E series of preferred numbers

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This graph shows how almost any value between 1 and 10 is within +-10% of an E12 series value, and its difference from the ideal value in a geometric sequence E12 Series Ten Percent Tolerance.svg
This graph shows how almost any value between 1 and 10 is within ±10% of an E12 series value, and its difference from the ideal value in a geometric sequence
Two decades of E12 values, which would give resistor values of 1 O to 82 O E12 values graph.svg
Two decades of E12 values, which would give resistor values of 1 Ω to 82 Ω

The E series is a system of preferred numbers (also called preferred values) derived for use in electronic components. It consists of the E3, E6, E12, E24, E48, E96 and E192 series, [1] where the number after the 'E' designates the quantity of logarithmic value "steps" per decade. Although it is theoretically possible to produce components of any value, in practice the need for inventory simplification has led the industry to settle on the E series for resistors, capacitors, inductors, and zener diodes. Other types of electrical components are either specified by the Renard series (for example fuses) or are defined in relevant product standards (for example IEC 60228 for wires).

Contents

History

During the Golden Age of Radio (1920s to 1950s), numerous companies manufactured vacuum tube based AM radio receivers for consumer use. In the early years, many components were not standardized between numerous AM radio manufacturers. The capacitance values of capacitors (previously called condensers) [2] [3] and resistance values of resistors [4] [5] [6] [7] were not standardized as they are today. [8]

In 1924, the Radio Manufacturers Association (RMA) was formed in Chicago, Illinois by 50 radio manufacturers to license and share patents. Over time, this group created some of the earliest standards for electronics components. In 1936, the RMA adopted a preferred number system for the resistance values of fixed composition resistors. [9] Over time, resistor manufacturers migrated from older values to the 1936 resistance value standard. [6] [7]

During World War II (1940s), American and British military production was a major influence for establishing common standards across many industries, especially in electronics, where it was essential to produce large quantities of standardized electronic parts for military devices, such as wireless communications, radars, radar jammers, LORAN navigation, and more.

Later, the mid-20th century baby boom and the invention of the transistor kicked off demand for consumer electronics goods during the 1950s. As portable transistor radio manufacturing migrated from United States towards Japan during the late-1950s, it was critical for the electronic industry to have international standards.

After being worked on by the RMA, [10] the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) began work on an international standard in 1948. [11] The first version of this IEC Publication 63 (IEC 63) was released in 1952. [12] Later, IEC 63 was revised, amended, and renamed into the current version known as IEC 60063:2015. [13]

IEC 60063 release history:

Overview

The E series of preferred numbers was chosen such that when a component is manufactured it will end up in a range of roughly equally spaced values (geometric progression) on a logarithmic scale. Each E series subdivides each decade magnitude into steps of 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 96, 192 values. [nb 1] Subdivisions of E3 to E192 ensure the maximum error will be divided in the order of 40%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%. Also, the E192 series is used for 0.25% and 0.1% tolerance resistors.

Historically, the E series is split into two major groupings:

Formula

The formula for each value is determined by the m-th root, but unfortunately the calculated values don't match the official values of all E series.

where:
is rounded to 2 significant figures (E3, E6, E12, E24) or 3 significant figures (E48, E96, E192),
is an integer of the E series group size (3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 96, 192),
is an integer of
exceptions:
The official values for E48 and E96 series match their calculated values, but all other series (E3 / E6 / E12 / E24 / E192) have one or more official values that don't match their calculated values (see subsets sections below).

E24 subsets

For E3 / E6 / E12 / E24, the values from the formula are rounded to 2 significant figures, but eight official values (shown in bold & green) are different from the calculated values (shown in red). During the early half of the 20th century, electronic components had different sets of component values than today. In the late-1940s, standards organizations started working towards codifying a standard set of official component values, and they decided that it wasn't practical to change some of the former established historical values. The first standard was accepted in Paris in 1950, then published as IEC 63 in 1952. [12] The official values of the E3 / E6 / E12 series are subsets of the following official E24 values.

