JPEG 2000

JPEG 2000

Comparison of JPEG 2000 with the original JPEG format
Filename extension	.jp2, .j2k, .jpf, .jpm, .jpg2, .j2c, .jpc, .jpx, .mj2
Internet media type	image/jp2, image/jpx, image/jpm, video/mj2
Uniform Type Identifier (UTI)	public.jpeg-2000
Magic number	00 00 00 0C 6A 50 20 20 0D 0A 87 0A / FF 4F FF 51
Developed by	Joint Photographic Experts Group
Type of format	Graphics file format
Extended from	JPEG
Standard	ISO/IEC 15444
Open format?	Yes
Free format?	See § Legal status
Website	jpeg.org/jpeg2000/

JPEG 2000 (JP2) is an image compression standard and coding system. It was developed from 1997 to 2000 by a Joint Photographic Experts Group committee chaired by Touradj Ebrahimi (later the JPEG president), ^[1] with the intention of superseding their original JPEG standard (created in 1992), which is based on a discrete cosine transform (DCT), with a newly designed, wavelet-based method. The standardized filename extension is .jp2 for ISO/IEC 15444-1 conforming files and .jpx for the extended part-2 specifications, published as ISO/IEC 15444-2. The MIME types for JPEG 2000 are defined in RFC 3745. ^[2] The MIME type for JPEG 2000 (ISO/IEC 15444-1) is image/jp2.

The JPEG 2000 project was motivated by Ricoh's submission in 1995 of the CREW (Compression with Reversible Embedded Wavelets) algorithm ^{[3] [4]} to the standardization effort of JPEG-LS. Ultimately the LOCO-I algorithm was selected as the basis for JPEG-LS, but many of the features of CREW ended up in the JPEG 2000 standard. ^[5]

JPEG 2000 codestreams are regions of interest that offer several mechanisms to support spatial random access or region of interest access at varying degrees of granularity. It is possible to store different parts of the same picture using different quality.

JPEG 2000 is a compression standard based on a discrete wavelet transform (DWT). The standard could be adapted for motion imaging video compression with the Motion JPEG 2000 extension. JPEG 2000 technology was selected as the video coding standard for digital cinema in 2004. ^[6] However, JPEG 2000 is generally not supported in web browsers for web pages as of 2024, ^[update] and hence is not generally used on the World Wide Web. Nevertheless, for those with PDF support, web browsers generally support JPEG 2000 in PDFs.

Design goals

While there is a modest increase in compression performance of JPEG 2000 compared to JPEG, the main advantage offered by JPEG 2000 is the significant flexibility of the codestream. The codestream obtained after compression of an image with JPEG 2000 is scalable in nature, meaning that it can be decoded in a number of ways; for instance, by truncating the codestream at any point, one may obtain a representation of the image at a lower resolution, or signal-to-noise ratio – see scalable compression. By ordering the codestream in various ways, applications can achieve significant performance increases. However, as a consequence of this flexibility, JPEG 2000 requires codecs that are complex and computationally demanding. Another difference, in comparison with JPEG, is in terms of visual artifacts: JPEG 2000 only produces ringing artifacts, manifested as blur and rings near edges in the image, while JPEG produces both ringing artifacts and 'blocking' artifacts, due to its 8×8 blocks.

JPEG 2000 has been published as an ISO standard, ISO/IEC 15444. The cost of obtaining all documents for the standard has been estimated at 2,718  CHF (US$2,720 as of 2015). ^[7]

Applications

Notable markets and applications intended to be served by the standard include:

• Consumer applications such as multimedia devices (e.g. digital cameras, personal digital assistants, 3G mobile phones, color facsimile, printers, scanners)
• Client/server communication (e.g. the Internet, image database, video streaming, video server)
• Military/surveillance (e.g. HD satellite images, Motion detection, network distribution and storage)
• Medical imagery, specifically the DICOM specifications for medical data interchange.
• Biometrics
• Remote sensing
• High-quality frame-based video recording, editing and storage.
• Live HDTV feed contribution (I-frame only video compression with low transmission latency), such as live HDTV feed of a sport event linked to the TV station studio
• Digital cinema, such as Digital Cinema Package
• Digitized Audio-visual contents and images for long term digital preservation
• World Meteorological Organization has built JPEG 2000 Compression into the new GRIB2 file format. The GRIB file structure is designed for global distribution of meteorological data. The implementation of JPEG 2000 compression in GRIB2 has reduced file sizes up to 80%. ^[8]

Improvements over the 1992 JPEG standard

Top-to-bottom demonstration of the artifacts of JPEG 2000 compression. The numbers indicate the compression ratio used.

