Swiss franc

Last updated

Swiss franc
CHF Banknotes 9th series obverse.png CHF coins.jpg
9th Series Banknotes Coins
ISO 4217
CodeCHF (numeric:756)
Subunit 0.01
Unit
Plural
Symbol None. Abbreviations used:
Nickname
  • Swiss German (one selection, terms vary in different dialects):

Füfräppler for a 5 centimes coin; Zëhräppler for a 10 centimes coin; Zwänzgräppler for a 20 centimes coin; [6] Stutz [7] or Franke [8] for a 1 franc coin or change in general; Füüfliiber for a 5 francs coin; [9] Rappe and Batze are specifically used for coin below 1 franc, but also figuratively for change in general [10] [11]

Contents

  • Swiss Standard German: Einfränkler for a 1 franc coin; Zweifränkler for a 2 francs coin; Hunderter for a 100 francs note; Ameise for a 1000 francs note
  • Swiss French: balle(s) for ≥ 1 franc; thune for a 5 franc coin
  • Swiss Italian:
Denominations
Subunit
 1⁄100
Banknotes
 Freq. used10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 1000 Francs
Coins
 Freq. used5, 10, 20 Centimes, 1⁄2, 1, 2, 5 Francs
Demographics
Official user(s)
Unofficial user(s) Flag of Germany.svg Büsingen am Hochrhein, Germany [lower-alpha 2]
Issuance
Central bank Swiss National Bank
 Website www.snb.ch
Printer Orell Füssli
 Website www.orellfuessli.com
Mint Swissmint
 Website www.swissmint.ch
Valuation
Inflation 2.1% in 2023
 Source Statistik Schweiz
 Method Consumer price index

The Swiss franc, [lower-alpha 3] or simply the franc, [lower-alpha 4] is the currency and legal tender of Switzerland and Liechtenstein. It is also legal tender in the Italian exclave of Campione d'Italia which is surrounded by Swiss territory. [12] The Swiss National Bank (SNB) issues banknotes and the federal mint Swissmint issues coins.

It is also designated through currency signs Fr. [lower-alpha 5] (in German language), fr. (in French, Italian, Romansh languages), as well as in any other language, or internationally as CHF which stands for Confoederatio Helvetica Franc. [1] [14] [15] This acronym also serves as the ISO 4217 currency code, used by banks and financial institutions.

The smaller denomination, a hundredth of a franc, is a Rappen (Rp.) in German, centime (c.) in French, centesimo (ct.) in Italian, and rap (rp.) in Romansh.

The official symbols Fr. (German symbol) and fr. (Latin languages) are widely used by businesses and advertisers, also for the English language. According to Art. 1 SR/RS 941.101 of the federal law collection the internationally official abbreviation – besides the national languages – however is CHF, [1] also in English; respective guides also request to use the ISO 4217 code. [5] [2] [3] [4] The use of SFr. for Swiss Franc and fr.sv. are outdated. [2] [3] [4] As previously indicated Latinate "CH" stands for Confoederatio Helvetica ; given the different languages used in Switzerland, Latin is used for language-neutral inscriptions on its coins.

History

Before the Helvetic Republic

French ecu stamped "40 BZ" (batzen) in Bern became 4 franken under the Helvetic Republic LaubtalerGegenstempel.jpg
French ecu stamped "40 BZ" (batzen) in Bern became 4 franken under the Helvetic Republic

Before 1798, about 75 entities were making coins in Switzerland, including the 25 cantons and half-cantons, 16 cities, and abbeys, resulting in about 860 different coins in circulation, with different values, denominations and monetary systems. [16] However, the origins of a majority of these currencies can be traced to either the French livre tournois (the predecessor of the French franc) or the South German gulden of the 17th century. The new Swiss currencies emerged in the 18th century after Swiss cantons did not follow the pace of depreciations which occurred in France and Germany. However, they mostly existed only in small change as they were little more than community currency, current in one canton but not in the other, and foreign coins like French francs and kronenthalers were more recognized as currency all over Switzerland. [17]

A high-level summary of existing currencies at the end of the 18th century is shown below, including their equivalents in terms of the French écu of 26.67 g fine silver, the South German kronenthaler of 25.71 g fine silver, and Swiss francs of 4.5 g fine silver. [18]

Table of important Swiss cantonal currencies
UnitOriginUnits
per écu		Units per
kronenthaler		CHF per
unit
Bern livrelivre4.003.901.465 F
Geneva livrelivre3.6433.5361.616 F
South German gulden gulden2.802.702.116 F
Zurich guldengulden2.502.452.332 F
Central Swiss guldengulden3.002.9251.954 F

The livre of Bern and most western Swiss cantons like Basel, Aargau, Fribourg, Vaud, Valais, Lausanne, Neuchâtel and Solothurn originated from the French livre tournois.

Geneva had its own currency, the florin petite monnaie, with 3+1⁄2 florins equal to the livre courant. After 1641, the Spanish dollar was worth 10+1⁄2 florins or 3 livres. Afterwards, the écu was valued at 12+3⁄4 florins or 3+9⁄14 livres, while the kronenthaler was valued at 12+3⁄8 florins or 3+15⁄28 livres. See also Geneva thaler and Geneva genevoise.

Many currencies of central and eastern Switzerland originated from the South German gulden. It was divided into 40 schilling or 60 kreuzer, and the thaler was worth 2 gulden. After 1690, this gulden was worth 1⁄2 a Reichsthaler specie, or 12.992 g fine silver. After 1730, the different guilders of Southern Germany and Switzerland fragmented under varying rates of depreciation. The South German gulden, worth 1⁄24 a Cologne mark (233.856 g) of fine silver, also applied to the Swiss cantons of St. Gallen, Appenzell, Schaffhausen and Thurgau. The French écu was valued at 2.8 gulden, while the kronenthaler was valued at 2.7 gulden. See St. Gallen thaler.

The cantons of Zurich, Schwyz and Glarus, however, maintained a stronger gulden worth 1⁄22 a Cologne mark of fine silver. The French écu was valued at 2+1⁄2 gulden, while the kronenthaler was valued at 2+18⁄40 gulden; see Zürich thaler and Schwyz gulden. On the other hand, the central Swiss cantons of Luzern, Uri, Zug and Unterwalden maintained a weaker gulden vs the South German gulden. The French écu was valued at 3 gulden, while the kronenthaler was valued at 2+37⁄40 gulden (see Luzern gulden).

