Lohri

Last updated

Lohri
Lohri bonfire.png
Lohri Bonfire
Official nameLohri
Also called Lal Loi
Observed byPeople of North India: Punjab, Jammu, Haryana and Himachal P, Dogras, Haryanvis, and Himachalis all over the world but intensity is best seen in Northen India
TypeReligious, cultural, seasonal
SignificanceMidwinter festival, celebration of winter solstice
CelebrationsBonfire, song (Bhangra and Giddha)
FrequencyOnce in a year
Related to Dulla Bhatti [1]

Lohri is a popular winter Dogra [2] [3] and Punjabi [4] folk festival celebrated primarily in Northern India. [note 1] The significance and legends about the Lohri festival are many and these link the festival to the Duggar region [2] and Punjab region. [6] It is believed by many that the festival marks the passing of the winter solstice. Lohri marks the end of winter, and is a traditional welcome of longer days and the sun's journey to the Northern Hemisphere. It is observed the night before Maghi.

Contents

Lohri is an official holiday in Punjab, [7] [8] Jammu [9] and Himachal Pradesh. [10] The festival is celebrated in Delhi and Haryana but is not a gazetted holiday. [note 2] In all these areas, the festival is celebrated by Sikhs, Hindus and whoever wants to enjoy. [12] In Punjab, Pakistan it is not observed at official level; however, Sikhs, Hindus and some Muslims observe the festival in rural Punjab and in the cities of Faisalabad and Lahore. [13] [14]

Date

Lohri is celebrated one day before Maghi (Makar Sankranti) and its date is determined as per Hindu Solar Calendar. The date of Lohri changes every 70 years. In the late 19th century, Lohri used to fall on 11th January. [15] [16] In the mid 20th century, the festival used to be celebrated on 12th January [17] or 13th January. In 21st century, Lohri generally falls on 13th or 14th January. Lohri in the year 2024 will fall on 14th January as Maghi will be falling on 15th January. [18]

History

Lohri Bonfire Lohri.jpg
Lohri Bonfire

Lohri is mentioned by European visitors to the Lahore darbar of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, such as Wade who visited the Maharaja in 1832. [19] Captain Mackeson described Maharaja Ranjit Singh distributing suits of clothes and large sums of money as rewards on Lohri day in 1836. [20] The celebration of Lohri with the making of a huge bonfire at night is also noted in the royal court in 1844. [21]

The accounts of Lohri celebration in royal circles do not discuss the origins of the festival. However, there is much folklore about Lohri. Lohri is the celebration of the arrival of longer days after the winter solstice. [22] [23] [24] According to folklore, in ancient times Lohri was celebrated at the end of the traditional month when winter solstice occurs. [25] [26] It celebrates the days getting longer as the sun proceeds on its northward journey. The day after Lohri is celebrated as Makar Sankranti. [27]

Lohri is an ancient mid-winter festival originating in regions near the Himalayan mountains where winter is colder than the rest of the subcontinent. Hindus and Sikhs traditionally lit bonfires in their yards after the weeks of the Rabi season cropping work, socialized around the fire, sang and danced together as they marked the end of winter and the onset of longer days.

Punjabi woman waiting to participate in Gidda Punjabi woman smile.jpg
Punjabi woman waiting to participate in Gidda

Significance

The ancient significance of the festival is it being a winter crop season celebration [28] and is linked to the Punjab region. [29] [30] [31] A popular folklore links Lohri to the tale of Dulla Bhatti. The central theme of many Lohri songs is the legend of Dulla Bhatti (Rai Abdullah Bhatti) whose father was a zamindar who lived in Punjab during the reign of Mughal Emperor Akbar. [32] He was regarded as a hero in Punjab, for rescuing Punjabi girls from being forcibly taken to be sold in slave market of the Middle East. [33] [32] Amongst those he saved were two girls Sundri and Mundri, who gradually became a theme of Punjab's folklore. As a part of Lohri celebrations, children go around homes singing the traditional folk songs of Lohri with "Dulla Bhatti" name included. One person sings, while others end each line with a loud "Ho!" sung in unison. After the song ends, the adult of the home is expected to give snacks and money to the singing troupe of youngsters. [32] Lohri also marks the beginning of the harvest season and sunny days. [34]