Multiple resolution representation

JPEG 2000 decomposes the image into a multiple resolution representation in the course of its compression process. This pyramid representation can be put to use for other image presentation purposes beyond compression.

Progressive transmission by pixel and resolution accuracy

These features are more commonly known as progressive decoding and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) scalability. JPEG 2000 provides efficient codestream organizations which are progressive by pixel accuracy and by image resolution (or by image size). This allows the viewer to see a lower quality version of the final picture before the whole file has been downloaded. The quality improves progressively as more data is downloaded from the source.

Choice of lossless or lossy compression

Like the Lossless JPEG standard, ^[9] the JPEG 2000 standard provides both lossless and lossy compression in a single compression architecture. Lossless compression is provided by the use of a reversible integer wavelet transform in JPEG 2000.

Error resilience

Like JPEG 1992, JPEG 2000 is robust to bit errors introduced by noisy communication channels, due to the coding of data in relatively small independent blocks.

Flexible file format

The JP2 and JPX file formats allow for handling of color-space information, metadata, and for interactivity in networked applications as developed in the JPEG Part 9 JPIP protocol.

High dynamic range support

JPEG 2000 supports bit depths of 1 to 38 bits per component. Supported color spaces include monochrome, 3 types of YCbCr, sRGB, PhotoYCC, CMY(K), YCCK and CIELab. It also later added support for CIEJab (CIECAM02), e-sRGB, ROMM, YPbPr and others. ^[10]

Side channel spatial information

Full support for transparency and alpha planes.^{[ citation needed ]}

JPEG 2000 image coding system – Parts

The JPEG 2000 image coding system (ISO/IEC 15444) consists of the following parts:

JPEG 2000 image coding system – Parts ^{[11] [12]}

Part	Number	public release date		Latest amend- ment	Identical ITU-T standard	Title	Description
		First edition	Current edition
Part 1	ISO/IEC 15444-1	2000	2024		T.800	Core coding system	the basic characteristics of JPEG 2000 compression (.jp2)
Part 2	ISO/IEC 15444-2	2004	2023 [13]		T.801	Extensions	(.jpx, .jpf, floating points)
Part 3	ISO/IEC 15444-3	2002	2007	2010 [14]	T.802	Motion JPEG 2000	(.mj2)
Part 4	ISO/IEC 15444-4	2002	2024		T.803	Conformance testing
Part 5	ISO/IEC 15444-5	2003	2021 [15]		T.804	Reference software	Java and C implementations
Part 6	ISO/IEC 15444-6	2003	2013		T.805	Compound image file format	(.jpm) e.g. document imaging, for pre-press and fax-like applications
Part 7	abandoned [11]					Guideline of minimum support function of ISO/IEC 15444-1 [16]	(Technical Report on Minimum Support Functions [17] )
Part 8	ISO/IEC 15444-8	2007	2023 [18]		T.807	Secure JPEG 2000	JPSEC (security aspects)
Part 9	ISO/IEC 15444-9	2005	2023 [19]		T.808	Interactivity tools, APIs and protocols	JPIP (interactive protocols and API)
Part 10	ISO/IEC 15444-10	2008	2011 [20]		T.809	Extensions for three-dimensional data	JP3D (volumetric imaging)
Part 11	ISO/IEC 15444-11	2007	2007	2013 [21]	T.810	Wireless	JPWL (wireless applications)
Part 12	ISO/IEC 15444-12 (withdrawn in 2017)	2004	2015 [22]			ISO base media file format
Part 13	ISO/IEC 15444-13	2008	2008 [23]		T.812	An entry-level JPEG 2000 encoder
Part 14	ISO/IEC 15444-14	2013 [24]			T.813	XML representation and reference	JPXML [25]
Part 15	ISO/IEC 15444-15	2019	2019		T.814	High-throughput JPEG 2000	HTJ2K and JPH file format
Part 16	ISO/IEC 15444-16	2019	2021 [26]		T.815	Encapsulation of JPEG 2000 images into ISO/IEC 23008-12	HEIF