Helvetic Republic to Regeneration, 1798–1847

In 1798, the Helvetic Republic introduced the franc or frank, modelled on the Bern livre worth 1⁄4 the écu, subdivided into 10 batzen or 100 rappen (centimes). It contained 6+2⁄3 grams of fine silver and was initially worth 1+1⁄2 livres tournois or 1.48 French francs. [20]

This franc was issued until the end of the Helvetic Republic in 1803, but served as the model for the currencies of several cantons in the Mediation period (1803–1814). These 19 cantonal currencies were the Appenzell frank, Argovia frank, Basel frank, Berne frank, Fribourg frank, Geneva franc, Glarus frank, Graubünden frank, Luzern frank, St. Gallen frank, Schaffhausen frank, Schwyz frank, Solothurn frank, Thurgau frank, Ticino franco, Unterwalden frank, Uri frank, Vaud franc, and Zürich frank.

After 1815, the restored Swiss Confederacy attempted to simplify the system of currencies once again. As of 1820, a total of 8,000 distinct coins were current in Switzerland: those issued by cantons, cities, abbeys, and principalities or lordships, mixed with surviving coins of the Helvetic Republic and the pre-1798 Helvetic Republic. In 1825, the cantons of Bern, Basel, Fribourg, Solothurn, Aargau, and Vaud formed a monetary concordate, issuing standardised coins, the so-called Konkordanzbatzen, still carrying the coat of arms of the issuing canton, but interchangeable and identical in value. The reverse side of the coin displayed a Swiss cross with the letter C in the center.

Franc of the Swiss Confederation, 1850–present

The Konkordanzbatzen among the Swiss cantons agreeing on an exclusive issue of currency in francs and batzen failed to replace the over 8,000 different coins and notes in circulation. Despite introduction of the first Swiss franc, the South German kronenthaler became the more desirable coin to use in the 19th century, and it was still quoted in pre-1798 currency equivalents. Furthermore, less than 15% of Swiss money in circulation was in local currency, since French and German gold and silver trade coins proved to be more desirable means of exchange. [17] A final problem was that the first Swiss franc was based on the French écu which was being phased out by France in the 19th century.

To solve this problem, the new Swiss Federal Constitution of 1848 specified that the federal government would be the only entity allowed to issue money in Switzerland. This was followed two years later by the first Federal Coinage Act, passed by the Federal Assembly on 7 May 1850, which introduced the franc as the monetary unit of Switzerland.

The Swiss franc was introduced at par with the French franc, at 4.5 g fine silver or 9⁄31 g = 0.29032 g fine gold (ratio 15.5). The currencies of the Swiss cantons were converted to Swiss francs by first restating their equivalents in German kronenthaler (écu brabant) of 25+5⁄7 grams fine silver, and then to Swiss francs at the rate of 7 écu brabant = 40 Swiss francs. The first franc worth 1⁄4th the French écu was converted at 1.4597 Swiss francs. [21]

Exchange rates with the euro and U.S. dollar, 2003-2006 SwissFrancVsEuroDollar.png
Exchange rates with the euro and U.S. dollar, 2003–2006

In 1865, France, Belgium, Italy, and Switzerland formed the Latin Monetary Union, in which they agreed to value their national currencies to a standard of 4.5 grams of fine silver or 0.290322 grams fine gold, equivalent to US$1 = CHF 5.1826 until 1934. Even after the monetary union faded away in the 1920s and officially ended in 1927, the Swiss franc remained on that standard until 27 September 1936, when it suffered its sole devaluation during the Great Depression. Following the devaluations of the British pound, U.S. dollar and French franc, the Swiss franc was devalued 30% to 0.20322 grams fine gold, equivalent to US$1 = CHF 4.37295. [22] In 1945, Switzerland joined the Bretton Woods system with its exchange rate to the dollar fixed until 1970. [23]

The Swiss franc has historically been considered a safe-haven currency, with a legal requirement that a minimum of 40% be backed by gold reserves. [24] However, this link to gold, which dated from the 1920s, was terminated on 1 May 2000 following a referendum, making the franc fiat money. [25] [26] By March 2005, following a gold-selling program, the Swiss National Bank held 1,290 tonnes of gold in reserves, which equated to 20% of its assets. [27]

In November 2014, the referendum on the "Swiss Gold Initiative", which proposed a restoration of 20% gold backing for the Swiss franc, was voted down. [28]

2011–2014: Big movements and capping

Euro - Swiss franc exchange rate from 1999 Euro exchange rate to CHF.svg
Euro – Swiss franc exchange rate from 1999

The onset of the Greek sovereign debt crisis resulted in a strong appreciation in the value of the Swiss franc, past US$1.10 (CHF 0.91 per USD) in March 2011, to US$1.20 (CHF 0.833 per USD) in June 2011, and to US$1.30 (CHF 0.769 per USD) in August 2011. [29] This prompted the Swiss National Bank to boost the franc's liquidity to try to counter its "massive overvaluation". [30] The Economist argued that its Big Mac Index in July 2011 indicated an overvaluation of 98% over the dollar, and cited Swiss companies releasing profit warnings and threatening to move operations out of the country due to the strength of the franc. [31] Demand for francs and franc-denominated assets was so strong that nominal short-term Swiss interest rates became negative. [32]

On 6 September 2011, the day after the franc traded at 1.11 CHF/€ and appeared headed to parity with the euro, the SNB set a minimum exchange rate of 1.20 CHF to the euro ('capping' the franc's appreciation), saying "the value of the franc is a threat to the economy", [33] and that it was "prepared to buy foreign currency in unlimited quantities". [34] In response to this announcement the franc fell against the euro from 1.11 to 1.20 CHF, against the U.S. dollar from 0.787 to 0.856 CHF, and against all 16 of the most active currencies on the same day. [35] It was the largest plunge of the franc ever against the euro. [36]

The intervention stunned currency traders, since the franc had long been regarded as a safe haven. [37] [38] The SNB had previously set an exchange rate target in 1978 against the Deutsche mark and maintained it,[ clarification needed ] although at the cost of high inflation. [39] Until mid-January 2015, the franc continued to trade below the target level set by the SNB, [40] though the ceiling was broken at least once on 5 April 2012, albeit briefly. [41]

End of capping

On 18 December 2014, the Swiss central bank introduced a negative interest rate on bank deposits to support its CHF ceiling. [42] However, with the euro declining in value over the following weeks, in a move dubbed Francogeddon [43] [44] [45] [46] for its effect on markets, the Swiss National Bank abandoned the ceiling on 15 January 2015, and the franc promptly increased in value compared with the euro by 30%, although this only lasted a few minutes before part of the increase was reversed. [47] The move was not announced in advance and resulted in "turmoil" in stock and currency markets. [48] By the close of trading that day, the franc was up 23% against the euro and 21% against the US dollar. [49] The full daily appreciation of the franc was equivalent to $31,000 per single futures contract: more than the market had moved collectively[ clarification needed ] in the previous thousand days. [50] The key CHF interest rate was also lowered from −0.25% to −0.75%, meaning depositors would be paying an increased fee to keep their funds in a Swiss bank account. This devaluation of the euro against the franc was expected to hurt Switzerland's large export industry. The Swatch Group, for example, saw its shares drop 15% (in Swiss franc terms) with the announcements [47] so that the share price may have increased on that day in terms of other major currencies.