Celebrations

The festival is celebrated by lighting bonfires, eating festive food, dancing and collecting gifts. In houses that have recently had a marriage or childbirth, Lohri celebrations will reach a higher pitch of excitement. Most North Indians usually have private Lohri celebrations, in their houses. Lohri rituals are performed, with the accompaniment of special Lohri songs. [35]

Singing and dancing form an intrinsic part of the celebrations. People wear their brightest clothes and come to dance the bhangra and gidda to the beat of the dhol. Punjabi songs are sung, and everybody rejoices. Sarson da saag with makki di roti is usually served as the main course at a Lohri dinner. Lohri holds great importance for farmers. However, people residing in urban areas also celebrate Lohri, as this festival provides the opportunity to interact with family and friends. [36]

Bonfire and festive foods

Lohri is celebrated with a bonfire. The lighting of bonfires during this winter festival is an ancient tradition. Ancient people lit the bonfire to reignite the return of longer days. [37] [38] [39]

Gurh, solidified and unrefined sugarcane juice is a traditional festive sweet. (2) Raw sugar jaggery gud Punjab India.jpg
Gurh, solidified and unrefined sugarcane juice is a traditional festive sweet.

In Punjab, Lohri is marked by eating sheaves of roasted corn from the new harvest. [40] The January sugarcane harvest is celebrated in the Lohri festival. [41] Sugarcane products such as gurh and gachak are central to Lohri celebrations, as are nuts which are harvested in January. The other important food item of Lohri is radishes which can be harvested between October and January. Mustard greens are cultivated mainly in the winter months because the crop is suitable to the agro-climatic conditions. [42] Accordingly, mustard greens are also winter produce. It is traditional to eat Gajak, Sarson da saag with Makki di roti, radishes, ground nuts and jaggery. [43] It is also traditional to eat til rice, which is made by mixing jaggery, sesame seeds and puffed rice. [44] In some places, this dish, more like a snack, is named tilcholi.

Chajja dance and Hiran dance

Lohri in Jammu is special because of various additional traditions associated with it like Chajja-making and dancing, Hiran dance, preparing Lohri garlands. Young children prepare a replica of a peacock which is known as Chajja. They carry this Chajja and go from one house to other house celebrating Lohri. In and around Jammu, th special Hiran dance is performed. Selected houses which have auspicious ceremonies prepare eatables. Children wear special garlands made of groundnuts, dry fruits and candies on Lohri day. [45] [note 3]

Collecting Lohri items and trick–or–treating

In various places of the Punjab, about 10 to 15 days before Lohri, groups of young and teenage boys and girls go around the neighbourhood collecting logs for the Lohri bonfire. In some places, they also collect items such as grains and jaggery which are sold, and the sale proceeds are divided amongst the group. [37]

In some parts of Punjab, there is a popular trick–or–treat activity which is engaged in by boys. They select a group member and smear his face with ash and tie a rope around his waist. The idea is for the selected person to act as a deterrent for people who refrain from giving Lohri items. The boys sing Lohri songs asking for Lohri items. If not enough is given, the householder will be given an ultimatum to either give more or the rope will be loosened. If not enough is given, then the boy who has his face smeared will try to enter the house and smash clay pots or the clay stove. [37]

Practices

During the day, children go from door to door singing songs and are given sweets and savories, and occasionally, money. Turning them away empty-handed is regarded as inauspicious. Where families are welcoming newly-weds and newborns, [47] the requests for treats increases. [37]

The collections gathered by the children are known as Lohri and consist of til, gachchak, crystal sugar, gur (jaggery), moongphali (peanuts) and phuliya or popcorn. Lohri is then distributed at night during the festival. Til, peanuts, popcorn, and other food items are also thrown into the fire. For some, throwing food into the fire represents the burning of the old year and start the next year on Makar Sankranti.