Technical discussion

The aim of JPEG 2000 is not only improving compression performance over JPEG but also adding (or improving) features such as scalability and editability. JPEG 2000's improvement in compression performance relative to the original JPEG standard is actually rather modest and should not ordinarily be the primary consideration for evaluating the design. Very low and very high compression rates are supported in JPEG 2000. The ability of the design to handle a very large range of effective bit rates is one of the strengths of JPEG 2000. For example, to reduce the number of bits for a picture below a certain amount, the advisable thing to do with the first JPEG standard is to reduce the resolution of the input image before encoding it. That is unnecessary when using JPEG 2000, because JPEG 2000 already does this automatically through its multi-resolution decomposition structure. The following sections describe the algorithm of JPEG 2000.

According to the Royal Library of the Netherlands, "the current JP2 format specification leaves room for multiple interpretations when it comes to the support of ICC profiles, and the handling of grid resolution information". ^[27]

Color components transformation

Initially images have to be transformed from the RGB color space to another color space, leading to three components that are handled separately. There are two possible choices:

1. Irreversible Color Transform (ICT) uses the well known BT.601 YC_BC_R color space. It is called "irreversible" because it has to be implemented in floating or fix-point and causes round-off errors. The ICT shall be used only with the 9/7 wavelet transform.
2. Reversible Color Transform (RCT) uses a modified YUV color space (almost the same as YC_GC_O) that does not introduce quantization errors, so it is fully reversible. Proper implementation of the RCT requires that numbers be rounded as specified and cannot be expressed exactly in matrix form. The RCT shall be used only with the 5/3 wavelet transform. The transformations are:

${\displaystyle {\begin{array}{rl}Y&=&\left\lfloor {\frac {R+2G+B}{4}}\right\rfloor$ ;\\C_{B}&=&B-G;\\C_{R}&=&R-G;\end{array}}\qquad {\begin{array}{rl}G&=&Y-\left\lfloor {\frac {C_{B}+C_{R}}{4}}\right\rfloor ;\\R&=&C_{R}+G;\\B&=&C_{B}+G.\end{array}}}

If R, G, and B are normalized to the same precision, then numeric precision of C_B and C_R is one bit greater than the precision of the original components. This increase in precision is necessary to ensure reversibility. The chrominance components can be, but do not necessarily have to be, downscaled in resolution; in fact, since the wavelet transformation already separates images into scales, downsampling is more effectively handled by dropping the finest wavelet scale. This step is called multiple component transformation in the JPEG 2000 language since its usage is not restricted to the RGB color model. ^[28]

Tiling

After color transformation, the image is split into so-called tiles, rectangular regions of the image that are transformed and encoded separately. Tiles can be any size, and it is also possible to consider the whole image as one single tile. Once the size is chosen, all the tiles will have the same size (except optionally those on the right and bottom borders). Dividing the image into tiles is advantageous in that the decoder will need less memory to decode the image and it can opt to decode only selected tiles to achieve a partial decoding of the image. The disadvantage of this approach is that the quality of the picture decreases due to a lower peak signal-to-noise ratio. Using many tiles can create a blocking effect similar to the older JPEG  1992 standard.

Wavelet transform

CDF 5/3 wavelet used for lossless compression

An example of the wavelet transform that is used in JPEG 2000. This is a 2nd-level CDF 9/7 wavelet transform.

These tiles are then wavelet-transformed to an arbitrary depth, in contrast to JPEG 1992 which uses an 8×8 block-size discrete cosine transform. JPEG 2000 uses two different wavelet transforms:

1. irreversible: the CDF 9/7 wavelet transform (developed by Ingrid Daubechies). ^[29] It is said to be "irreversible" because it introduces quantization noise that depends on the precision of the decoder.
2. reversible: a rounded version of the biorthogonal Le Gall–Tabatabai (LGT) 5/3 wavelet transform ^{[30] [29] [31]} (developed by Didier Le Gall and Ali J. Tabatabai). ^[32] It uses only integer coefficients, so the output does not require rounding (quantization) and so it does not introduce any quantization noise. It is used in lossless coding.

The wavelet transforms are implemented by the lifting scheme or by convolution.