The large and unexpected jump caused major losses for some currency traders. Alpari, a Russian-owned spread betting firm established in the UK, temporarily declared insolvency before announcing its desire to be acquired (and later denied rumours of an acquisition) by FXCM. [51] [52] FXCM was bailed out by its parent company. [53] Saxo Bank of Denmark reported losses on 19 January 2015. [54] New Zealand foreign exchange broker Global Brokers NZ announced it "could no longer meet New Zealand regulators' minimum capital requirements" and terminated its business. [55]

Coins

Coins before the Helvetic Republic

Coins before 1700 were based on either the French livre tournois system (in Louis d'Argent, Louis d'Or and fractions) or the South German gulden system (in Reichsthalers, florins and fractions). After 1700 Swiss cantonal currencies diverged from the value of the French and German units. However, they mostly existed only in small change as they were a mere community currency, current in one canton but not in the other, and foreign coins like French francs and Brabant dollars were more recognized as currency all over Switzerland. [17]

Coins of the Helvetic Republic

16 franc gold coin of the Helvetic Republic (1800) 16 Franken 1800 HR 681735.jpg
16 franc gold coin of the Helvetic Republic (1800)

Between 1798 and 1803, billon coins were issued in denominations of 1 centime, 1⁄2 batzen, and 1 batzen. Silver coins were issued for 10, 20 and 40 batzen (also denominated 4 francs), matching with French coins worth 1⁄4, 1⁄2 and 1 écu. Gold 16- and 32-franc coins were issued in 1800, also matching with French coins worth 24 and 48 livres tournois. [56]

Coins of the Swiss Confederation

In 1850, coins were introduced in denominations of 1 centime, 2 centimes, 5 centimes, 10 centimes 20 centimes, 1⁄2 franc, 1 franc, 2 francs, and 5 francs. The 1 centime and 2 centime coins were struck in bronze; the 5 centimes, 10 centime and 20 centime in billon (with 5% to 15% silver content); and the 1⁄2 franc, 1 franc, 2 franc and 5 franc in .900 fine silver. Between 1860 and 1863, .800 fine silver was used, before the standard used in France of .835 fineness was adopted for all silver coins except the 5 francs (which remained .900 fineness) in 1875. In 1879, billon was replaced by cupronickel in the 5 centime and 10 centime coins and by nickel in the 20 centime piece. [57] Gold coins in denominations of 10, 20, and 100 francs, known as Vreneli, circulated until 1936. [58]

Both world wars only had a small effect on the Swiss coinage, with brass and zinc coins temporarily being issued. In 1931, the mass of the 5 franc coin was reduced from 25 grams to 15, with the silver content reduced to .835 fineness. The next year, nickel replaced cupronickel in the 5 centime and 10 centime coins. [59]

In the late 1960s, the prices of internationally traded commodities rose significantly. A silver coin's metal value exceeded its monetary value, and many were being sent abroad for melting, which prompted the federal government to make this practice illegal. [60] The statute was of little effect, and the melting of francs only subsided when the collectible value of the remaining francs again exceeded their material value.[ citation needed ]

The 1 centime coin was still produced until 2006, albeit in ever decreasing quantities, but its importance declined. Those who could justify the use of 1 centime coins for monetary purposes could obtain them at face value; any other user (such as collectors) had to pay an additional four centimes per coin to cover the production costs, which had exceeded the actual face value of the coin for many years. The coin fell into disuse in the late 1970s and early 1980s, but was only officially fully withdrawn from circulation and declared to be no longer legal tender on 1 January 2007. The long-forgotten 2 centime coin, not minted since 1974, was demonetized on 1 January 1978. [59]

5 Swiss francs coin minted in 1889 5chf1889.png
5 Swiss francs coin minted in 1889

The designs of the coins have changed very little since 1879. Among the notable changes were new designs for the 5 francs coins in 1888, 1922, 1924 (minor), and 1931 (mostly just a size reduction). A new design for the bronze coins was used from 1948. Coins depicting a ring of stars (such as the 1 franc coin seen beside this paragraph) were altered from 22 stars to 23 stars in 1983; since the stars represent the Swiss cantons, the design was updated when in 1979 Jura seceded from the Canton of Bern and became the 23rd canton of the Swiss Confederation. [59]

1 Swiss franc coin minted in 1995 Einfranken.jpg
1 Swiss franc coin minted in 1995

The 10 centime coins from 1879 onwards (except the years 1918–19 and 1932–1939) have had the same composition, size, and design to present and are still legal tender and found in circulation. [59] For this, the coin entered the Guinness Book of Records as the oldest original currency in circulation. [61]

3D animation of the surface of a 1⁄2-franc coin

All Swiss coins are language-neutral with respect to Switzerland's four national languages, featuring only numerals, the abbreviation "Fr." for franc, and the Latin phrases Helvetia or Confœderatio Helvetica (depending on the denomination) or the inscription Libertas (Roman goddess of liberty) on the small coins. The name of the artist is present on the coins with the standing Helvetia and the herder.

In addition to these general-circulation coins, numerous series of commemorative coins have been issued, as well as silver and gold coins. These coins are no longer legal tender, but can in theory be exchanged at face value at post offices, and at national and cantonal banks, [62] although their metal or collectors' value equals or exceeds their face value.

Overview of current Swiss coins [63]
ValueDiameter
(mm)		Thickness
(mm)		Mass
(g)		CompositionRemarks
5 centimes17.151.251.8 Aluminium bronze Made in cupronickel or pure nickel until 1980
10 centimes19.151.453 Cupronickel Made in current minting since 1879
20 centimes21.051.654Cupronickel
1⁄2 franc18.201.252.2CupronickelIn silver until 1967
1 franc23.201.554.4CupronickelIn silver until 1967
2 francs27.402.158.8CupronickelIn silver until 1967
5 francs31.452.3513.2CupronickelIn silver until 1967 and in 1969; 25 g mass until 1930

Banknotes

Fine print of a CHF 20 banknote, with distances between earth and various celestial bodies in light-seconds 20 CHF banknote (2017).jpg
Fine print of a CHF 20 banknote, with distances between earth and various celestial bodies in light-seconds

In 1907, the Swiss National Bank took over the issuance of banknotes from the cantons and various banks. It introduced denominations of 50, 100, 500 and 1000 francs. [64] Twenty-franc notes were introduced in 1911, followed by 5-franc notes in 1913. [65] In 1914, the Federal Treasury issued paper money in denominations of 5, 10 and 20 francs. These notes were issued in three different versions: French, German and Italian. [66] The State Loan Bank also issued 25-franc notes that year. In 1952, the national bank ceased issuing 5-franc notes but introduced 10-franc notes in 1955. In 1996, 200-franc notes were introduced whilst the 500-franc note was discontinued.

