Transport in Switzerland

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The Swiss railway network Railwaysystem Switzerland 2017.svg
The Swiss railway network
The Swiss road network Image-Swiss-Highway-network-en.png
The Swiss road network

Switzerland has a dense network of roads and railways. The Swiss public transport network has a total length of 24,500 kilometres and has more than 2600 stations and stops.

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The crossing of the Alps is an important route for European transportation, as the Alps separate Northern Europe from Southern Europe. Alpine railway routes began in 1882 with the Gotthard Railway with its central Gotthard Rail Tunnel, followed in 1906 by the Simplon Tunnel and the Lötschberg Tunnel in 1913. As part of the New Railway Link through the Alps (NRLA) in 2007 the Lötschberg Base Tunnel opened and in 2016 the Gotthard Base Tunnel opened on 1 June. [1]

The Swiss road network is funded by road tolls and vehicle taxes. The Swiss motorway system requires the purchase of a road tax disc - which costs 40 Swiss francs for one calendar year - in order to use its roadways, for both passenger cars and trucks. The Swiss motorway network has a total length of 1,638 kilometres (1,018 mi) (as of 2000) and has also - with an area of 41,290 km2 (15,940 sq mi) - one of the highest motorway densities in the world.

Zurich Airport is Switzerland's largest international flight gateway, handling 24.9 million passengers in 2013. [2] The second largest airport, Geneva Cointrin, handled 14.4 million passengers (2013) and the third largest EuroAirport Basel Mulhouse Freiburg 6.5 million passengers; both airports are shared with France.

Switzerland has approved billions of francs for the improvement of its public transportation infrastructure. The modal split for public transportation is one of the highest in Europe, standing at 21.3% in 2010. [3] In many cities with a population above 100,000, the modal split for public transportation lies above 50%.

Railways

Intercity on the Gotthard line Panoramic Train.jpg
Intercity on the Gotthard line

Switzerland has a very high density of railway network, with an average of 122 km of track for every 1,000 km2 (76 mi per 390 sq mi; average of 46 km (29 mi) in Europe). [4] In 2008, each Swiss citizen traveled, on average, 2,422 km (1,505 mi) by rail, which makes them the most frequent users of rail transport. [5]

Many of the Swiss standard gauge railway lines are part of the nationwide Swiss Federal Railways system, although other standard gauge lines are operated by independent companies such as BLS AG or Südostbahn. In addition numerous narrow gauge railways are operated, the largest company of its kind being the Rhaetian Railway. In total 5,100 km (3,200 mi) of rail network are used.

The Swiss Federal Railways run some 5000 passenger train services covering about 274,000 kilometres (170,000 mi) daily. Half of these train services are long-distance services; the other half are regional and suburban services. In 2013, 366 million passengers used the Swiss Federal Railways.

Rail transport in Switzerland also includes a car and truck transportation service (German : Autoverlad) on some lines.

Urban rail

Urban commuter rail networks, known mostly as S-Bahn, are focused on the country's cities: Zurich, Geneva, Basel, Bern, Fribourg, Lausanne, Lucerne, St. Gallen, Schaffhausen and Chur. Aargau S-Bahn provides regional train services mainly in the canton of Aargau, transN in the canton of Neuchâtel, RegionAlps in the canton of Valais and TILO in the canton of Tessin and the Italian province of Lombardy. Some services near Lake Constance (Bodensee) also operate fro Bodensee S-Bahn.

Several cities have a tram network (e.g. Basel, Bern, Zurich). During the mid 20th century, some cities (e.g. Lugano, Winterthur) replaced their tram lines with trolleybus lines.

Lausanne is the only city with a metro system (Lausanne Metro), which includes two lines: one is light rail; the other, a fully automated metro, opened in 2008. After its opening, Lausanne replaced Rennes as the smallest city in the world to have a full metro system.

Mountain rail

Murren train Muerrenbahn-02.jpg
Mürren train

Trains cannot climb steep gradients, so it is necessary to build large amounts of track in order to gain height gradually. Transversals through the Alps were made possible with the use of hidden circular tunnels, which are called Spiral. In the case of extremely mountainous terrain, railway engineers opted for the more economical narrow gauge construction.