Quantization

After the wavelet transform, the coefficients are scalar-quantized to reduce the number of bits to represent them, at the expense of quality. The output is a set of integer numbers which have to be encoded bit-by-bit. The parameter that can be changed to set the final quality is the quantization step: the greater the step, the greater is the compression and the loss of quality. With a quantization step that equals 1, no quantization is performed (it is used in lossless compression).

Coding

The result of the previous process is a collection of sub-bands which represent several approximation scales. A sub-band is a set of coefficients—real numbers which represent aspects of the image associated with a certain frequency range as well as a spatial area of the image.

The quantized sub-bands are split further into precincts, rectangular regions in the wavelet domain. They are typically sized so that they provide an efficient way to access only part of the (reconstructed) image, though this is not a requirement.

Precincts are split further into code blocks. Code blocks are in a single sub-band and have equal sizes—except those located at the edges of the image. The encoder has to encode the bits of all quantized coefficients of a code block, starting with the most significant bits and progressing to less significant bits by a process called the EBCOT scheme. EBCOT here stands for Embedded Block Coding with Optimal Truncation. In this encoding process, each bit plane of the code block gets encoded in three so-called coding passes, first encoding bits (and signs) of insignificant coefficients with significant neighbors (i.e., with 1-bits in higher bit planes), then refinement bits of significant coefficients and finally coefficients without significant neighbors. The three passes are called Significance Propagation, Magnitude Refinement and Cleanup pass, respectively.

In lossless mode all bit planes have to be encoded by the EBCOT, and no bit planes can be dropped.

The bits selected by these coding passes then get encoded by a context-driven binary arithmetic coder, namely the binary MQ-coder (as also employed by JBIG2). The context of a coefficient is formed by the state of its eight neighbors in the code block.

The result is a bit-stream that is split into packets where a packet groups selected passes of all code blocks from a precinct into one indivisible unit. Packets are the key to quality scalability (i.e., packets containing less significant bits can be discarded to achieve lower bit rates and higher distortion).

Packets from all sub-bands are then collected in so-called layers. The way the packets are built up from the code-block coding passes, and thus which packets a layer will contain, is not defined by the JPEG 2000 standard, but in general a codec will try to build layers in such a way that the image quality will increase monotonically with each layer, and the image distortion will shrink from layer to layer. Thus, layers define the progression by image quality within the codestream.

The problem is now to find the optimal packet length for all code blocks which minimizes the overall distortion in a way that the generated target bitrate equals the demanded bit rate.

While the standard does not define a procedure as to how to perform this form of rate–distortion optimization, the general outline is given in one of its many appendices: For each bit encoded by the EBCOT coder, the improvement in image quality, defined as mean square error, gets measured; this can be implemented by an easy table-lookup algorithm. Furthermore, the length of the resulting codestream gets measured. This forms for each code block a graph in the rate–distortion plane, giving image quality over bitstream length. The optimal selection for the truncation points, thus for the packet-build-up points is then given by defining critical slopes of these curves, and picking all those coding passes whose curve in the rate–distortion graph is steeper than the given critical slope. This method can be seen as a special application of the method of Lagrange multiplier which is used for optimization problems under constraints. The Lagrange multiplier, typically denoted by λ, turns out to be the critical slope, the constraint is the demanded target bitrate, and the value to optimize is the overall distortion.

Packets can be reordered almost arbitrarily in the JPEG 2000 bit-stream; this gives the encoder as well as image servers a high degree of freedom.

Already encoded images can be sent over networks with arbitrary bit rates by using a layer-progressive encoding order. On the other hand, color components can be moved back in the bit-stream; lower resolutions (corresponding to low-frequency sub-bands) could be sent first for image previewing. Finally, spatial browsing of large images is possible through appropriate tile or partition selection. All these operations do not require any re-encoding but only byte-wise copy operations.^{[ citation needed ]}

Compression ratio

This image shows the (accentuated) difference between an image saved as JPEG 2000 (quality 50%) and the original.

Comparison of JPEG, JPEG 2000, JPEG XR, and HEIF at similar file sizes.

Compared to the previous JPEG standard, JPEG 2000 delivers a typical compression gain in the range of 20%, depending on the image characteristics. Higher-resolution images tend to benefit more, where JPEG 2000's spatial-redundancy prediction can contribute more to the compression process. In very low-bitrate applications, studies have shown JPEG 2000 to be outperformed ^[33] by the intra-frame coding mode of H.264.