The bonfire is lit at sunset in the main village square. People toss sesame seeds, gur, sugar-candy and rewaries on the bonfire, sit around it, sing and dance till the fire dies out. Some people perform a prayer and go around the fire. This is to show respect to the natural element of fire, [48] a tradition common in winter solstice celebrations. It is traditional to offer guests til, gachchak, gur, moongphali (peanuts) and phuliya or popcorn. Milk and water are also poured around the bonfire by Hindus to thank the Sun God and seek his continued protection.

Among some sections of the Sindhi community, the festival is traditionally celebrated as Lal Loi. On the day of Lal Loee children bring wood sticks from their grandparents and aunties and light a fire burning the sticks in the night with people dancing and playing around the fire. The festival is gaining popularity amongst other Sindhis where Lohri is not a traditional festival. [49]

Lohri and the financial year

Historically, during the 19th century, revenue for winter crops was collected either on Lohri or Maghi. [50]

Celebration area

Bhangra Bhangra - Global Institutes.JPG
Bhangra
Ready to perform Punjabi cultural dance" Gidha" Ready to perform punjabi cultural dance" Gidha" 2013-10-26 18-05.jpg
Ready to perform Punjabi cultural dance" Gidha"

Lohri is celebrated to denote the last of the coldest days of winter. The festival is celebrated in Delhi, Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, and the Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir since Mughal times. [51] The festival is observed as Lal Loi in the Sindhi community. [52] [53] [54] [55]

Lohri songs

There are many Lohri songs. For example, the following song which has words to express gratitude to Dulla Bhatti (the 'ho's are in chorus): [56]

Sunder mundriye ho!
Tera kaun vicharaa ho!
Dullah Bhatti walla ho!
Dullhe di dhee vyayae ho!
Ser shakkar payee ho!
Kudi da laal pathaka ho!
Kudi da saalu paata ho!
Salu kaun samete!
Chacha gali dese!
Chache choori kutti! zamidara lutti!
Zamindaar sudhaye!
Bum Bum bhole aaye!
Ek bhola reh gaya!
Sipahee far ke lai gaya!
Sipahee ne mari itt!
Paanvey ro te paanvey pitt!
Sanoo de de Lohri, te teri jeeve jodi!
(Laugh, cry or howl!)

Translation

Beautiful girl
Who will think about you
Dulla of the Bhatti clan will
Dulla's daughter got married
He gave one ser of sugar!
The girl is wearing a red suit!
But her shawl is torn!
Who will stitch her shawl?!
The uncle made choori!
The landlords looted it!
Landlords are beaten up!
Lots of simple-headed boys came!
One simpleton got left behind!
The soldier arrested him!
The soldier hit him with a brick!
(Cry or howl)!
Give us Lohri, long live your pair (to a married couple)!
Whether you cry, or bang your head later!

Similar festivals in other countries

Festivals analogous to Lohri are celebrated in various regions around the world.

During Christmastide celebrations, Christian parishioners often hold candles during the hymn Silent Night at church services, and at home yule logs are burnt: "as the fire grew brighter and burned hotter, and as the log turned into ashes, it symbolized Christ's final and ultimate triumph over sin." [57]

The festival of Hogmanay is celebrated on New Year's Day. The fire festival of Stonehaven in Scotland is the direct descendant of lighting winter solstice bonfires. [58] Another event is observed every 11 January when the flaming Clavie (a barrel full of staves) is carried round in Burghead and is wedged on the Doorie Hill. When it is burnt out, people take the smouldering embers to bring good luck for the coming year. [59]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Quote: "Lohri is the winter festival of Punjab, and is celebrated by all people." [5]
  2. ↑ According to Saini (1968), "the advent of the displaced persons, from the West Punjab have introduced "Lohri" and "Baisakhi" etc. here"" [11]
  3. ↑ According to the Jammu Kashmir Government Portal: "Punjabi festivals such as Lohri and Vaisakhi are celebrated with great zeal and enthusiasm throughout the region, along with Accession Day, an annual holiday which commemorates the accession of Jammu & Kashmir to the Dominion of India" [46]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Makar Sankranti</span> Hindu festival that reveres Surya (sun god)