Nine series of banknotes have been printed by the Swiss National Bank, seven of which have been released for use by the general public, the fourth and seventh being reserved and never issued. The sixth series from 1976, designed by Ernst and Ursula Hiestand  [ de ], depicted persons from the world of science. This series was recalled on 1 May 2000 and is no longer legal tender, but notes can still be exchanged for valid ones of the same face value at any National Bank branch or authorized agent, or mailed in by post to the National Bank in exchange for a bank account deposit. The exchange program originally was due to end on 30 April 2020, after which sixth-series notes would lose all value. [67] As of 2016, 1.1 billion francs' worth of sixth-series notes had not yet been exchanged, even though they had not been legal tender for 16 years and only 4 more years remained to exchange them. To avoid having to expire such large amounts of money in 2020, the Federal Council (cabinet) and National Bank proposed in April 2017 to remove the time limit on exchanges for the sixth and future recalled series. [68] [69] As of 2020, this proposal was enacted, so old banknote series will not expire.

The seventh series was printed in 1984, but kept as a "reserve series", ready to be used if, for example, wide counterfeiting of the current series suddenly happened. When the Swiss National Bank decided to develop new security features and to abandon the concept of a reserve series, the details of the seventh series were released and the printed notes were destroyed. [70] The eighth series of banknotes was designed by Jörg Zintzmeyer  [ de ] around the theme of the arts and released starting in 1995. In addition to its new vertical design, this series was different from the previous one on several counts. Probably the most important difference from a practical point of view was that the seldom-used 500-franc note was replaced by a new 200-franc note; this new note has indeed proved more successful than the old 500-franc note. [lower-alpha 6] The base colours of the new notes were kept similar to the old ones, except that the 20-franc note was changed from blue to red to prevent a frequent confusion with the 100-franc note, and that the 10-franc note was changed from red to yellow. The size of the notes was changed as well, with all notes from the eighth series having the same height (74 mm), while the widths were changed as well, still increasing with the value of the notes. The new series contain many more security features than the previous ones; [71] many of them are now visibly displayed and have been widely advertised, in contrast with the previous series for which most of the features were kept secret.

Eighth series of Swiss banknotes [72]
ImageValueDimensionsMain colourObverseDate of issueDate of withdrawalRemarks
ObverseReverse
CHF10 8 front horizontal.jpg CHF10 8 back horizontal.jpg 10 francs126 × 74 mmYellow Le Corbusier 8 April 199530 April 2021
CHF20 8 front horizontal.jpg CHF20 8 back horizontal.jpg 20 francs137 × 74 mmRed Arthur Honegger 1 October 199430 April 2021
CHF50 8 front horizontal.jpg CHF50 8 back horizontal.jpg 50 francs148 × 74 mmGreen Sophie Taeuber-Arp 3 October 199530 April 2021
CHF100 8 front horizontal.jpg CHF100 8 back horizontal.jpg 100 francs159 × 74 mmBlue Alberto Giacometti 1 October 199830 April 2021
CHF200 8 front horizontal.jpg CHF200 8 back horizontal.jpg 200 francs170 × 74 mmBrown Charles-Ferdinand Ramuz 1 October 199730 April 2021Replaced the 500-franc banknote in the previous series
CHF1000 8 front horizontal.jpg CHF1000 8 back horizontal.jpg 1000 francs181 × 74 mmPurple Jacob Burckhardt 1 April 199830 April 2021
These images are to scale at 0.7 pixel per millimetre. For table standards, see the banknote specification table.

All banknotes are quadrilingual, displaying all information in the four national languages. With the eighth series, the banknotes depicting a Germanophone person have German and Romansch on the same side as the picture, whereas banknotes depicting a Francophone or an Italophone person have French and Italian on the same side as the picture. The reverse has the other two languages.

When the fifth series lost its validity at the end of April 2000, the banknotes that had not been exchanged represented a total value of 244.3 million Swiss francs; in accordance with Swiss law, this amount was transferred to the Swiss Fund for Emergency Losses in the Case of Non-insurable Natural Disasters. [73]

In February 2005, a competition was announced for the design of the ninth series, then planned to be released around 2010 on the theme "Switzerland open to the world". The results were announced in November 2005. The National Bank selected the designs of Swiss graphic designer Manuela Pfrunder as the basis of the new series. The first denomination to be issued was the 50-franc note on 12 April 2016. It was followed by the 20-franc note (17 May 2017), the 10-franc note (18 October 2017), the 200-franc note (15 August 2018), the 1000-franc note (5 March 2019), and the 100-franc note (12 September 2019).

All banknotes from the eighth series were withdrawn on 30 April 2021, but, like banknotes of the sixth series withdrawn in 2000, remain indefinitely redeemable at the Swiss National Bank. [74]