Computational complexity and performance

JPEG 2000 is much more complicated in terms of computational complexity in comparison with JPEG standard. Tiling, color component transform, discrete wavelet transform, and quantization could be done pretty fast, though entropy codec is time-consuming and quite complicated. EBCOT context modelling and arithmetic MQ-coder take most of the time of JPEG 2000 codec.

On CPU the main idea of getting fast JPEG 2000 encoding and decoding is closely connected with AVX/SSE and multithreading to process each tile in a separate thread. The fastest JPEG 2000 solutions utilize both CPU and GPU power to get high performance benchmarks. ^{[34] [35]}

File format and codestream

Similar to JPEG-1, JPEG 2000 defines both a file format and a codestream. Whereas JPEG 2000 entirely describes the image samples, JPEG-1 includes additional meta-information such as the resolution of the image or the color space that has been used to encode the image. JPEG 2000 images should—if stored as files—be boxed in the JPEG 2000 file format, where they get the .jp2 extension. The part-2 extension to JPEG 2000 (ISO/IEC 15444-2) enriches the file format by including mechanisms for animation or composition of several codestreams into one single image. This extended file format is called JPX, and should use the file extension .jpf, ^[36] although .jpx is also used. ^[37]

There is no standardized extension for codestream data because codestream data is not to be considered to be stored in files in the first place, though when done for testing purposes, the extension .jpc, .j2k or .j2c is commonly used.

Metadata

For traditional JPEG, additional metadata, e.g. lighting and exposure conditions, is kept in an application marker in the Exif format specified by the JEITA. JPEG 2000 chooses a different route, encoding the same metadata in XML form. The reference between the Exif tags and the XML elements is standardized by the ISO TC42 committee in the standard 12234-1.4.

Extensible Metadata Platform can also be embedded in JPEG 2000.

Legal status

ISO 15444 is covered by patents and the specification lists 17 patent holders, but the contributing companies and organizations agreed that licenses for its first part—the core coding system—can be obtained free of charge from all contributors. But this is not a formal guarantee. ^{[38] [39]} License and royalties may be required to use some extensions. ^{[40] [41]}

The JPEG committee has stated:

It has always been a strong goal of the JPEG committee that its standards should be implementable in their baseline form without payment of royalty and license fees... The up and coming JPEG 2000 standard has been prepared along these lines, and agreement reached with over 20 large organizations holding many patents in this area to allow use of their intellectual property in connection with the standard without payment of license fees or royalties. ^[42]

However, the JPEG committee acknowledged in 2004 that undeclared submarine patents may present a hazard:^{[ importance? ]}

It is of course still possible that other organizations or individuals may claim intellectual property rights that affect implementation of the standard, and any implementers are urged to carry out their own searches and investigations in this area. ^[43]

In ISO/IEC 15444-1:2016, the JPEG committee stated in "Annex L: Patent statement":

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) draw attention to the fact that it is claimed that compliance with this Recommendation | International Standard may involve the use of patents.

The complete list of intellectual property rights statements can be obtained from the ITU-T and ISO patent declaration databases (available at https://www.iso.org/iso-standards-and-patents.html)

ISO and IEC take no position concerning the evidence, validity and scope of these patent rights.

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this Recommendation | International Standard may be the subject of patent rights other than those identified in the above mentioned databases. ISO and IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.

Related standards

Several additional parts of the JPEG 2000 standard exist; amongst them are ISO/IEC 15444-2:2000, JPEG 2000 extensions defining the .jpx file format, featuring for example Trellis quantization, an extended file format and additional color spaces, ^[44] ISO/IEC 15444-4:2000, the reference testing and ISO/IEC 15444-6:2000, the compound image file format (.jpm), allowing compression of compound text/image graphics. ^[45]

Extensions for secure image transfer, JPSEC (ISO/IEC 15444-8), enhanced error-correction schemes for wireless applications, JPWL (ISO/IEC 15444-11) and extensions for encoding of volumetric images, JP3D (ISO/IEC 15444-10) are also already available from the ISO.

JPIP protocol for streaming JPEG 2000 images

In 2005, a JPEG 2000–based image browsing protocol, called JPIP was published as ISO/IEC 15444-9. ^[46] Within this framework, only selected regions of potentially huge images have to be transmitted from an image server on the request of a client, thus reducing the required bandwidth.

