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Punjab has a long history of education.
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Punjab has a long history of education.
During the rule of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, funding was given by the royal court to the schools affiliated to the various religious communities. Schools for girls were also opened in many places. Near the end of his rule in the 1830s, Ranjit Singh also started to encourage the learning of English, for which a Christian teacher was hired in a school in Lahore. [1]
The first printing press in Punjab using Gurmukhi script was established in Ludhiana in 1835 by a Christian mission. The first Punjabi dictionary was published in 1854 by Reverend J. Newton. [2] Missionary schools were established in Jalandhar (1848), Ludhiana (1851) and Amritsar (1853). Following the example of the missionaries government soon started establishing primary schools in cities and large towns and the district officers opened and started maintaining schools with local funds in minor areas. The subjects taught in these schools included English, Geometry, Geography and Persian, Arabic and Urdu languages. [3] Starting from late 1877, Punjabi became one of the languages in which students could be examined at Punjab University. [4]
Khalsa College was founded in 1892 in Amritsar. [5] In 1962, Punjab Agricultural University was established in Ludhiana and Punjabi University in Patiala. [6] [7] On November 24, 1969, Guru Nanak Dev University was established in Amritsar. [8]
Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan was started in 2000s by the government of India to provide free and compulsory education to the children from 6 to 14 years of age. [9]
The Indian government lays emphasis on the primary education up to the age of fourteen years, referred to as elementary education in India. It has been a fundamental right enlisted in the constitution of the country under Article 21-A up till the age of 14 years. The Indian government has also banned child labour in order to ensure that the children do not enter unsafe working conditions. [10] However, both free education and the ban on child labour are difficult to enforce due to economic disparity and social conditions. [10] 80% of all recognized schools at the elementary stage are government run or supported, making it the largest provider of education in the country. [11]
However, due to a shortage of resources and lack of political will, this system suffers from massive gaps including high pupil to teacher ratios, shortage of infrastructure and poor levels of teacher training. Figures released by the Indian government in 2011 show that there were 5,816,673 elementary school teachers in India. [12] As of March 2012 there were 2,127,000 secondary school teachers in India. [13] Education has also been made free [10] for children for 6 to 14 years of age or up to class VIII under the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act 2009. [14]
There have been several efforts to enhance quality made by the government. The District Education Revitalization Programme (DERP) was launched in 1994 with an aim to universalize primary education in India by reforming and vitalizing the existing primary education system. [15] 85% of the DERP was funded by the central government and the remaining 15 percent was funded by the states. [15] The DERP, which had opened 160000 new schools including 84000 alternative education schools delivering alternative education to approximately 3.5 million children, was also supported by UNICEF and other international programmes. [15]
This primary education scheme has also shown a high Gross Enrollment Ratio of 93–95% for the last three years in some states. [15] Significant improvement in staffing and enrollment of girls has also been made as a part of this scheme. [15] The current scheme for universalization of Education for All is the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan which is one of the largest education initiatives in the world. Enrollment has been enhanced, but the levels of quality remain low.
The table below shows the district level teacher to pupil ratio from class 1 to 5 in Punjab, as of 2017. [16] [17] [18] [19]
| District | Ratio |
|---|---|
| Hoshiarpur | 15 |
| Rupnagar | 16 |
| Fatehgarh Sahib | 16 |
| SAS Nagar | 17 |
| SBS Nagar | 18 |
| Gurdaspur | 18 |
| Pathankot | 19 |
| Kapurthala | 20 |
| Faridkot | 20 |
| Sri Muktsar Sahib | 20 |
| Jalandhar | 21 |
| Sangrur | 21 |
| Patiala | 22 |
| Ludhiana | 24 |
| Bathinda | 24 |
| Barnala | 26 |
| Fazilka | 27 |
| Amritsar | 30 |
| Ferozpur | 30 |
| Mansa | 30 |
| Moga | 31 |
| Taran taran | 46 |
The National Policy on Education (NPE), 1986, has provided for environment awareness, science and technology education, and introduction of traditional elements such as Yoga into the Indian secondary school system. [20] Secondary education covers children aged 14 to 18, 88.5 million children according to the Census, 2001.