9th (current) series of Swiss banknotes [75]
ImageValueDimensionsMain colourTheme
(a typically Swiss characteristic)		Obverse
(an action)		Reverse
(a Swiss location
and an object)		Date of issue
ObverseReverse
CHF 10 9 front.jpg CHF 10 9 back.jpg 10 francs70 × 123 mmYellowSwitzerland's organisational talent
Key motif: Time
  • A pair of female hands conducting the time with a baton.
  • Globe: around the International Date Line, "End of Day" (Bering Strait, Pacific Ocean), with the time zone borders drawn on top of it.
  • Clock faces form the background on the front of the note.
  • Security strip: The Swiss rail network and its longest tunnels are depicted on the security strip.
  • Two rail tracks connecting in the world's longest railway tunnel, the Gotthard Base Tunnel, part of the world's most dense railway network reducing the Time for traversing the Alps in Central Switzerland
  • Watch's movement : the watch's movement symbolises the country's strong organisational talent.
  • Rail network: The lines on the back of the note depict a section of Switzerland's rail network.
18 October 2017
CHF 20 9 front.jpg CHF 20 9 back.jpg 20 francs70 × 130 mmRedSwitzerland's creativity
Key motif: Light
  • A boyish right hand holding a prism into a light beam so that the light is dispersed into various colours.
  • Globe: 4 hours earlier (Pacific Ocean, North-America) and the motif of light is echoed in star constellations over the globe.
  • The background of the note is reminiscent of a kaleidoscope in which colourful patterns are produced through reflected light.
  • Security strip: Night-time light emissions are overlaid on a map of Switzerland and the surrounding regions, and the distances between various celestial bodies and the earth are listed in light seconds.
  • Light beaming a movie to a large outdoor screen on the Piazza Grande in Locarno during the Locarno Film Festival.
  • Butterfly: Light reveals the colour of the butterfly's wings and allows us to behold the rich diversity of nature.
  • Iris: The lines on the back portray an iris, which regulates the amount of light entering the human eye.
17 May 2017
CHF 50 9 front.jpg CHF 50 9 back.jpg 50 francs70 × 137 mmGreenWealth of experiences Switzerland offers
Key motif: Wind
  • Left hand holding a dandelion with flowing, silky pappi carried forth by the wind.
  • Globe: another 4 hours earlier (Africa, Atlantic Ocean, South America, North America) and the arrows on the globe show the direction of the winds that connect Switzerland with other regions and continents.
  • Background pattern: Wind flow arrows
  • Security strip: Mountains evoke Switzerland's varied landscapes. The security strip shows the Alps and lists the names of the main four-thousand-metre peaks in the Swiss Alps, from A for Aletschhorn to Z for Zumsteinspitze.
  • Wind streaming around the glaciated mountain peaks of the Swiss Alps.
  • Paraglider: The wind, the note's key motif, holds the paraglider aloft in the mountains.
  • Contour lines: The contour lines evoke Switzerland's varied landscapes.
12 April 2016
CHF 100 9 front.jpg CHF 100 9 back.jpg 100 francs70 × 144 mmBlueSwitzerland's humanitarian tradition
Key motif: Water
  • A pair of hands holding and providing water
  • Globe: another 4 hours earlier (Europe, Africa) and the isobars and contour lines drawn on a globe joining places of equal average high and low atmospheric pressure reduced to sea level for a specified period of time.
  • Security strip: The rivers flowing through Switzerland are shown and listed in the security strip.
  • Water flowing alongside a vertical mountain side in the dry Valais
  • wooden German: Suonen/French: des bisses
12 September 2019 [76]
CHF 200 9 front.jpg CHF 200 9 back.jpg 200 francs70 × 151 mmBrownSwitzerland's scientific expertise
Key motif: Matter
  • Right hand pointing to the three dimensions (right-hand rule)
  • Globe: another 4 hours earlier (Africa, Europe, Middle East, Indian Ocean, Asia) with the Earth's land masses during the Late Cretaceous period superimposed
  • Security strip: An abstract map of the geological ages of Switzerland and a timeline showing some of the stages in the formation of the universe are shown on the security strip.
22 August 2018 [76]
CHF 1000 9 front.jpg CHF 1000 9 back.jpg 1000 francs70 × 158 mmPurpleSwitzerland's communicative flair
Key motif: Language
  • Two right hands of different persons shaking hands
  • Globe: another 4 hours earlier, "Start of Day" (Eastern Asia, Australia) with IPA letters
  • Security strip: The map on the security strip shows the language regions of Switzerland and its neighbouring countries; in addition, the names of all Swiss cantons are listed.
  • Holding speeches in different languages in the Swiss parliament during the Federal Assembly at Bern
  • Relation graph
13 March 2019 [76]
For table standards, see the banknote specification table.

Circulation

Most traded currencies by value
Currency distribution of global foreign exchange market turnover [77]
Currency ISO 4217
code		 Symbols Proportion of daily volumeChange
(2019–2022)
April 2019April 2022
U.S. dollar USD$, US$88.3%88.5%Increase2.svg 0.2pp
Euro EUR€32.3%30.5%Decrease2.svg 1.8pp
Japanese yen JPY¥16.8%16.7%Decrease2.svg 0.1pp
Sterling GBP£12.8%12.9%Increase2.svg 0.1pp
Renminbi CNY¥4.3%7.0%Increase2.svg 2.7pp
Australian dollar AUD$, $A6.8%6.4%Decrease2.svg 0.4pp
Canadian dollar CAD$, Can$5.0%6.2%Increase2.svg 1.2pp
Swiss franc CHFFr., fr.4.9%5.2%Increase2.svg 0.3pp
Hong Kong dollar HKD$, HK$, 元3.5%2.6%Decrease2.svg 0.9pp
Singapore dollar SGD$, S$1.8%2.4%Increase2.svg 0.6pp
Swedish krona SEKkr, Skr2.0%2.2%Increase2.svg 0.2pp
South Korean won KRW₩2.0%1.9%Decrease2.svg 0.1pp
Norwegian krone NOKkr, Nkr1.8%1.7%Decrease2.svg 0.1pp
New Zealand dollar NZD$, $NZ2.1%1.7%Decrease2.svg 0.4pp
Indian rupee INR₹1.7%1.6%Decrease2.svg 0.1pp
Mexican peso MXN$, Mex$1.7%1.5%Decrease2.svg 0.2pp
New Taiwan dollar TWD$‎, NT$, 元0.9%1.1%Increase2.svg 0.2pp
South African rand ZARR1.1%1.0%Decrease2.svg 0.1pp
Brazilian real BRLR$1.1%0.9%Decrease2.svg 0.2pp
Danish krone DKKkr., DKr0.6%0.7%Increase2.svg 0.1pp
Polish złoty PLNzł‎, Zl0.6%0.7%Increase2.svg 0.1pp
Thai baht THB฿, B0.5%0.4%Decrease2.svg 0.1pp
Israeli new shekel ILS₪, NIS0.3%0.4%Increase2.svg 0.1pp
Indonesian rupiah IDRRp0.4%0.4%Steady2.svg
Czech koruna CZKKč, CZK0.4%0.4%Steady2.svg
UAE dirham AEDد.إ, Dh(s)0.2%0.4%Increase2.svg 0.2pp
Turkish lira TRY₺, TL1.1%0.4%Decrease2.svg 0.7pp
Hungarian forint HUFFt0.4%0.3%Decrease2.svg 0.1pp
Chilean peso CLP$, Ch$0.3%0.3%Steady2.svg
Saudi riyal SAR﷼, SRl(s)0.2%0.2%Steady2.svg
Philippine peso PHP₱0.3%0.2%Decrease2.svg 0.1pp
Malaysian ringgit MYRRM0.2%0.2%Steady2.svg
Colombian peso COP$, Col$0.2%0.2%Steady2.svg
Russian ruble RUB₽, руб1.1%0.2%Decrease2.svg 0.9pp
Romanian leu RON—, leu0.1%0.1%Steady2.svg
Peruvian sol PENS/.0.1%0.1%Steady2.svg
Bahraini dinar BHD.د.ب, BD0.0%0.0%Steady2.svg
Bulgarian lev BGNлв., lv., lev0.0%0.0%Steady2.svg
Argentine peso ARS$, Arg$0.1%0.0%Decrease2.svg 0.1pp
Other currencies1.8%2.3%Increase2.svg 0.5pp
Total:200.0%200.0%



The Swiss franc is the currency and legal tender of Switzerland and Liechtenstein and also legal tender in the Italian exclave of Campione d'Italia. Although not formally legal tender in the German exclave of Büsingen am Hochrhein (the sole legal currency is the euro), it is in wide daily use there; with many prices quoted in Swiss francs. The Swiss franc is the only version of the franc still issued in Europe.