JPEG 2000 data may also be streamed using the ECWP and ECWPS protocols found within the ERDAS ECW/JP2 SDK.

Motion JPEG 2000

Main article: Motion JPEG 2000

Motion JPEG 2000, (MJ2), originally defined in Part 3 of the ISO Standard for JPEG2000 (ISO/IEC 15444-3:2002,) as a standalone document, has now been expressed by ISO/IEC 15444-3:2002/Amd 2:2003 in terms of the ISO Base format, ISO/IEC 15444-12 and in ITU-T Recommendation T.802. ^[47] It specifies the use of the JPEG 2000 format for timed sequences of images (motion sequences), possibly combined with audio, and composed into an overall presentation. ^{[48] [49]} It also defines a file format, ^[50] based on ISO base media file format (ISO 15444-12). Filename extensions for Motion JPEG 2000 video files are .mj2 and .mjp2 according to RFC 3745.

It is an open ISO standard and an advanced update to MJPEG (or MJ), which was based on the legacy JPEG format. Unlike common video formats, such as MPEG-4 Part 2, WMV, and H.264, MJ2 does not employ temporal or inter-frame compression. Instead, each frame is an independent entity encoded by either a lossy or lossless variant of JPEG 2000. Its physical structure does not depend on time ordering, but it does employ a separate profile to complement the data. For audio, it supports LPCM encoding, as well as various MPEG-4 variants, as "raw" or complement data. ^[51]

Motion JPEG 2000 (often referenced as MJ2 or MJP2) is considered as a digital archival format ^[52] by the Library of Congress though MXF_OP1a_JP2_LL (lossless JPEG 2000 wrapped in MXF operational pattern 1a) is preferred by the LOC Packard Campus for Audio-Visual Conservation.

ISO base media file format

ISO/IEC 15444-12 is identical with ISO/IEC 14496-12 (MPEG-4 Part 12) and it defines ISO base media file format. For example, Motion JPEG 2000 file format, MP4 file format or 3GP file format are also based on this ISO base media file format. ^{[53] [54] [55] [56] [57]}

GML JP2 georeferencing

The Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) has defined a metadata standard for georeferencing JPEG 2000 images with embedded XML using the Geography Markup Language (GML) format: GML in JPEG 2000 for Geographic Imagery Encoding (GMLJP2), version 1.0.0, dated 2006-01-18. ^[58] Version 2.0, entitled GML in JPEG 2000 (GMLJP2) Encoding Standard Part 1: Core was approved 2014-06-30. ^[58]

JP2 and JPX files containing GMLJP2 markup can be located and displayed in the correct position on the Earth's surface by a suitable Geographic Information System (GIS), in a similar way to GeoTIFF and GTG images.