Comparison of rounded log-scaled values and official values of E24 series ()
01234567891011121314151617181920212223
Calculated values1.01.11.21.31.51.61.82.02.22.42.62.93.23.53.84.24.65.15.66.26.87.58.39.1
Official E24 values1.01.11.21.31.51.61.82.02.22.42.73.03.33.63.94.34.75.15.66.26.87.58.29.1

The E3 series is rarely used, [nb 1] except for some components with high variations like electrolytic capacitors, where the given tolerance is often unbalanced between negative and positive such as +50%
−30%
or +80%
−20%
, or for components with uncritical values such as pull-up resistors. The calculated constant tangential tolerance for this series gives (310  1) ÷ (310 + 1) = 36.60%, approximately. While the standard only specifies a tolerance greater than 20%, other sources indicate 40% or 50%. Currently, most electrolytic capacitors are manufactured with values in the E6 or E12 series, thus E3 series is mostly obsolete.

E192 subsets

For E48 / E96 / E192, the values from the formula are rounded to 3 significant figures, but one value (shown in bold) is different from the calculated values.

Since some values of the E24 series do not exist in the E48 / E96 / E192 series, some resistor manufacturers have added missing E24 values into some of their 1%, 0.5%, 0.25%, 0.1% tolerance resistor families. This allows easier purchasing migration between various tolerances. This E series merging is noted on resistor datasheets and webpages as "E96 + E24" or "E192 + E24". [14] [15] [16] In the following table, the dashed E24 values don't exist in E48 / E96 / E192 series:

E24 values that exist in E48 / E96 / E192 series
E24 values1.01.11.21.31.51.61.82.02.22.42.73.03.33.63.94.34.75.15.66.26.87.58.29.1
E48 values1.001.107.50
E96 values1.001.101.301.502.007.50
E192 values1.001.101.201.301.501.601.802.002.404.707.50

Examples

If a manufacturer sold resistors with all values in a range of 1 ohm to 10 megaohms, the available resistance values for E3 through E12 would be:

E3 (in ohms)E6 (in ohms)E12 (in ohms)
  • 1.0, 2.2, 4.7,
  • 10, 22, 47,
  • 100, 220, 470,
  • 1 k, 2.2 k, 4.7 k,
  • 10 k, 22 k, 47 k,
  • 100 k, 220 k, 470 k,
  • 1 M, 2.2 M, 4.7 M,
  • 10 M
  • 1.0, 1.5, 2.2, 3.3, 4.7, 6.8,
  • 10, 15, 22, 33, 47, 68,
  • 100, 150, 220, 330, 470, 680,
  • 1 k, 1.5 k, 2.2 k, 3.3 k, 4.7 k, 6.8 k,
  • 10 k, 15 k, 22 k, 33 k, 47 k, 68 k,
  • 100 k, 150 k, 220 k, 330 k, 470 k, 680 k,
  • 1 M, 1.5 M, 2.2 M, 3.3 M, 4.7 M, 6.8 M,
  • 10 M
  • 1.0, 1.2, 1.5, 1.8, 2.2, 2.7, 3.3, 3.9, 4.7, 5.6, 6.8, 8.2,
  • 10, 12, 15, 18, 22, 27, 33, 39, 47, 56, 68, 82,
  • 100, 120, 150, 180, 220, 270, 330, 390, 470, 560, 680, 820,
  • 1 k, 1.2 k, 1.5 k, 1.8 k, 2.2 k, 2.7 k, 3.3 k, 3.9 k, 4.7 k, 5.6 k, 6.8 k, 8.2 k,
  • 10 k, 12 k, 15 k, 18 k, 22 k, 27 k, 33 k, 39 k, 47 k, 56 k, 68 k, 82 k,
  • 100 k, 120 k, 150 k, 180 k, 220 k, 270 k, 330 k, 390 k, 470 k, 560 k, 680 k, 820 k,
  • 1 M, 1.2 M, 1.5 M, 1.8 M, 2.2 M, 2.7 M, 3.3 M, 3.9 M, 4.7 M, 5.6 M, 6.8 M, 8.2 M,
  • 10 M

If a manufacturer sold capacitors with all values in a range of 1 pF to 10,000 μF, the available capacitance values for E3 and E6 would be:

