-DASH and helps transition it from a specification into a real business. It consists of major streaming and media companies, including Microsoft, Netflix, Google, Ericsson, Samsung, Adobe, etc. and creates guidelines on the usage of DASH for different use cases in practice.

MPEG-DASH is integrated in other standards, e.g. MPEG-DASH is supported in HbbTV (as of Version 1.5). [14]

Overview

DASH is an adaptive bitrate streaming technology where a multimedia file is partitioned into one or more segments and delivered to a client using HTTP. [15] A media presentation description (MPD) describes segment information (timing, URL, media characteristics like video resolution and bit rates), and can be organized in different ways such as SegmentList, SegmentTemplate, SegmentBase and SegmentTimeline, depending on the use case. Segments can contain any media data, however the specification provides specific guidance and formats for use with two types of containers: ISO base media file format (e.g. MP4 file format) or MPEG-2 Transport Stream.

DASH is audio/video codec agnostic. One or more representations (i.e., versions at different resolutions or bit rates) of multimedia files are typically available, and selection can be made based on network conditions, device capabilities and user preferences, enabling adaptive bitrate streaming [16] and QoE (Quality of Experience) fairness. [17] DASH standard does not specify the adaptive bitrate streaming (ABR) logic. [18] DASH is also agnostic to the underlying application layer protocol. Thus, DASH can be used with any protocol, e.g., DASH over CCN. [19]

On July 27, 2015, MPEG LA announced a call for MPEG-DASH-related patents in order to create a single patent pool for this technology. [20] MPEG LA announced its MPEG-DASH patent portfolio licence. MPEG-LA claims that the included patents are essential to the MPEG Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP standard. [21]

Implementations

MPEG-DASH is available natively on Android through the ExoPlayer, [22] on Samsung Smart TVs 2012+, LG Smart TV 2012+, Sony TV 2012+, Philips NetTV 4.1+, Panasonic Viera 2013+ and Chromecast. [23] YouTube as well as Netflix already support MPEG-DASH, and different MPEG-DASH players are available. [24]

While MPEG-DASH isn't directly supported in HTML5, there are JavaScript implementations of MPEG-DASH which allow using MPEG-DASH in web browsers using the HTML5 Media Source Extensions (MSE). [25] There are also JavaScript implementations such as the bitdash player [26] which support DRM for MPEG-DASH using the HTML5 Encrypted Media Extensions. [27] In combination with WebGL, the HTML5-based adaptive bitrate streaming of MPEG-DASH enables also the efficient streaming of 360° video for live and on-demand use cases. [28]

Clients and libraries

Servers

Note that no specific support is required from the server for DASH content, with the exception of Live Streaming.

Services

Content generators

Other

Supported players and servers

Clients

Windows 10 used to have native support for DASH streaming in EdgeHTML, a proprietary browser engine that was used in Microsoft Edge (now referred to as Edge Legacy) before the transition to the Chromium-based Blink browser engine. Edge Legacy was included in Windows 10 up till version 2004. It was replaced by Edge Chromium in version 20H2.

DASH support on other browsers & operating systems is available via Media Source Extensions.

ProductProduct typePlatformLive streamingDRM-freeAs of versionEditor
Microsoft Edge Web browserWindows 10Native support on Edge Legacy.

Support via Media Source Extensions on Edge Chromium.

NoSupported natively on Edge Legacy's engine EdgeHTML from version 12 to 18. [62]

No native support on Edge Chromium from version 79 to present. [63]

Microsoft
VLC media player Media playerWindows, macOS, Linux, Android, iOS, Windows PhoneYesYesv3.0 VideoLAN
Media Player Classic - Home Cinema (MPC-HC)

Media Player Classic - Black Edition (MPC-BE)

Media playerWindowsYesYesv2.0.0 (MPC-HC)
v1.5.0 (MPC-BE) [64]

Support for playback of DASH streams may be unstable.

MPC-HC Community Forum, Alexander Vodiannikov
MX PlayerMedia playerAndroidYesNov1.9.18
Support for playback of DASH streams is currently unstable.		J2 Interactive
NexPlayerSDKHTML5 (MSE Browsers), Android (mobile, TV, STB), iOS, Chromecast, Windows, Mac, Linux, Tizen, WebOSYesNo—NexStreaming
Dash.jsSDKHTML5 (MSE Browsers)YesNo—Dash Industry Forum
Shaka PlayerSDKHTML5 (MSE Browsers)YesNo—Google
Rx-PlayerSDKHTML5 (MSE Browsers)YesNo— Canal+
bitdashSDKHTML5 (MSE Browsers), Android, LG TVs, Samsung TVs, Xbox One, Universal Windows PlatformYesNo— Bitmovin
PRESTOplaySDKHTML5 (MSE Browsers), Android, iOS, Windows, MacYesNo—castLabs
THEOplayerSDKHTML5 (MSE Browsers), Android (mobile, TV, STB), iOS, Chromecast, Windows, Mac, Linux, Tizen, WebOSYesNo—THEO Technologies NV
Viblast PlayerSDKHTML5 (MSE Browsers), Android, iOSYesNo—Viblast Team
Radiant Media PlayerSDKHTML5 (MSE Browsers), Android, iOS, Windows, Mac, LinuxYesNo—Radiant Media Player
VideogularSDKHTML5 (MSE Browsers)YesNo—
Fluid PlayerSDKHTML5 (MSE Browsers)YesNo—ExoClick
GStreamer Multimedia framework—YesNo1.4GStreamer Team
Libdash Multimedia framework—YesNo—bitmovin, ITEC Team
GPACMultimedia framework—YesNo—Telecom ParisTech inc.