Application support

Applications

Application support for JPEG 2000

Program	Part 1		Part 2		License
	Read	Write	Read	Write
ACDSee	Yes	Yes	?	?	Proprietary
Acorn [59]	Yes	Yes	?	?	Proprietary
Affinity Photo [Note 1]	Yes	No	No	No	Proprietary
Apple iPhoto	Yes	No	Yes	No	Proprietary
Autodesk AutoCAD [ clarification needed ]	Yes	Yes	Yes	?	Proprietary
BAE Systems CoMPASS	Yes	No	Yes	No	Proprietary
Blender [60]	Yes	Yes	?	?	GPL
Phase One Capture One	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Proprietary
Chasys Draw IES	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Freeware
CineAsset	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Proprietary
CompuPic Pro	Yes	Yes	?	?	Proprietary
Corel Photo-Paint	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Proprietary
Daminion [61]	Yes	No	Yes	No	Proprietary
darktable [62]	?	Yes	?	?	GPL
DBGallery	Yes	No	Yes	No	Proprietary
digiKam [63] [64] (KDE [65] )	Yes	Yes	?	?	GPL
ECognition	Yes	Yes	?	?	Proprietary
ENVI	Yes	Yes	?	?	Proprietary
ERDAS IMAGINE	Yes	Yes	?	?	Proprietary
evince (PDF 1.5 embedding)	Yes	No	No	No	GPL v2
FastStone Image Viewer	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Freeware
FastStone MaxView	Yes	No	Yes	No	Proprietary
FotoGrafix 2.0	No	No	No	No	Proprietary
FotoSketcher 2.70	No	No	No	No	Proprietary
GIMP 2.7 [66]	Yes	Plug-in	?	?	GPL
Global Mapper	Yes	Yes	No	No	Proprietary
GNOME Web	Yes	—	?	—	GPL
Google Chrome	PDF	No	?	No	Freeware
GraphicConverter	Yes	Yes	Yes	?	Shareware
Gwenview (KDE [65] )	Yes	Yes	?	?	GPL
IDL	Yes	Yes	?	?	Proprietary
ImageGlass [67]	Yes	No	No	No	GPL [68]
ImageMagick	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	ImageMagick License
Imagine (with a plugin) [69]	Yes	No	No	No	Freeware
IrfanView	Yes	Yes	No	No	Freeware
KolourPaint (KDE [65] )	Yes	Yes	?	?	2-clause BSD
Krita	Yes	No	?	No	GPL
LEADTOOLS [70] [71]	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Proprietary
Lightroom	No	No	No	No	Proprietary
Mathematica	Yes	Yes	No	No	Proprietary
Matlab	via toolbox	via toolbox	via toolbox	via toolbox	Proprietary
Mozilla Firefox [Note 2]	PDF, plugin	—	?	—	MPL
Opera	PDF	—	?	—	Proprietary
PaintShop Pro	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Proprietary
PhotoFiltre	No	No	No	No	Proprietary
PhotoLine	Yes	Yes	?	?	Proprietary
Photoshop [Note 3]	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Proprietary
Picture Window Pro 7	Yes	No	?	No	Proprietary
Pixel image editor	Yes	Yes	?	?	Proprietary
Pixelmator Pro [72]	Yes	Yes	?	?	Proprietary
Preview [Note 4]	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Proprietary
QGIS (with a plugin)	Yes	Yes	?	?	GPL
Safari [Note 5]	PDF	—	—	—	Proprietary
Seashore [73]	Yes	Yes	?	?	GPL
SilverFast	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Proprietary
XnView	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Proprietary
Ziproxy	Yes	Yes	No	No	GPL

1. .jpf files open but are unusable.
2. Mozilla support for JPEG 2000 was requested in April 2000, but the report was closed as WONTFIX in August 2009. There is an extension that adds support to older versions of Firefox.
3. Adobe Photoshop CS2 and CS3's official JPEG 2000 plug-in package is not installed by default and must be manually copied from the install disk/folder to the Plug-Ins > File Formats folder.
4. Tested with Preview.app 7.0 in Mac OS 10.9
5. Safari 18 dropped support for JPEG-2000 images. Older versions of Safari since Safari 5 supported JPEG-2000 images.

Libraries

Library support for JPEG 2000

Program	Part 1		Part 2		Language	License
	Read	Write	Read	Write
Grok	Yes	Yes	Partial	No	C++	AGPL
JasPer	Yes	Yes	No	No	C	JasPer Software License
Kakadu	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	C++	Proprietary
OpenJPEG	Yes	Yes	Partial	Partial	C	2-clause BSD

See also

• AVIF
• Comparison of graphics file formats
• Digital cinema
• DjVu  – a compression format that also uses wavelets and that is designed for use on the web.
• ECW  – a wavelet compression format that compares well to JPEG 2000.
• High bit rate media transport
• JPEG-LS – another lossless image compression standard from JPEG.
• JPEG XL - Long-term replacement for JPEG.
• JPIP  – JPEG 2000 Interactive Protocol
• MrSID  – a wavelet compression format that compares well to JPEG 2000
• PGF  – a fast wavelet compression format that compares well to JPEG 2000
• QuickTime  – a multimedia framework, application and web browser plugin developed by Apple, capable of encoding, decoding and playing various multimedia files (including JPEG 2000 images by default).
• Video compression picture types
• Wavelet
• WebP  – an image format related to WebM, supporting lossy and lossless compression

References

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Sources

• Official JPEG 2000 page
• Final Committee Drafts of JPEG 2000 standard (as the official JPEG 2000 standard is not freely available, the final drafts are the most accurate freely available documentation about this standard)
• Gormish Notes on JPEG 2000
• Technical overview of JPEG 2000 (PDF)

External links

• Official website
• ITU-T T.800 JPEG 2000 image coding system: Core coding system on itu.int
• nvJPEG2000 – Nvidia's CUDA decoder and encoder