 | This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations .(March 2017) |
IEC 61400 is an international standard published by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) regarding wind turbines.
| This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations .(March 2017) |
IEC 61400 is an international standard published by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) regarding wind turbines.
IEC 61400 is a set of design requirements made to ensure that wind turbines are appropriately engineered against damage from hazards within the planned lifetime. The standard concerns most aspects of the turbine life from site conditions before construction, to turbine components being tested, [1] assembled and operated.
Wind turbines are capital intensive, and are usually purchased before they are being erected and commissioned.
Some of these standards provide technical conditions verifiable by an independent, third party, and as such are necessary in order to make business agreements so wind turbines can be financed and erected. [1]
IEC started standardizing international certification on the subject in 1995, and the first standard appeared in 2001. [1]
The common set of standards sometimes replace the various national standards, forming a basis for global certification. [1]
Small wind turbines are defined as being of up to 200 m2 swept area and a somewhat simplified IEC 61400-2 standard addresses these. It is also possible to use the IEC 61400-1 standard for turbines of less than 200 m2 swept area.
The standards for loads and noise are used in the development of prototypes at the Østerild Wind Turbine Test Field. [2]
In the U.S., standards are intended to be compatible with IEC standards, [3] and some parts of 61400 are required documentation. [4] [5]
The U.S. National Renewable Energy Laboratory participates in IEC standards development work, [3] [6] and tests equipment according to these standards. [7] For U.S. offshore turbines however, more standards are needed, and the most important are :
In Canada, the previous national standards were outdated and impeded the wind industry, and they were updated and harmonized with 61400 by the Canadian Standards Association with several modifications. [9] [10]
An update for IEC 61400 is scheduled for 2016. [11]
For small wind turbines the global industry has been working towards harmonisation of certification requirements with a "test once, certify everywhere" objective. Considerable co-operation has been taking place between UK, USA, and more recently Japan, Denmark and other countries so that the IEC 61400-2 standard as interpreted within e.g. the MCS certification scheme (of UK origin) is interoperable with the USA (for example where it corresponds to an AWEA small wind turbine standard) and other countries.
Wind turbines are designed for specific conditions. During the construction and design phase assumptions are made about the wind climate that the wind turbines will be exposed to. Turbine wind class is just one of the factors needing consideration during the complex process of planning a wind power plant. Wind classes determine which turbine is suitable for the normal wind conditions of a particular site. Turbine classes are determined by three parameters - the average wind speed, extreme 50-year gust, and turbulence. [12]
Turbulence intensity quantifies how much the wind varies typically within 10 minutes. Because the fatigue loads of a number of major components in a wind turbine are mainly caused by turbulence, the knowledge of how turbulent a site is of crucial importance. Normally the wind speed increases with increasing height due to vertical wind shear. In flat terrain the wind speed increases logarithmically with height. In complex terrain the wind profile is not a simple increase and additionally a separation of the flow might occur, leading to heavily increased turbulence. [13]
| Wind Class/Turbulence | Annual average wind speed at hub-height | Extreme 50-year gust |
|---|---|---|
| Ia High wind - Higher Turbulence 18% | 10 metres per second (36 km/h; 22 mph) | 70 metres per second (250 km/h; 160 mph) |
| Ib High wind - Lower Turbulence 16% | 10 metres per second (36 km/h; 22 mph) | 70 metres per second (250 km/h; 160 mph) |
| IIa Medium wind - Higher Turbulence 18% | 8.5 metres per second (31 km/h; 19 mph) | 59.5 metres per second (214 km/h; 133 mph) |
| IIb Medium wind - Lower Turbulence 16% | 8.5 metres per second (31 km/h; 19 mph) | 59.5 metres per second (214 km/h; 133 mph) |
| IIIa Low wind - Higher Turbulence 18% | 7.5 metres per second (27 km/h; 17 mph) | 52.5 metres per second (189 km/h; 117 mph) |
| IIIb Low wind - Lower Turbulence 16% | 7.5 metres per second (27 km/h; 17 mph) | 52.5 metres per second (189 km/h; 117 mph) |
| IV | 6.0 metres per second (22 km/h; 13 mph) | 42 metres per second (150 km/h; 94 mph) |
The extreme wind speeds are based on the 3 second average wind speed. Turbulence is measured at 15 m/s wind speed. This is the definition in IEC 61400-1 edition 2.
For U.S. waters however, several hurricanes have already exceeded wind class Ia with speeds above the 70 m/s (156 mph), and efforts are being made to provide suitable standards. [8] In 2021, TÜV SÜD developed a standard to simulate a new wind class T1 for tropical cyclones. [14]
A wind farm or wind park, also called a wind power station or wind power plant, is a group of wind turbines in the same location used to produce electricity. Wind farms vary in size from a small number of turbines to several hundred wind turbines covering an extensive area. Wind farms can be either onshore or offshore.
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