E3E6
  • 1.0 pF, 2.2 pF, 4.7 pF,
  • 10 pF, 22 pF, 47 pF,
  • 100 pF, 220 pF, 470 pF,
  • 1 nF, 2.2 nF, 4.7 nF,
  • 10 nF, 22 nF, 47 nF,
  • 100 nF, 220 nF, 470 nF,
  • 1 μF, 2.2 μF, 4.7 μF,
  • 10 μF, 22 μF, 47 μF,
  • 100 μF, 220 μF, 470 μF,
  • 1000 μF, 2200 μF, 4700 μF,
  • 10000 μF
  • 1.0 pF, 1.5 pF, 2.2 pF, 3.3 pF, 4.7 pF, 6.8 pF,
  • 10 pF, 15 pF, 22 pF, 33 pF, 47 pF, 68 pF,
  • 100 pF, 150 pF, 220 pF, 330 pF, 470 pF, 680 pF,
  • 1 nF, 1.5 nF, 2.2 nF, 3.3 nF, 4.7 nF, 6.8 nF,
  • 10 nF, 15 nF, 22 nF, 33 nF, 47 nF, 68 nF,
  • 100 nF, 150 nF, 220 nF, 330 nF, 470 nF, 680 nF,
  • 1 μF, 1.5 μF, 2.2 μF, 3.3 μF, 4.7 μF, 6.8 μF,
  • 10 μF, 15 μF, 22 μF, 33 μF, 47 μF, 68 μF,
  • 100 μF, 150 μF, 220 μF, 330 μF, 470 μF, 680 μF,
  • 1000 μF, 1500 μF, 2200 μF, 3300 μF, 4700 μF, 6800 μF,
  • 10000 μF

Lists

A decade of the E12 values shown with their electronic color codes on resistors. Preferred values 05 Pengo.svg
A decade of the E12 values shown with their electronic color codes on resistors.

List of official values for each E series: [nb 1]

E3 values
(40% tolerance)
1.0, 2.2, 4.7
E6 values
(20% tolerance)
1.0, 1.5, 2.2, 3.3, 4.7, 6.8
E12 values
(10% tolerance)
1.0, 1.2, 1.5, 1.8, 2.2, 2.7, 3.3, 3.9, 4.7, 5.6, 6.8, 8.2
E24 values
(5% tolerance)
1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.5, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0, 2.2, 2.4, 2.7, 3.0, 3.3, 3.6, 3.9, 4.3, 4.7, 5.1, 5.6, 6.2, 6.8, 7.5, 8.2, 9.1
E48 values
(2% tolerance)
1.00, 1.05, 1.10, 1.15, 1.21, 1.27, 1.33, 1.40, 1.47, 1.54, 1.62, 1.69, 1.78, 1.87, 1.96, 2.05, 2.15, 2.26, 2.37, 2.49, 2.61, 2.74, 2.87, 3.01, 3.16, 3.32, 3.48, 3.65, 3.83, 4.02, 4.22, 4.42, 4.64, 4.87, 5.11, 5.36, 5.62, 5.90, 6.19, 6.49, 6.81, 7.15, 7.50, 7.87, 8.25, 8.66, 9.09, 9.53
E96 values
(1% tolerance)
1.00, 1.02, 1.05, 1.07, 1.10, 1.13, 1.15, 1.18, 1.21, 1.24, 1.27, 1.30, 1.33, 1.37, 1.40, 1.43, 1.47, 1.50, 1.54, 1.58, 1.62, 1.65, 1.69, 1.74, 1.78, 1.82, 1.87, 1.91, 1.96, 2.00, 2.05, 2.10, 2.15, 2.21, 2.26, 2.32, 2.37, 2.43, 2.49, 2.55, 2.61, 2.67, 2.74, 2.80, 2.87, 2.94, 3.01, 3.09, 3.16, 3.24, 3.32, 3.40, 3.48, 3.57, 3.65, 3.74, 3.83, 3.92, 4.02, 4.12, 4.22, 4.32, 4.42, 4.53, 4.64, 4.75, 4.87, 4.99, 5.11, 5.23, 5.36, 5.49, 5.62, 5.76, 5.90, 6.04, 6.19, 6.34, 6.49, 6.65, 6.81, 6.98, 7.15, 7.32, 7.50, 7.68, 7.87, 8.06, 8.25, 8.45, 8.66, 8.87, 9.09, 9.31, 9.53, 9.76
E192 values
(0.5% and lower tolerance)
1.00, 1.01, 1.02, 1.04, 1.05, 1.06, 1.07, 1.09, 1.10, 1.11, 1.13, 1.14, 1.15, 1.17, 1.18, 1.20, 1.21, 1.23, 1.24, 1.26, 1.27, 1.29, 1.30, 1.32, 1.33, 1.35, 1.37, 1.38, 1.40, 1.42, 1.43, 1.45, 1.47, 1.49, 1.50, 1.52, 1.54, 1.56, 1.58, 1.60, 1.62, 1.64, 1.65, 1.67, 1.69, 1.72, 1.74, 1.76, 1.78, 1.80, 1.82, 1.84, 1.87, 1.89, 1.91, 1.93, 1.96, 1.98, 2.00, 2.03, 2.05, 2.08, 2.10, 2.13, 2.15, 2.18, 2.21, 2.23, 2.26, 2.29, 2.32, 2.34, 2.37, 2.40, 2.43, 2.46, 2.49, 2.52, 2.55, 2.58, 2.61, 2.64, 2.67, 2.71, 2.74, 2.77, 2.80, 2.84, 2.87, 2.91, 2.94, 2.98, 3.01, 3.05, 3.09, 3.12, 3.16, 3.20, 3.24, 3.28, 3.32, 3.36, 3.40, 3.44, 3.48, 3.52, 3.57, 3.61, 3.65, 3.70, 3.74, 3.79, 3.83, 3.88, 3.92, 3.97, 4.02, 4.07, 4.12, 4.17, 4.22, 4.27, 4.32, 4.37, 4.42, 4.48, 4.53, 4.59, 4.64, 4.70, 4.75, 4.81, 4.87, 4.93, 4.99, 5.05, 5.11, 5.17, 5.23, 5.30, 5.36, 5.42, 5.49, 5.56, 5.62, 5.69, 5.76, 5.83, 5.90, 5.97, 6.04, 6.12, 6.19, 6.26, 6.34, 6.42, 6.49, 6.57, 6.65, 6.73, 6.81, 6.90, 6.98, 7.06, 7.15, 7.23, 7.32, 7.41, 7.50, 7.59, 7.68, 7.77, 7.87, 7.96, 8.06, 8.16, 8.25, 8.35, 8.45, 8.56, 8.66, 8.76, 8.87, 8.98, 9.09, 9.20, 9.31, 9.42, 9.53, 9.65, 9.76, 9.88