Patent holders

OrganizationPatents [65]
Maxell 15
The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO)8
Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT)5
Fraunhofer4
Columbia University 4
Amotech Co., Ltd.2
AVerMedia Technologies, Inc.2
Cable Television Laboratories, Inc. 2
Helios Streaming, LLC2
JVC Kenwood 1
Lough Corrib Intellectual Property Limited1

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References

  1. ↑ "DASH Adaptive Streaming for HTML 5 Video" . Retrieved 11 July 2024.
  2. ↑ Chen, Songqing; Shen, Bo; Tan, Wai-tian; Wee, Susie; Zhang, Xiaodong (2006-07-09). "A Case for Internet Streaming via Web Servers". 2006 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo. pp. 2145–2148. doi:10.1109/ICME.2006.262660. eISSN   1945-788X. ISBN   1-4244-0367-7. ISSN   1945-7871. S2CID   9202042.
  3. ↑ Chen, Songqing; Shen, Bo; Wee, Susie; Zhang, Xiaodong (2007-07-23). "SProxy: A Caching Infrastructure to Support Internet Streaming". IEEE Transactions on Multimedia. 9 (5): 1062–1072. CiteSeerX   10.1.1.74.4838 . doi:10.1109/TMM.2007.898943. ISSN   1520-9210. S2CID   870854.
  4. ↑ "ABR Logic". GitHub .
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  6. ↑ "dash.js JavaScript Reference Client Landing Page". reference.dashif.org. Retrieved 2020-08-28.
  7. ↑ Spiteri, Kevin; Urgaonkar, Rahul; Sitaraman, Ramesh K. (2020). "BOLA: Near-optimal bitrate adaptation for online videos". IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking. 28 (4): 1698–1711. arXiv: 1601.06748 . doi:10.1109/TNET.2020.2996964. S2CID   219792107.
  8. 1 2 "MPEG ratifies its draft standard for DASH". MPEG. 2011-12-02. Archived from the original on 2012-08-20. Retrieved 2012-08-26.
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  10. ↑ "ISO/IEC 23009-1:2012". ISO.
  11. 1 2 ETSI 3GPP 3GPP TS 26.247; Transparent end-to-end packet-switched streaming service (PSS); Progressive Download and Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (3GP-DASH)
  12. ↑ Open IPTV Forum Solution Specification Volume 2a – HTTP Adaptive Streaming V2.1 Archived 2011-10-09 at the Wayback Machine
  13. ↑ "DASH Industry Forum | Catalyzing the adoption of MPEG-DASH". dashif.org.
  14. ↑ "HbbTV Specification 1.5" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 3, 2014.
  15. ↑ "Technologies | MPEG". mpeg.chiariglione.org.
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  17. ↑ "Towards Network-wide QoE Fairness using OpenFlow-assisted Adaptive Video Streaming". scholar.google.com.
  18. ↑ Bentaleb, Abdelhak; Taani, Bayan; Begen, Ali C.; Timmerer, Christian; Zimmermann, Roger (January 21, 2019). "A Survey on Bitrate Adaptation Schemes for Streaming Media Over HTTP". IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials. 21 (1): 562–585. doi: 10.1109/COMST.2018.2862938 . S2CID   67867085.
  19. ↑ "DASH over ICN/CCN | ITEC – Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP".
  20. ↑ "MPEG LA Announces Call for Patents to Organize Joint License for MPEG-DASH" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on August 7, 2015.
  21. ↑ "DASH Patent Portfolio License Briefing*" (PDF). MPEG LA . 2019-03-04. Retrieved 10 July 2019.
  22. ↑ "ExoPlayer". Android Developers. Retrieved 7 December 2021.
  23. ↑ Device Compatibility
  24. ↑ The Status of MPEG-DASH today, and why Youtube & Netflix use it in HTML5
  25. ↑ HTML5 Media Source Extensions
  26. ↑ "Video Player SDKs for flawless viewing | HTML5 Player". bitmovin.com. Archived from the original on July 3, 2015.
  27. ↑ "Encrypted Media Extensions". w3c.github.io.
  28. ↑ "This demo shows the Bitmovin Player displaying a 360° video with VR". bitmovin.com.
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  33. ↑ "Ultimate HTML5 Video-Player Showdown: 12 Players Compared". Cloudinary. 28 June 2020. Retrieved 7 December 2021.
  34. 1 2 3 DASH at ITEC, VLC Plugin, DASHEncoder and Dataset by C. Mueller, S. Lederer, C. Timmerer
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  36. ↑ "VLC 3.0 features". Archived from the original on 2020-07-30. Retrieved 2015-02-13.
  37. ↑ "HTTP Adaptive Streaming with GStreamer – coaxion.net – slomo's blog".
  38. ↑ libdash: Open-source DASH client library by bitmovin Gmbh
  39. ↑ "Video Player SDKs for flawless viewing | HTML5 Player". bitmovin.com.
  40. ↑ "Stream MPEG-DASH over HTTP with Wowza Streaming Engine". Wowza Media Systems.
  41. ↑ "DASH Streaming and Playlists". Archived from the original on 2017-08-31. Retrieved 2016-07-05.
  42. ↑ "MPEG-DASH streaming via Nimble Streamer - Softvelum". wmspanel.com.
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  44. ↑ "USP Factsheet". Archived from the original on 2015-04-21. Retrieved 2015-04-17.
  45. ↑ Akamai Announces Native MPEG-DASH and HDS Support for Live Video Workflows
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  52. 1 2 "Fragmentation, segmentation, splitting and interleaving · gpac/gpac Wiki". GitHub.
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  54. ↑ "Media Goom. Essential Adaptive Web Streaming with MPEG-DASH and HLS". Archived from the original on 2017-01-18.
  55. ↑ "Getting Started - Bento4". www.bento4.com.
  56. ↑ MPEG DASH Dataset Overview
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