The many railway viaducts of the Rhaetian Railway in the canton of Graubünden, built for the most part in the early 20th century, have become a tourist attraction as well as a necessary transport system, drawing rail enthusiasts from all over the world.

Some railways were built only for tourist purposes as the Gornergrat or the Jungfraujoch, Europe's highest station in the Bernese Oberland, at an altitude of 3,454 metres (11,330 ft).

Funicular

Proposed Maglev

In response to the increasing need for transport capacity and the cost of ground surface infrastructures, an underground transportation system has been proposed and studied. The trains would use linear motor and magnetic levitation to reach speeds about 500 km/h (310 mph). The project is not likely to be realized in the near future, but a license for application has been deposited for a trial line between Geneva and Lausanne.

Cable transport

Roads

Postauto on the Susten road Picswiss BE-95-11 Postauto (Sustenpass - Urnerseite).jpg
Postauto on the Susten road

Switzerland has a network of two-lane national roads. These roads usually lack a median or central reservation. Some stretches are controlled-access, in that all traffic must enter and exit through ramps and must cross using grade separations.

Two of the important motorways are the A1, running from St. Margrethen in northeastern Switzerland's canton of St. Gallen through to Geneva in southwestern Switzerland, and the A2, running from Basel in northwestern Switzerland to Chiasso in southern Switzerland's canton of Ticino, using the Gotthard Road Tunnel.

Autobahn (plural: Autobahnen) is the German name; in French-speaking Switzerland they are known as autoroutes, and in Italian-speaking Switzerland they are known as autostrade (singular: autostrada). Swiss motorways have general speed limits of 120 km/h (75 mph).

Length of the national, cantonal and municipal road network (2007)
TotalNational roadsCantonal roadsMunicipal roads
71,345.6 km
44,332.1 mi		1,763.6 km
1,095.9 mi		18,136 km
11,269 mi		51,446 km
31,967 mi

Road passenger transport

Local bus services cover the whole country. Postauto cover the smaller urban areas and every region not connected to the rail network.

Switzerland also has a well-developed network of car sharing organised by the Mobility Carsharing cooperative.

Taxi services are also a common and convenient option for travelers looking for a quick and straightforward way to reach their hotels, corporate meetings, or other locations in Switzerland.

Another type of passenger transport service is airport transfers. They often utilize luxurious vehicles equipped with amenities. These services encompass the provision of transportation from the airport to various destinations, such as hotels, business meetings, headquarters of international organizations, or tourist attractions.  Whether for business or leisure, airport transfers offer a transition between flights and final destinations, making them an essential component of modern travel. [6]

Biking

Cycling is included and promoted in the Swiss constitution since 2018. Concretely, the authorities must develop bike-lanes and related infrastructures. [7]

The Asian trend of bike sharing came to Switzerland in 2017 with new companies emerging such as oBike, PubliBike and Smide. The Singaporean-based company oBike launched in the city of Zürich on 5 July 2017. [8]

Air transport

Airbus A320-200 of the national carrier - Swiss International Air Lines Swiss.a320-200.hb-ijq.arp.jpg
Airbus A320-200 of the national carrier - Swiss International Air Lines
Airbus A340-300 of Edelweiss Air Edelweiss Air Airbus A340-300 on finals at Zurich.jpg
Airbus A340-300 of Edelweiss Air
Interior of Zurich Airport Zurichairportshopping.jpg
Interior of Zurich Airport

Zurich Airport ( IATA : ZRH, ICAO : LSZH) also called Kloten Airport, located in Kloten, canton of Zürich, is Switzerland's largest international flight gateway and hub to Swiss International Air Lines and Lufthansa. The airport handled 27.6 million passengers in 2016. [9] In 2003, Zurich International completed an expansion project in which it built a car park, a midfield terminal, and an automated underground train to move passengers between the existing terminal complex and the new terminal. Zurich International lost traffic when Swissair shut down its operations. When Lufthansa took over its successor Swiss International Air Lines (SWISS), traffic grew again.