Makar(a) Sankranti, also referred to as Uttarayana, Makar, or simply Sankranti, is a Hindu observance and a festival. Usually falling on the date of 14 January annually, this occasion marks the transition of the sun from the zodiac of Sagittarius (dhanu) to Capricorn (makara). Since the sun has made this transition which vaguely coincides with moving from south to north, the festival is dedicated to the solar deity, Surya, and is observed to mark a new beginning. Many native multi-day festivals are organised on this occasion all over India.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Holi</span> Hindu spring festival of colours

Holi is a popular and significant Hindu festival celebrated as the Festival of Colours, Love, and Spring. It celebrates the eternal and divine love of the deities Radha and Krishna. Additionally, the day signifies the triumph of good over evil, as it commemorates the victory of Vishnu as Narasimha over Hiranyakashipu. Holi originated and is predominantly celebrated in the Indian subcontinent, but has also spread to other regions of Asia and parts of the Western world through the Indian diaspora.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vaisakhi</span> Religious, harvest and traditional new year festival for Dogras

Vaisakhi, also pronounced Baisakhi as well as Basoa, marks the first day of the month of Vaisakh and is traditionally celebrated annually on 13 April and sometimes 14 April. It is seen as a spring harvest celebration primarily in Punjab and Northern India. Further, other Indian cultures and diaspora celebrate this festival too. Whilst it is culturally significant as a festival of harvest, in many parts of India, Vaisakhi is also the date for the Indian Solar New Year.

The Dogras or Dogra people, are an Indo-Aryan ethno-linguistic group living primarily in the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir and neighbouring Pakistan, consisting of the Dogri language speakers. They live predominantly in the Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir, and in adjoining areas of Punjab and Himachal Pradesh. Some also live in northeastern Pakistan. Their historical homeland is known as Duggar.

The term Uttarāyaṇa is derived from two different Sanskrit words – "uttaram" (North) and "ayanam" (movement) – thus indicating the northward movement of the Sun. In the Gregorian calendar, this pertains to the "actual movement of the sun with respect to the earth." Also known as the six month period that occurs between the winter solstice and summer solstice. According to the Indian solar calendar, it refers to the movement of the Sun through the zodiac. This difference is because the solstices continually precess at a rate of 50 arcseconds per year due to the precession of the equinoxes, i.e. this difference is the difference between the sidereal and tropical zodiacs. The Surya Siddhanta bridges this difference by juxtaposing the four solstitial and equinoctial points with four of the twelve boundaries of the rashis.

Rai Abdullah Khan Bhatti popularly known through his Punjabi moniker, Dulla or Dullah Bhatti, is a Punjabi folk hero who came from the Pakistani Punjab region and led the Punjabis to a revolt against Mughal rule during the reign of the Mughal emperor Akbar. He is entirely absent from the recorded history of the time, and the only evidence of his existence comes from Punjabi folk songs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gulab Singh</span> First Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir from 1846–1856

Maharaja Gulab Singh Jamwal (1792–1857) was the founder of Dogra dynasty and the first Maharaja of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, which was a part of Panjab and Sikh Empire became the largest princely state under the British Raj, which was created after the defeat of the Sikh Empire in the First Anglo-Sikh War. During the war, Gulab Singh sided with British to protect himself and his family after the death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. and He was the Prime Minister of Sikh Empire. The Treaty of Amritsar (1846) formalised the transfer of all the lands in Kashmir that were ceded to them by the Sikhs by the Treaty of Lahore.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sikhism in India</span> Overview of the presence and role of Sikhism in India

Indian Sikhs number approximately 21 million people and account for 1.7% of India's population as of 2011, forming the country's fourth-largest religious group. The majority of the nation's Sikhs live in the northern state of Punjab, which is the only Sikh-majority administrative division in the world.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Maghi</span> Seasonal festive gathering of Sikhs in January