Table

E-series values, 1.0–2.13
E3E6E12E24E48E96E192
1.01.01.01.01.001.001.00
1.01
1.021.02
1.04
1.051.051.05
1.06
1.071.07
1.09
1.11.101.101.10
1.11
1.131.13
1.14
1.151.151.15
1.17
1.181.18
1.20
1.21.21.211.211.21
1.23
1.241.24
1.26
1.271.271.27
1.29
1.301.30
1.32
1.31.331.331.33
1.35
1.371.37
1.38
1.401.401.40
1.42
1.431.43
1.45
1.51.51.51.471.471.47
1.49
1.501.50
1.52
1.541.541.54
1.56
1.581.58
1.60
1.61.621.621.62
1.64
1.651.65
1.67
1.691.691.69
1.72
1.741.74
1.76
1.81.81.781.781.78
1.80
1.821.82
1.84
1.871.871.87
1.89
1.911.91
1.93
2.01.961.961.96
1.98
2.002.00
2.03
2.052.052.05
2.08
2.102.10
2.13
E-series values, 2.15–4.59
E3E6E12E24E48E96E192
2.22.22.22.22.152.152.15
2.18
2.212.21
2.23
2.262.262.26
2.29
2.322.32
2.34
2.42.372.372.37
2.40
2.432.43
2.46
2.492.492.49
2.52
2.552.55
2.58
2.72.72.612.612.61
2.64
2.672.67
2.71
2.742.742.74
2.77
2.802.80
2.84
3.02.872.872.87
2.91
2.942.94
2.98
3.013.013.01
3.05
3.093.09
3.12
3.33.33.33.163.163.16
3.20
3.243.24
3.28
3.323.323.32
3.36
3.403.40
3.44
3.63.483.483.48
3.52
3.573.57
3.61
3.653.653.65
3.70
3.743.74
3.79
3.93.93.833.833.83
3.88
3.923.92
3.97
4.024.024.02
4.07
4.124.12
4.17
4.34.224.224.22
4.27
4.324.32
4.37
4.424.424.42
4.48
4.534.53
4.59
E-series values, 4.64–9.88
E3E6E12E24E48E96E192
4.74.74.74.74.644.644.64
4.70
4.754.75
4.81
4.874.874.87
4.93
4.994.99
5.05
5.15.115.115.11
5.17
5.235.23
5.30
5.365.365.36
5.42
5.495.49
5.56
5.65.65.625.625.62
5.69
5.765.76
5.83
5.905.905.90
5.97
6.046.04
6.12
6.26.196.196.19
6.26
6.346.34
6.42
6.496.496.49
6.57
6.656.65
6.73
6.86.86.86.816.816.81
6.90
6.986.98
7.06
7.157.157.15
7.23
7.327.32
7.41
7.57.507.507.50
7.59
7.687.68
7.77
7.877.877.87
7.96
8.068.06
8.16
8.28.28.258.258.25
8.35
8.458.45
8.56
8.668.668.66
8.76
8.878.87
8.98
9.19.099.099.09
9.20
9.319.31
9.42
9.539.539.53
9.65
9.769.76
9.88