As of March 2010, the total value of released Swiss coins and banknotes was 49.664 billion Swiss francs. [78]

Value of Swiss coins and banknotes in circulation as of March 2010 (in millions of CHF) [78]
Coins10 francs20 francs50 francs100 francs200 francs500 francs1000 francsTotal
2,695.4656.71,416.71,963.08,337.46,828.0129.927,637.149,664.0

Combinations of up to 100 circulating Swiss coins (not including special or commemorative coins) are legal tender; banknotes are legal tender for any amount. [79]

Current exchange rates

Current CHF exchange rates
From Google Finance: AUD CAD CNY EUR GBP HKD JPY USD TRY
From Yahoo! Finance: AUD CAD CNY EUR GBP HKD JPY USD TRY
From XE.com: AUD CAD CNY EUR GBP HKD JPY USD TRY
From OANDA: AUD CAD CNY EUR GBP HKD JPY USD TRY
US Dollar / Swiss Franc exchange rate Swiss Franc.webp
US Dollar / Swiss Franc exchange rate
.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{} Euro to Swiss Franc exchange rate Euro to Swiss Franc exchange rate.webp
   Euro to Swiss Franc exchange rate

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The Swiss franc is the official currency and the euro is widely accepted.
  2. ↑ The Swiss franc is widely accepted, although the euro is officially used.
  3. ↑ Swiss Standard German: Schweizer Franken, pronounced [ˈʃvaɪtsərˈfraŋkn̩] ⓘ ; French: franc suisse, pronounced [fʁɑ̃sɥis] ; Italian: franco svizzero, pronounced [ˈfraŋkoˈzvittsero] ; Romansh: franc svizzer.
  4. ↑ Swiss Standard German: Franken; French: franc; Italian: franco; Romansh: franc.
  5. ↑ Some fonts render the currency sign character "₣" (unicode: U+20A3 [13] ) as ligatured Fr, following the German language convention for the Swiss Franc. However, most fonts render the character as F with a strikethrough on the lower left, which is the unofficial sign of French Franc.
  6. ↑ The global value of those 200-franc notes in circulation in 2000 (5.1200 billion francs) was larger than the value of the 500-franc notes in 1996 (3.9123 billion), even when these figures are corrected for the global increase in total value of Swiss banknotes in circulation (+9%). Figures from the Monthly Statistical Bulletin of the Swiss National Bank, January 2006.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Franc</span> Name of several currency units

The franc is any of various units of currency. One franc is typically divided into 100 centimes. The name is said to derive from the Latin inscription francorum rex used on early French coins and until the 18th century, or from the French franc, meaning "frank".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thaler</span> Large silver coin used in 16th- to 19th-century Europe

A thaler or taler is one of the large silver coins minted in the states and territories of the Holy Roman Empire and the Habsburg monarchy during the Early Modern period. A thaler size silver coin has a diameter of about 40 mm and a weight of about 25 to 30 grams. The word is shortened from Joachimsthaler, the original thaler coin minted in Joachimsthal, Bohemia, from 1520.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">French franc</span> Currency of France from 1795 to 2002

The franc, also commonly distinguished as the French franc (FF), was a currency of France. Between 1360 and 1641, it was the name of coins worth 1 livre tournois and it remained in common parlance as a term for this amount of money. It was reintroduced in 1795. After two centuries of inflation, it was redenominated in 1960, with each new franc (NF) being worth 100 old francs. The NF designation was continued for a few years before the currency returned to being simply the franc. Many French residents, though, continued to quote prices of especially expensive items in terms of the old franc, up to and even after the introduction of the euro in 2002. The French franc was a commonly held international reserve currency of reference in the 19th and 20th centuries. Between 1998 and 2002, the conversion of francs to euros was carried out at a rate of 6.55957 francs to 1 euro.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Livre tournois</span> Medieval French currency

The livre tournois was one of numerous currencies used in medieval France, and a unit of account used in early modern France.

<i>Batzen</i>

The batzen is an historical Swiss, south German and Austrian coin. It was first produced in Bern, Switzerland, from 1492 and continued in use there until the mid-19th century.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Belgian franc</span> Currency of Belgium from 1832 to 2002

The Belgian franc was the currency of the Kingdom of Belgium from 1832 until 2002 when the euro was introduced. It was subdivided into 100 subunits, each known as a centiem in Dutch, or centime in French and German.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Swiss National Bank</span> Central Bank of Switzerland

The Swiss National Bank is the central bank of Switzerland, responsible for the nation's monetary policy and the sole issuer of Swiss franc banknotes. The primary goal of its mandate is to ensure price stability, while taking economic developments into consideration.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dutch guilder</span> Currency of the Netherlands from 1434 to 2002

The guilder or florin was the currency of the Netherlands from 1434 until 2002, when it was replaced by the euro.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kronenthaler</span> Silver coin of the Austrian Netherlands

The Kronenthaler was a silver coin first issued in 1755 in the Austrian Netherlands and which became a popular trade coin in early 19th century Europe. Most examples show the bust of the Austrian ruler on the obverse and three or four crowns on the reverse, hence the name which means "crown thaler" (also Brabanter and crocione.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Basel thaler</span>

The Basel Thaler was a currency denomination worth 3 livres or 30 batzen used by the Swiss Canton of Basel until 1798. It was used by both the Canton and the Bishopric of Basel.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Berne thaler</span>

The Berne Thaler was a coin equivalent to the French silver écu issued by the Swiss Canton of Bern. It contained 26.67 g fine silver and was valued at 4 livres.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Berne frank</span> Former Swiss currency

The Frank was the currency of the Swiss canton of Bern between 1798 and 1850. It was subdivided into 10 Batzen, each of 10 Rappen. It was worth 1⁄4th the French silver écu or 6.67 g fine silver.

The Fribourg Gulden was a currency denomination worth 14 Batzen of the Swiss canton of Fribourg until 1798.

The Frank was the currency of the Swiss canton of Fribourg between 1798 and 1850. It was subdivided into 10 Batzen, each of 4 Kreuzer or 10 Rappen. It was worth 1⁄4th the French silver écu or 6.67 g fine silver.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Luzern frank</span>

The Frank was the currency of the Swiss canton of Luzern between 1798 and 1850. It was subdivided into 10 Batzen, each of 10 Rappen or 20 Angster. It was worth 1⁄4th the French silver écu or 6.67 g fine silver.