Maghi is the regional name of the Hindu festival of Makar Sankranti celebrated in Punjab, Haryana Jammu division and Himachal Pradesh. In Himachal, the festival is also known as Maghi Saaji or Magha Ra Saza. In Bihar and Nepal it is also referred to as Maghi Parva or Maghi Sankranti. whereas it is known as Maghi Sangrand or Uttarain (Uttarayana) in Jammu and Sakrat in Haryana, Maghi is celebrated on first day of the month of Magh of Hindu Calendar. It follows on the heels of the mid-winter festival of Lohri which is marked by bonfires in North Indian fields and yards. The next morning Hindus see as an auspicious occasion for ritual bathing in ponds and rivers.

Punjabi festivals are various festive celebrations observed by Punjabis in Pakistan, India and the diaspora Punjabi community found worldwide. The Punjabis are a diverse group of people from different religious background that affects the festivals they observe. According to a 2007 estimate, the total population of Punjabi Muslims is about 90 million, with 97% of Punjabis who live in Pakistan following Islam, in contrast to the remaining 30 million Punjabi Sikhs and Punjabi Hindus who predominantly live in India.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of Azad Kashmir</span>

The history of Azad Kashmir, a part of the Kashmir region administered by Pakistan, is related to the history of the Kashmir region during the Dogra rule. Azad Kashmir borders the Pakistani provinces of Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa to the south and west respectively, Gilgit–Baltistan to the north, and the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir to the east.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bhangra (dance)</span> Several types of dance originating from the Punjab

Bhangra is a type of traditional folk dance of Punjab area of the Indian subcontinent. It is done in the season of harvesting. According to Manuel (2001), bhangra is especially associated with the vernal Vaisakhi festival.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Folk music of Punjab</span>

Punjabi folk music is the traditional music on the traditional musical instruments of the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent. There is a great repertoire of music from the time of birth through the different stages of joy and sorrow till death. The folk music invokes the traditions as well as the hardworking nature, bravery and many more things that the people of Punjab get from its gateway-to-India geographical location. Due to the large area with many sub-regions, the folk music has minor lingual differences but invokes the same feelings. The sub-regions, Malwa, Doaba, Majha, Pothohar, and hills areas, have numerous folk songs. Punjabi dance OP Bhangra music which is a genre of Punjabi modern music invented in Britain by the Punjabi diaspora.

Karahe Wala is a small village in Moga district of Punjab state of India.

Basant is a spring time kite flying event during the Basant Panchami festival in the Punjab. It falls on Basant, also called Basant Panchami. According to the Punjabi calendar it is held on the fifth day of lunar month of Magha marking the start of spring.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lal Loi</span> Sindhi term for Punjabi winter folk festival

Lal Loi is the Sindhi term for the Punjabi winter folk festival of Lohri. It is celebrated in some parts of the Pakistani province of Sindh by the Hindus and also celebrated by Sindhi Hindus in India. On the day of Lal Loi children bring wood sticks from their grand parents and aunties and light a fire burning the sticks in the night with people enjoying, dancing and playing around the fire.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jammu division</span> Administrative division in Jammu and Kashmir, India

The Jammu division is a revenue and administrative division of the Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir in the disputed Kashmir region. It is bordered by the Kashmir division to the north. It consists of the districts of Jammu, Doda, Kathua, Ramban, Reasi, Kishtwar, Poonch, Rajouri, Udhampur and Samba. Most of the land is hilly or mountainous, including the Pir Panjal Range which separates it from the Kashmir Valley and part of the Great Himalayas in the eastern districts of Doda and Kishtwar. Its principal river is the Chenab.

Punjabi nationalism is an ideology which emphasizes that the Punjabis are one nation and promotes the cultural unity of Punjabis around the world. The demands of the Punjabi nationalist movement are linguistic, cultural, economic and political rights.