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 Some part vendors also list an "E1 series" (with only the value "1"). [nb 2] [nb 3] However, this does not appear to have been standardized in any version of the IEC standard.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aluminum electrolytic capacitor</span> Type of capacitor

Aluminum electrolytic capacitors are (usually) polarized electrolytic capacitors whose anode electrode (+) is made of a pure aluminum foil with an etched surface. The aluminum forms a very thin insulating layer of aluminum oxide by anodization that acts as the dielectric of the capacitor. A non-solid electrolyte covers the rough surface of the oxide layer, serving in principle as the second electrode (cathode) (-) of the capacitor. A second aluminum foil called "cathode foil" contacts the electrolyte and serves as the electrical connection to the negative terminal of the capacitor.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Niobium capacitor</span> Electrolytic capacitor

A niobium electrolytic capacitor is an electrolytic capacitor whose anode (+) is made of passivated niobium metal or niobium monoxide, on which an insulating niobium pentoxide layer acts as a dielectric. A solid electrolyte on the surface of the oxide layer serves as the capacitor's cathode (−).

IEC 61000-4-5 is an international standard by the International Electrotechnical Commission on surge immunity. In an electrical installation, disruptive surges can appear on power and data lines. Their sources include abrupt load switching and faults in the power system, as well as induced lightning transients from an indirect lightning strike. It necessitates the test of surge immunity in electrical or electronic equipment. IEC 61000-4-5 defines test set-up, procedures, and classification levels.