The Frank was the currency of the Swiss canton of Schwyz between 1798 and 1850. It was subdivided into 10 Batzen, each of 10 Rappen or 20 Angster. It was worth 1⁄4th the French silver écu or 6.67 g fine silver.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Solothurn thaler</span> Currency of the Swiss canton of Solothurn

The Solothurn Thaler was a coin equivalent to the French silver écu issued by the Swiss canton of Solothurn until 1798. It contained 26.67 g fine silver and was valued at 4 livres.

The Frank was the currency of the Swiss canton of Thurgau between 1798 and 1803. It was subdivided into 10 Batzen, each of 4 Kreuzer. It was worth 1⁄4th the French silver écu or 6.67 g fine silver.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zürich thaler</span>

The cantons of the Old Swiss Confederacy used a currency system consisting of based on the old unit of the Schilling, with the Schilling divided into 4 Rappen or 12 Haller. The Taler was a large silver coin equivalent to 72 Schilling or 2 Gulden that came into use in the 16th century. The Batzen was an intermediate coin equivalent to 2 Schilling or 1⁄18Gulden.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coins of the Swiss franc</span> Official coins used in Switzerland and Liechtenstein

The coins of the Swiss franc are the official coins used in Switzerland and Liechtenstein. The name of the subunit is centime in French and internationally, Rappen in German, centesimo in Italian, and rap in Romansh. There are coins in denominations of 5 centimes, 10 centimes, 20 centimes, 1⁄2 franc, 1 franc, 2 francs, and 5 francs.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Art. 1 Amtliche Bezeichnungen und Abkürzungen/Dénominations officielles et abréviations/Denominazioni ufficiali e abbreviazioni SR/RS 941.101 Münzverordnung/Ordonnance sur la monnaie/Ordinanza sulle monete, 12 April 2000 (MünzV/O sur la monnaie/OMon)" (federal act) (in German, French, and Italian). Bern, Switzerland: Federal Council. 1 January 2019. Retrieved 18 July 2019.
  2. 1 2 3 "Schreibweisungen" (PDF) (official site) (in German). Bern, Switzerland: Federal Chancellery. 24 August 2015. pp. 86/87. Retrieved 3 July 2019.
  3. 1 2 3 "Instructions de la Chancellerie fédérale sur la présentation des textes officiels en français" (PDF) (official site) (in French). Bern, Switzerland: Federal Chancellery. 27 May 2016. p. 3. Retrieved 3 July 2019.
  4. 1 2 3 "Istruzioni della Cancelleria federale per la redazione dei testi ufficiali in italiano" (PDF) (official site) (in Italian). Bern, Switzerland: Federal Chancellery. 27 February 2006. p. 29. Retrieved 3 July 2019.
  5. 1 2 "Style Guides for English-language translators" (PDF) (official site). Bern, Switzerland: Federal Chancellery. 20 September 2017. Retrieved 3 July 2019.
  6. ↑ "Schweizerisches Idiotikon digital". Schweizerisches Idiotikon (in Swiss German).
  7. ↑ "Schweizerisches Idiotikon digital". Schweizerisches Idiotikon (in Swiss German).
  8. ↑ "Schweizerisches Idiotikon digital". Schweizerisches Idiotikon (in Swiss German).
  9. ↑ "Schweizerisches Idiotikon digital". Schweizerisches Idiotikon (in Swiss German).
  10. ↑ "Schweizerisches Idiotikon digital". Schweizerisches Idiotikon (in Swiss German).
  11. ↑ "Schweizerisches Idiotikon digital". Schweizerisches Idiotikon (in Swiss German).
  12. ↑ "High stakes for enclave as Europe's biggest casino goes bust". Yahoo News. Retrieved 18 September 2021.
  13. ↑ U+20A3
  14. ↑ DailyFX. "CHF (Swiss Franc) - Latest News, Analysis and Forex Trading Forecast". www.dailyfx.com. Retrieved 29 August 2022.
  15. ↑ "CHF (Swiss Franc) Definition". Investopedia. Retrieved 29 August 2022.
  16. ↑ LaLiberté.ch Archived 22 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine , (in French) La Liberté, 9 January 2009, La fabuleuse histoire du franc suisse.
  17. 1 2 3 John Murray (1838). A hand-book for travellers in Switzerland and the Alps of Savory and Piedmont, including the Protestant Valleys of the Waldenses. London: J. Murray & Son.
  18. ↑ Audin, Jean-Marie-Vincent (1843). Manuel du voyageur en Suisse en dans le Tirol | Monnaies.
  19. ↑ "Newman Numismatic Portal at Washington University in St. Louis | Comprehensive Research & Reference for U.S. Coinage".
  20. ↑ "Loi du 25 juin 1798". Bulletin des loix et décrets du Corps législatif de la République helvétique (in French). Henri Emanuel Vincent. 1798.
  21. ↑ Swiss Confederation (1851). Feuille fédérale suisse (in French). Vol. 1. Stämpfli. p. 3. for Brabant ecus of 400 rappen (4 old francs) or 5-franc coins of 350 rappen, one computes at 7 old francs to 10 new francs. Hence CHF 40 = 28 old francs = 7 kronenthalers. Also on p. 3: Old franc = 1.4597 CHF.
  22. ↑ "After the Gold Standard, 1931-1999" (PDF). World Gold Council .
  23. ↑ Antweiler, Werner (2023). "Foreign Currency Units per 1 U.S. Dollar, 1950-2022" (PDF). PACIFIC Exchange Rate Service.
  24. ↑ Gold.org Archived 22 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine , Declaration of the Swiss Government, through the Federal Finance and Customs Department, and the National Bank of Switzerland regarding the purchase and sale of gold, in Monetary History of Gold: volume 3 – After the Gold Standard
  25. ↑ "Swiss Narrowly Vote to Drop Gold Standard". The New York Times. Associated Press. 19 April 1999. Retrieved 6 May 2012.
  26. ↑ "Federal Law on Currency and Legal Tender to enter into force on 1 May 2000" (Press release). Efd.admin.ch. 12 April 2000. Archived from the original on 17 May 2013. Retrieved 20 September 2012.
  27. ↑ "Speech by Philipp M. Hildebrand, Member of the Governing Board, Swiss National Bank" (PDF). Iie.com. 5 May 2005.
  28. ↑ Bosley, Catherine (30 November 2014). "Swiss gold initiative vote". Bloomberg.
  29. ↑ Bennett, Allison; Saraiva, Catarina (25 June 2001). "Swiss Franc Climbs to Record High on Greece Crisis". Bloomberg Businessweek . Archived from the original on 27 June 2011. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
  30. ↑ Meier, Simone (10 August 2011). "SNB Steps Up Franc Fight to Counter 'Massive Overvaluation'". Bloomberg Businessweek. Archived from the original on 2 November 2012. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
  31. ↑ "Francly wrong". The Economist . Economist.com. 10 September 2011. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
  32. ↑ Mijuk, Goran (31 August 2011). "Swiss Short-Term Debt Yields in Negative Territory". The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  33. ↑ "Swiss National Bank acts to weaken strong franc". BBC News . BBC.com. 6 September 2011. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