Diwan Bhawani Das was a high-ranking Hindu official under Durrani emperors, Zaman Shah and Shah Shujah. He later became the revenue minister of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, ruler of the powerful Sikh Empire.

References

  1. ↑ "On Lohri, remembering Dulla Bhatti, the landlord who stood up to the mighty Akbar" . Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  2. 1 2 Jeratha, Aśoka (1998). Dogra Legends of Art & Culture. Indus Publishing. p. 53. ISBN   978-81-7387-082-8. Lohri has a special significance in and around Duggar area...
  3. ↑ Excelsior, Daily (12 January 2023). "Lohri - The Bonfire Festival of Dogras". DailyExcelsior. Retrieved 29 December 2023. Lohri is one of the major festivals of the Dogras.
  4. ↑ Cambridge Anthropology, Volume 25, Issue 3(2006)
  5. ↑ S. Warrier; John G. Walshe (2001). Dates and Meanings of Religious and Other Multi-Ethnic Festivals, 2002-2005. Foulsham. p. 112. ISBN   978-0-572-02659-2., Quote: ."Lohri is the winter festival of Punjab and is celebrated by Hindus and Sikhs."
  6. ↑ Jeratha, Aśoka (1998). Dogra Legends of Art & Culture. Indus Publishing. ISBN   978-81-7387-082-8.
  7. ↑ List of Holidays punjab.gov.in Retrieved 9 March 2023
  8. ↑ Punjab Government List of holidays 2019
  9. ↑ List of holidays for the calendar year 2023
  10. ↑ "HP Government - Holidays - Government of Himachal Pradesh, India". Himachal.nic.in. Retrieved 8 May 2022.
  11. ↑ Saini, P. (1968). Discovery of Haryana. India: Hira Parkashan
  12. ↑ Chauhan, Ramesh K. (1995) Punjab and the nationality question in India. Deep and Deep Publications
  13. ↑ AsiaNews.it. "Punjab celebrates the". asianews.it. Retrieved 13 January 2021.
  14. ↑ Dilagīra, Harajindara Siṅgha (1997). The Sikh Reference Book. Sikh Educational Trust for Sikh University Centre, Denmark. ISBN   978-0-9695964-2-4.
  15. ↑ officer, Punjab Settlement; Talbot, Walter Stanley (1901). Final Report of the Revision of the Settlement of the Jhelum District in the Punjab. "Civil and military gazette" Press. lohri , ( about 11th January )
  16. ↑ Dr. H.S. Singha (2005). Sikh Studies. Hemkunt Press. pp. 101–102. ISBN   978-81-7010-245-8.
  17. ↑ Brown, Alan (1986). Festivals in World Religions. Longman. ISBN   978-0-582-36196-6. Lohri ( around 12 January )
  18. ↑ "Lohri 2024: Will Lohri be celebrated on 13 or 14 January? Know the Exact Date and Religious Significance". TimesNow. 14 December 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
  19. ↑ Ahuja, R. L. (1983). Maharaja Ranjit Singh, a Man of Destiny. India: Punjabi Writers Coop. Society.
  20. ↑ Suri, S. L. (1961). pts.1-5.Chronicle of the reign of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, 1831-1839 A.D. India: S. Chand.
  21. ↑ Suri, S. L. (1961). pts.1-3.Chronicles of reigns of Maharaja Kharak Singh, Kanwar Nau Nihal Singh, Maharaja Sher Singh and Maharaja Dalip Singh, 1839-1845 A.D. India: S. Chand.
  22. ↑ "The Tribune...Science Tribune" . Retrieved 12 January 2017.
  23. ↑ The Tribune Festival binge: Amarjot Kaur 10 January 2015
  24. ↑ Celebrating with the Robin Hood of the Punjab and all his friends! Nottingham Post 13 January 2014 Archived 16 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  25. ↑ "What a wonderful world". The Hindu. 7 January 2013. Retrieved 12 January 2017.
  26. ↑ Hindustan Times 12 01 2013