References

  1. Chip Resistors – Product catalog (PDF). Passive System Alliance (PSA) / Walsin Technology Corp. August 2018. p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-01-04. Retrieved 2019-03-23. […] E1 series resistance: 1 Ω, 10 Ω, 100 Ω, 1000 Ω, 10000 Ω, 100000 Ω […]
  2. Catalog – Capacitors (Condensers). Allied Radio. 1930. p. 139. Archived from the original on 2017-07-11. Retrieved 2017-07-11.
  3. "Catalog – Capacitors (Condensers)". RadioShack. 1940. p. 54. Archived from the original on 2017-07-11. Retrieved 2017-07-11.
  4. Catalog – Resistors. Allied Radio. 1930. p. 141. Archived from the original on 2017-07-11. Retrieved 2017-07-11.
  5. "Catalog – Resistors". RadioShack. 1940. p. 60. Archived from the original on 2017-07-11. Retrieved 2017-07-11.
  6. 1 2 Buttner, Harold H.; Kohlhaas, H. T., eds. (1943). Reference Data for Radio Engineers (PDF) (1 ed.). Federal Telephone and Radio Corporation (FTR). pp. 37–38. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-03-24. Retrieved 2021-09-08. (NB. This 1943 publication already shows a list of new "preferred values of resistance" following what was adopted by the IEC for standardization since 1948 and later standardized in IEC 63:1952. For comparison, it also lists "old standard resistance values" as follows: 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 600, 750, 1 k, 1.2 k, 1.5 k, 2 k, 2.5 k, 3 k, 3.5 k, 4 k, 5 k, 7.5 k, 10 k, 12 k, 15 k, 20 k, 25 k, 30 k, 40 k, 50 k, 60 k, 75 k, 100 k, 120 k, 150 k, 200 k, 250 k, 300 k, 400 k, 500 k, 600 k, 750 k, 1 Meg, 1.5 Meg, 2.0 Meg, 3.0 Meg, 4.0 Meg, 5.0 Meg, 6.0 Meg, 7.0 Meg, 8.0 Meg, 9.0 Meg, 10.00 Meg.)
  7. 1 2 Buttner, Harold H.; Kohlhaas, H. T.; Mann, F. J., eds. (1946). Reference Data for Radio Engineers (PDF) (2 ed.). Federal Telephone and Radio Corporation (FTR). pp. 53–54. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-05-16. Retrieved 2020-01-03.
  8. Catalog – Passives (PDF). Jameco Electronics. 2017. pp. 29–41. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-07-11. Retrieved 2017-07-11.
  9. Blackburn, John F. (1949). Components Handbook. MIT Radiation Laboratory Series. Vol. 17. McGraw-Hill. p. 38.
  10. Van Dyck, Arthur F. (March 1951) [February 1951]. "Preferred Numbers". Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers . 39 (2). Institute of Radio Engineers (IRE): 115. doi:10.1109/JRPROC.1951.230759. ISSN   0096-8390. […] For example, some years ago, the Radio-Television Manufacturers Association found it desirable to standardize the values of resistors. The ASA Preferred Numbers Standard was considered, but judged not to suit the manufacturing conditions and the buying practices of the resistor field at the moment, whereas a special series of numbers suited better. The special series was adopted and, since it was an official RTMA list, it has been used by later RTMA committees for other applications than resistors, although adopted originally because of seeming advantages for resistors. Ironically, the original advantages have largely disappeared through changes in resistor manufacturing conditions. But the irregular standard remains... […]
  11. 1 2 3 4 IEC 60063:1963 – Preferred number series for resistors and capacitors – Amended in accordance with Amendments 1 (1967) and 2 (1977) (2.0 ed.). International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). 2007 [1977, 1967, 1963-01-01]. ISBN   978-2-8318-0027-1. Archived from the original on 2017-11-01. Retrieved 2017-07-11. […] During the discussions of IEC Technical Committee 12: Radio-communication, at the meeting in Stockholm in 1948, it was […] agreed that one of the most urgent items for international standardization was the series of preferred values for resistors and for capacitors up to 0,1 μF. It would have been desirable to standardize for these series the -system, but […] in several countries the -system had been adopted […] because of standardization of tolerances at 5, 10 and 20%. As it was not practicable to change the commercial practice in these countries, the -system was adopted. The Committee expressed regret that […] it was necessary to recommend the -system, although it would have been more consistent with ISO practice to use the -system. The proposal for the series E6, E12 and E24 of preferred values was accepted in Paris in 1950 and subsequently published […] In 1957, the British National Committee came forward with a proposal for E48 and E96 series […] as an extension […] discussed in Zürich in 1957 and Stockholm in 1958 […] at The Hague in September 1959 […] in Ulm at […] October 1959 […] for approval under the Six Months' Rule in March 1960 […] it was decided […] in Nice in 1962 that these series should be published […]
  12. 1 2 3 IEC 60063:1952 – Series of preferred values and their associated tolerances for resistors and capacitors (1.0 ed.). International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). 2007 [1952-01-01]. Archived from the original on 2017-11-01. Retrieved 2017-07-11.
  13. 1 2 IEC 60063:2015 – Preferred number series for resistors and capacitors (3.0 ed.). International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). 2015-03-27. ISBN   978-2-8322-2427-4. Archived from the original on 2017-07-11. Retrieved 2017-07-11.
  14. "Standard Values Used in Capacitors, Inductors, and Resistors". Bourns. 2017. Archived from the original on 2017-07-11. Retrieved 2017-07-11.
  15. "D/CRCW e3 – Standard Thick Film Chip Resistors – Datasheet" (PDF). Vishay Intertechnology. 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-07-11. Retrieved 2017-07-11.
  16. "TNPW e3 – High Stability Thin Film Flat Chip Resistors – Datasheet" (PDF). Vishay Intertechnology. 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-07-11. Retrieved 2017-07-11.
  17. "eseries.h". KiCad . 2020. Archived from the original on 2024-04-30. Retrieved 2024-04-30. […] E1 is not in the IEC standard. […] (NB. KiCad's Calculator Tool supports the E1 series since 2020.)

Printable E series tables