  34. ↑ Wille, Klaus (6 September 2011). "Swiss Pledge Unlimited Currency Purchases". Bloomberg.com. Bloomberg News . Retrieved 18 March 2014.
  35. ↑ "USD exchange rates | Bank of England | Database".
  36. ↑ Weisenthal, Joe (6 September 2011). "THEY DID IT: Swiss National Bank Makes Epic Intervention Move, Sending The Swiss Franc Plunging". Business Insider . Businessinsider.com. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
  37. ↑ Wearden, Graeme (6 September 2011). "Currency traders stunned by SNB intervention". The Guardian . London. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  38. ↑ Bennett, Allison (6 September 2011). "Franc Plunges Most Ever Versus Euro". Bloomberg.com.
  39. ↑ Thomasson, Emma (6 September 2011). "Swiss draw line in the sand to cap runaway franc". Reuters.com. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  40. ↑ "Markets Reel after Swiss Franc Shock". primepair.com. 16 January 2015. Archived from the original on 19 January 2015.
  41. ↑ "Franc Rises vs. Euro, Breaks Ceiling". Topforexnews.com. 5 April 2012. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
  42. ↑ "Swiss central bank imposes negative interest rates". Yahoo Finance. 18 December 2014. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016.
  43. ↑ "'Francogeddon': Swiss central bank stuns market with policy U-turn". Sydney Morning Herald . 16 January 2015. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
  44. ↑ "'Francogeddon' as Swiss franc ends euro cap". BBC News . 16 January 2015. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
  45. ↑ "'Francogeddon': New Zealand foreign exchange broker shuts after Swiss national bank scraps currency cap". Australian Broadcasting Corporation . 17 January 2015. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
  46. ↑ "Swiss queue round the block to change currency as 'Francogeddon' continues". London Evening Standard . 16 January 2015. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
  47. 1 2 "Swiss franc soars as Switzerland abandons euro cap". BBC News. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
  48. ↑ Inman, Phillip (15 January 2015). "Markets in turmoil as Switzerland removes currency cap". The Guardian . Retrieved 15 January 2015. Currency and stock markets were thrown into turmoil across Europe
  49. ↑ Wong, Andrea; Evans, Rachel (16 January 2015). "Swiss Franc Roils Markets as SNB Abandons Cap". Bloomberg . Retrieved 20 January 2015.
  50. ↑ "The Swiss (Franc) isn't all that Neutral". Attain Capital Management. 15 January 2015. Archived from the original on 20 January 2015. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
  51. ↑ "Alpari UK denies acquisition by FXCM, talks continuing". LeapRate. 18 January 2015.
  52. ↑ "Alpari UK currency broker folds over Swiss franc turmoil". BBC News. 16 January 2015.
  53. ↑ Kilgore, Tomi. "Leucadia to provide FXCM with $300 million loan". Marketwatch.
  54. ↑ "Swiss franc fallout takes more casualties". Financial Times. 19 January 2015. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
  55. ↑ "New Zealand forex broker shuts after Swiss franc move". Agence France-Presse.
  56. ↑ (de) Jürg Richter and Ruedi Kunzmann, Neuer HMZ-Katalog, volume 2: "Die Münzen der Schweiz und Liechtensteins 15./16 Jahrhundert bis Gegenwart", ( ISBN   3-86646-504-1)
  57. ↑ SwissMint.ch Archived 5 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine , Mintage figures for Swiss coins as of 1850, status in January 2007.
  58. ↑ "Frequently Asked Questions (D-27)". Swissmint. Last accessed 5 January 2017.
  59. 1 2 3 4 SwissMint.ch Archived 5 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine , Mintage figures for Swiss coins as of 1850, status in January 2007
  60. ↑ "150 Years of Swiss coinage: From silver to cupronickel". Swissmint. Last accessed 2 March 2006. Archived 1 September 2005 at the Wayback Machine
  61. ↑ "Our 10 cent coin enters the Guinness Book for its old age". PicaPica News. 15 April 2021. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
  62. ↑ "Ordonnance sur la monnaie (Order on Currency)" (PDF) (in French). Government of Switzerland. 1 December 2012. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
  63. ↑ "Circulation coins: Technical data". Swissmint. Last accessed 30 October 2006. Archived 5 December 2004 at the Wayback Machine
  64. ↑ Cuhaj 2010, pp. 1135–36.
  65. ↑ Cuhaj 2010, p. 1137.
  66. ↑ Cuhaj 2010, pp. 1138.
  67. ↑ "Sixth banknote series, 1976". Swiss National Bank . Retrieved 30 May 2018.
  68. ↑ Blackstone, Brian (20 October 2017). "Switzerland's Old-Money Problem: One Billion in Expiring Francs". The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 30 May 2018.
  69. ↑ "Questions and answers on banknotes - What does 'the SNB is recalling banknotes from circulation' actually mean?". Swiss National Bank . Retrieved 30 May 2018.
  70. ↑ "Seventh banknote series, 1984". Swiss National Bank. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
  71. ↑ An overview of the security features Archived 12 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine , Swiss National Bank. Last accessed 20 September 2012.
  72. ↑ "Eighth banknote series, 1995". Swiss National Bank. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
  73. ↑ "National Bank remits Sfr 244,3 million to the Fund for Emergency Losses" (PDF) (Press release). Swiss National Bank. 4 May 2000. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
  74. ↑ Friedberg, Arthur L. (10 May 2021). "Swiss National Bank recalls eighth series of bank notes". Coin World. Retrieved 8 June 2021.
  75. ↑ "New banknotes for Switzerland". Zurich, Switzerland: Swiss National Bank SNB. May 2017. Retrieved 26 May 2017.
  76. 1 2 3 "Banknotes and coins: The transition to a new banknote series". Zurich, Switzerland: Swiss National Bank (SNB). Retrieved 5 March 2019.
  77. ↑ Triennial Central Bank Survey Foreign exchange turnover in April 2022 (PDF) (Report). Bank for International Settlements. 27 October 2022. p. 12. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 October 2022.
  78. 1 2 "Swiss National Bank Monthly Statistical Bulletin" (PDF) (Press release). Bern: Swiss National Bank. February 2010. p. A2: Banknotes and coins in circulation. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
  79. ↑ Art. 3 of the Swiss law on Monetary Unit and means of payment. Admin.ch (German), Admin.ch (French) and Admin.ch (Italian) versions.

Further reading

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.