  27. ↑ "Punjabi pockets warm up for Lohri bonfires - Times of India". The Times of India . Retrieved 12 January 2017.
  28. ↑ Celebrations, Volume 4, (2002) World Book]
  29. ↑ What is Lohri? Why is it celebrated?, Somya Abrol, India Today, (13 January 2017)
  30. ↑ "The Telegraph - Calcutta : Opinion". Archived from the original on 28 April 2004. Retrieved 12 January 2017.
  31. ↑ R. C. Dogra, Gobind Singh Mansukhani (1995)Encyclopaedia of Sikh Religion and Culture
  32. 1 2 3 Kailash Puri; Eleanor Nesbitt (2013). Pool of Life: The Autobiography of a Punjabi Agony Aunt. Sussex Academic Press. pp. 34–35. ISBN   978-1-78284-067-1.
  33. ↑ "The origins of lohri". Society for the Confluence of Festivals in India.
  34. ↑ "What is the significance of Lohri and why we burn fire on Lohri?". Business Insider. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
  35. ↑ "Happy Lohri 2022: Date, Origin and Significance of the Harvest Festival". News18. 13 January 2022. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
  36. ↑ "Happy Lohri 2022: Significance, Delicacies And Wishes For The Festival". Moneycontrol. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
  37. 1 2 3 4 Sundar mundarye ho by Assa Singh Ghuman Waris Shah Foundation ISBN B1-7856-043-7
  38. ↑ "NDTV 06 12 14". Archived from the original on 16 January 2014. Retrieved 12 December 2014.
  39. ↑ "An Indian Thanks Giving - NDTV Food" . Retrieved 12 January 2017.
  40. ↑ Albala, Ken (2011) Food Cultures of the World Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO
  41. ↑ Sinclair, Toby (1994) India.Odyssey
  42. ↑ Indian Food Packer, Volume 49 (1995)
  43. ↑ "Lohri page" . Retrieved 12 January 2017.
  44. ↑ Sundar Mundarye ho by Assa Singh Bhuman Waris Shah Foundation ISBN   81-7856-043-7
  45. ↑ Jeratha, Aśoka (1998). Dogra Legends of Art & Culture. Indus Publishing. ISBN   978-81-7387-082-8.
  46. ↑ Jammu Kashmir Government Portal
  47. ↑ "Lohri brightened by festive spirit - Times of India". The Times of India . 14 January 2015. Retrieved 12 January 2017.
  48. ↑ FirozBakht Ahmed Deccan Herald 18 January 2010
  49. ↑ Nidhin Singhi "Lohri gaiety warms all"Times of India 13 01 2012
  50. ↑ Proceedings - Punjab History Conference (2000)
  51. ↑ Jyoteeshwar Pathik, Diwan Chand Sharma (1980) Cultural Heritage of the Dogras. Page 106 "The festival of Lohri is said to be celebrated from Mughal time when a witch had created tyranny and horror on the Jammu Punjab border near Sialkot district." Light & Life Publishers
  52. ↑ "LOHRI: THE BONFIRE FESTIVAL - The Indian Panorama" . Retrieved 12 January 2017.
  53. ↑ "Lohri Aaye Rey". 13 January 2016. Retrieved 12 January 2017.
  54. ↑ "Dr Jitendra organises joint celebration of 'Lohri', 'Bihu' festivals - Scoop News Jammu Kashmir" . Retrieved 12 January 2017.
  55. ↑ Daniyal, Shoaib. "Lohri legends: the tale of Abdullah Khan 'Dullah' Bhatti, the Punjabi who led a revolt against Akbar" . Retrieved 12 January 2017.
  56. ↑ "Dhulla Bhatti Song".
  57. ↑ Collins, Ace (2010). Stories Behind the Great Traditions of Christmas. Zondervan. p. 191. ISBN   9780310873884.
  58. ↑ "The History of Hogmanay" . Retrieved 12 January 2017.
  59. ↑ Spence, Lewis (1 January 1999). The Magic Arts in Celtic Britain. Courier Corporation. ISBN   978-0-486-40447-9.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.