Zurich Airport's railway station (Zürich Flughafen) is underneath the terminal. There are trains to many parts of Switzerland; frequent S-Bahn services, plus direct Inter-regio and intercity services to Winterthur, Bern, Basel and Lucerne (Luzern). By changing trains at Zürich Hauptbahnhof most other places in Switzerland can be reached in a few hours.

The second largest airport of the country, Geneva Airport ( IATA : GVA, ICAO : LSGG), handled 16.5 million passengers in 2016. [9] The airport has a single runway, the longest of its kind in Switzerland at 3,900 metres (12,800 ft), built in 1960. The runway could only be built after an agreement was reached with France to exchange a piece of territory since it wouldn't otherwise fit entirely in Switzerland. In compensation, the airport has a french sector in its terminals, and therefore flights incoming/outgoing from/to France are considered domestic and a segregated road leads to the airport from France without crossing the Swiss customs.

A turnaround occurred in 1996 when Swissair decided to abandon all the intercontinental routes departing from Geneva except for New York and Washington (that is, all its African destinations). The airport then requested the Swiss Federal Government to implement an open skies policy for Geneva and abolish the legal monopoly enjoyed by Swissair. Following the open skies policy, Geneva Airport now serves over 110 direct destinations from more than 55 airlines. It is the main hub for easyJet Switzerland and a focus airport for Swiss International Air Lines, as well as home to the executive office of IATA.

Aerial view of Geneva Airport Geneva airport from air.jpg
Aerial view of Geneva Airport

Road access to the airport is provided by highways: It's directly connected to the rest of Switzerland by the A1 highway and France via the A40. It has its own railway station, Geneva Airport railway station, from the Swiss Federal Railways (CFF) located right besides the main terminal with trains regularly departing to the rest of Switzerland, towards Neuchâtel, Lausanne-Fribourg-Bern-Zürich, and Lausanne-Vevey-Montreux-Sion-Brig and stopping in all cases in Geneva main train station located in the city centre, which lies only 7 minutes away from the airport by train. Geneva train station is also connected via HSR to France, and to the Léman Express rail network. The airport is also served by several Genevan public transport lines such as trolleybus line 10.

The third largest Swiss airport is EuroAirport Basel Mulhouse Freiburg which handled 7.3 million passengers in 2016 [9] and is located entirely on French territory.

In addition, Sion Airport is a small airport in Sion (Valais) and St. Gallen–Altenrhein Airport near Lake Constance.

Water transport

Inland waterways

Ports and harbours

Switzerland is a landlocked country and has only small ports on its rivers, such as the Port of Basel. There are also ports on larger lakes, such as Lake Constance (e.g. Romanshorn. Rorschach; the latter two were historically used by train ferries).

Merchant marine

Ship lines on lakes

Pipelines

In 2010, Switzerland had 1,681 kilometres (1,045 mi) of natural gas pipelines, 95 kilometres (59 mi) of crude oil pipelines, and 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) of refined product pipelines.[ citation needed ]

Oversight

The Swiss transport system is overseen by several offices within the Federal Department of Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications. The principal such offices are the:

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rail transport in Switzerland</span>

The Swiss rail network is noteworthy for its density, its coordination between services, its integration with other modes of transport, timeliness and a thriving domestic and trans-Alp freight system. It is made necessary by strong regulations on truck transport, and is enabled by properly coordinated intermodal logistics.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gotthard Base Tunnel</span> Railway tunnel through the Swiss Alps

The Gotthard Base Tunnel is a railway tunnel through the Alps in Switzerland. It opened in June 2016 and full service began the following December. With a route length of 57.09 km (35.5 mi), it is the world's longest railway and deepest traffic tunnel and the first flat, low-level route through the Alps. It lies at the heart of the Gotthard axis and constitutes the third tunnel connecting the cantons of Uri and Ticino, after the Gotthard Tunnel and the Gotthard Road Tunnel.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gotthard Pass</span> Mountain pass through the Swiss Alps

The Gotthard Pass or St. Gotthard Pass at 2,106 m (6,909 ft) is a mountain pass in the Alps traversing the Saint-Gotthard Massif and connecting northern Switzerland with southern Switzerland. The pass lies between Airolo in the Italian-speaking canton of Ticino, and Andermatt in the German-speaking canton of Uri, and connects further Bellinzona and Lugano to Lucerne, Basel, and Zürich. The Gotthard Pass lies at the heart of the Gotthard, a major transport axis of Europe, and it is crossed by three traffic tunnels, each being the world's longest at the time of their construction: the Gotthard Rail Tunnel (1882), the Gotthard Road Tunnel (1980) and the Gotthard Base Tunnel (2016). With the Lötschberg to the west, the Gotthard is one of the two main north-south routes through the Swiss Alps.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gotthard railway</span> Key central Swiss transport link

The Gotthard railway, named after the Saint-Gotthard Massif which it crosses, is the Swiss trans-alpine railway line from northern Switzerland to the canton of Ticino. The line forms a major part of an important international railway link between northern and southern Europe, especially on the Rotterdam-Basel-Genoa corridor. The Gotthard Railway Company was the former private railway company that financed the construction of and originally operated that line.

Switzerland has a two-class highway system: motorways with separated roads for oncoming traffic and a standard maximal speed limit of 120 kilometres per hour (75 mph), and expressways often with oncoming traffic and a standard maximal speed limit of 100 kilometres per hour (62 mph).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gotthard Panorama Express</span> Touristic oriented named train and boat service

The Gotthard Panorama Express is a tourist oriented boat and panoramic train line which connects Lucerne to Lugano, crossing the Swiss Alps from North to South through the Gotthard crest tunnel. Until 2017, the train was known as the William Tell Express. It is jointly operated by the Swiss Federal Railways, who operate the train, and the Lake Lucerne Navigation Company, who operate the boat. Previous iterations of the train ran to a southern terminus at Locarno rather than the current terminus at Lugano.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Olten railway station</span> Railway station in Switzerland

Olten railway station is a major hub railway station in the canton of Solothurn, Switzerland, at the junction of lines to Zürich, Bern, Basel, Lucerne and Biel. As a result, Olten is a railway town and was also the site of the main workshop of the Swiss Central Railway, which became a major workshop for the Swiss Federal Railways (SBB CFF FFS). It is the southern terminus of the Basel Regional S-Bahn S3 and S9 lines, the northern terminus of the Lucerne S-Bahn S8 line, and the western terminus of the Aargau S-Bahn S26 line.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Swiss Central Railway</span>

The Swiss Central Railway was one of the five major private railway companies of Switzerland. The SCB with a track length of 332 kilometres was integrated into the Swiss Federal Railways (SBB) in 1902.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lucerne railway station</span> Railway station in Lucerne, Switzerland

Lucerne railway station is a major hub of the rail network of Switzerland, in the city of Lucerne in the canton of Lucerne. It is a terminal station serving domestic and international traffic on several rail lines, and is situated in a city centre and waterfront location on the south side of Lake Lucerne.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rail 2000</span> Large-scale project of the Swiss Federal Railways

Rail 2000 is a large-scale project of the Swiss Federal Railways (SBB CFF FFS) established in 1987 to improve the quality of the Swiss rail network for the New millennium. It includes measures to accelerate a number of existing connections and the modernisation of rolling stock. The federal government decision to support the project in 1986 was approved by a referendum in 1987. In 2004 the first phase was completed consisting of around 130 projects with a budget of around CHF 5.9 billion.

The construction and operation of Swiss railways during the 19th century was carried out by private railways. The first internal line was a 16 km line opened from Zürich to Baden in 1847. By 1860 railways connected western and northeastern Switzerland. The first Alpine railway to be opened was under the Gotthard Pass in 1882. A second alpine line was opened under the Simplon Pass in 1906.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lausanne railway station</span> Railway station in Lausanne, Switzerland

Lausanne railway station is the main intercity and regional railway station for the city of Lausanne, Vaud, Switzerland. It is often known as Lausanne CFF to distinguish it from others in the town.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arth-Goldau railway station</span> Railway station in Switzerland

Arth-Goldau railway station is a railway station in the Swiss canton of Schwyz and municipality of Arth. The station is located in the centre of the village of Goldau, which forms part of Arth.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Göschenen railway station</span> Railway station in Göschenen, Switzerland

Göschenen railway station is a railway station in the Swiss canton of Uri and municipality of Göschenen. Situated on the original line of the Gotthard railway, at the northern mouth of the Gotthard Tunnel, the station is also the junction point with the Schöllenenbahn. Most trains on the Gotthard route now use the Gotthard Base Tunnel and do not pass through Göschenen station.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Visp railway station</span> Railway station in Visp, Switzerland

Visp railway station is a junction station at Visp, in the canton of Valais, Switzerland. It has a modern station building completed in 2007, and is served by two standard gauge lines and a metre gauge line.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lugano railway station</span> Railway station in Lugano, Switzerland

Lugano railway station is the main railway station of the city of Lugano, in the Swiss canton of Ticino. The station is on the Gotthard railway and is also the terminus of the Lugano Città–Stazione funicular. The metre gauge Lugano–Ponte Tresa Railway (FLP) has a separate station at Lugano FLP railway station across the station forecourt from the main line station.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bellinzona railway station</span> Railway station in Switzerland

Bellinzona railway station serves the town of Bellinzona, in the canton of Ticino, Switzerland. It is on the Swiss Federal Railways' Gotthard line. The station is nicknamed Porta del Ticino since the opening of the Gotthard Base Tunnel in 2016.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Biel/Bienne railway station</span> Railway station in Biel/Bienne, Canton of Bern, Switzerland

Biel/Bienne railway station serves the bilingual municipality of Biel/Bienne, in the canton of Bern, Switzerland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">High-speed rail in Switzerland</span>

High-speed rail in Switzerland consists of two new lines and three new base tunnels, including the world's longest railway and deepest traffic tunnel: the Gotthard Base Tunnel whose length is 57 km (35 mi). Each of these tunnels have a technical maximum speed of 250 km/h (155 mph), which is reduced, at least in the Gotthard Base Tunnel and the Ceneri Base Tunnel, to a maximum authorized speed of 230 km/h (145 mph), for environmental and economic reasons.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">InterCity (Switzerland)</span> Type of long-distance passenger trains in Switzerland

The InterCity, abbreviated IC, are mainline trains in Switzerland connecting the country's major agglomerations, the range of services of which is located between InterRegio (IR) (inter-regional) and EuroCity (EC). These trains are generally equipped with air-conditioned equipment, a CFF restaurant or a CFF bistro, a mini-bar service, a quiet area and a business area in 1st class as well as a family area or, occasionally, a family car in 2nd class.

References

Citations

  1. ↑ "Overview". The AlpTransit Portal. Berne, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Archives SFA, Swiss Federal Office of Transport FOT, Swiss Confederation. 2016. Archived from the original on 16 September 2016. Retrieved 18 June 2016.
  2. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-03-25. Retrieved 2014-03-30.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  3. ↑ http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php?title=File:Modal_split_of_inland_passenger_transport,_2000_and_2010_(1)_(%25_of_total_inland_passenger-km)-de.png&filetimestamp=20130912125052 [ dead link ]
  4. ↑ Rail Archived 2013-05-27 at the Wayback Machine swissworld.org
  5. ↑ Schienenverkehr Archived 2010-08-15 at the Wayback Machine admin.ch (German)
  6. ↑ "What do Airport Transfers do?". Swiss Top Transfer GmbH. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
  7. ↑ "Bikes coast into Swiss constitution with clear voter support".
  8. ↑ Petrò, Lorenzo (14 July 2017). "Plötzlich hat Zürich einen mobilen Veloverleih". Tages-Anzeiger. Archived from the original on 21 July 2017. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
  9. 1 2 3 "Civil aviation in Switzerland". statistique suisse. 19 September 2017. Archived from the original on 2018-04-24. Retrieved 21 December 2017.

Sources

  • Brown, Leslie; McKendrick, Joe (1994). Paddle Steamers of the Alps. Kilgetty, Pembrokeshire: Ferry Publications. ISBN   1-871947-19-7.
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