A significant feature of India's secondary school system is the emphasis on inclusion of the disadvantaged sections of the society. Professionals from established institutes are often called to support in vocational training. Another feature of India's secondary school system is its emphasis on profession based vocational training to help students attain skills for finding a vocation of his/her choosing. [21] A significant new feature has been the extension of SSA to secondary education in the form of the Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan. [22]
A special Integrated Education for Disabled Children (IEDC) programme was started in 1974 with a focus on primary education. [23] but which was converted into Inclusive Education at Secondary Stage [24] Another notable special programme, the Kendriya Vidyalaya project, was started for the employees of the central government of India, who are distributed throughout the country. The government started the Kendriya Vidyalaya project in 1965 to provide uniform education in institutions following the same syllabus at the same pace regardless of the location to which the employee's family has been transferred. [23]
Schools of Repute
Punjab is served by many public institutes of higher education (listed below). All the major arts, humanities, science, engineering, law, medicine, veterinary science, and business courses are offered, leading to first degrees as well as postgraduate awards. Advanced research is conducted in all major areas of excellence. Punjab Agricultural University is one of the world's leading authorities in agriculture. It was instrumental and played vital role in Punjab's Green Revolution in the 1960s-70s.
Many colleges of Punjab have been granted autonomous status by UGC.
As of 2015, there are more than 920 MBBS and 1,070 BDS seats across Punjab. [37]
The table below shows the district level teacher to pupil ratio from class 1 to 5 in Punjab, as of 2017. [16] [39] [40] [41]
| Sr. No. | District | Ratio |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Hoshiarpur | 15 |
| 2 | Rupnagar | 16 |
| 3 | Fatehgarh Sahib | 16 |
| 4 | SAS Nagar | 17 |
| 5 | SBS Nagar | 18 |
| 6 | Gurdaspur | 18 |
| 7 | Pathankot | 19 |
| 8 | Kapurthala | 20 |
| 9 | Faridkot | 20 |
| 10 | Sri Muktsar Sahib | 20 |
| 11 | Jalandhar | 21 |
| 12 | Sangrur | 21 |
| 13 | Patiala | 22 |
| 14 | Ludhiana | 24 |
| 15 | Bathinda | 24 |
| 16 | Barnala | 26 |
| 17 | Fazilka | 27 |
| 18 | Amritsar | 30 |
| 19 | Ferozpur | 30 |
| 20 | Mansa | 30 |
| 21 | Moga | 31 |
| 22 | Taran taran | 46 |
The table below shows the average population per school in each district of Punjab, as of 2011 census and the total number of schools, as of 2017. This includes government schools, affiliated schools, recognised and aided schools. [42] Note:- Pathankot and Fazilka were part of Gurdaspur and Ferozepur respectively, before 2011, so separate data for them regarding the average population per school is not available.
| Sr. No. | District | Average population per school (2011) | Total number of schools (2017) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | SBS Nagar | 2,251 | 272 |
| 2 | Kapurthala | 2,433 | 335 |
| 3 | Fatehgarh Sahib | 2,480 | 242 |
| 4 | Gurdaspur | 2,582 | 637 |
| Pathankot | ---- | 193 | |
| 5 | Hoshiarpur | 2,584 | 614 |
| 6 | Moga | 2,613 | 381 |
| 7 | Faridkot | 2,616 | 236 |
| 8 | Rupnagar | 2,706 | 253 |
| 9 | Sangrur | 2,908 | 569 |
| 10 | Sri Muktsar Sahib | 2,918 | 309 |
| 11 | Mansa | 2,937 | 262 |
| 12 | Ferozpur | 3,023 | 419 |
| Fazilka | ---- | 252 | |
| 13 | Patiala | 3,251 | 583 |
| 14 | Barnala | 3,403 | 175 |
| 15 | Jalandhar | 3,476 | 631 |
| 16 | Bathinda | 3,533 | 393 |
| 17 | Amritsar | 3,722 | 669 |
| 18 | Ludhiana | 3,770 | 928 |
| 19 | SAS Nagar | 3,812 | 261 |
| 20 | Taran taran | 4,373 | 372 |
The table below shows the percentage of households with computer and internet facility in Punjab from July 2017 to June 2018.
| Facility | Total | Rural | Urban |
|---|---|---|---|
| Computer | 16.2% | 9.4% | 26.7% |
| Internet | 46.4% | 39.4% | 57.1% |
The table below shows the percentage of people in Punjab above the age of 5 with the ability to operate computer and internet, from July 2017 to June 2018.
| Group | Computer | Internet |
|---|---|---|
| Total | 26.6% | 35.0% |
| Total (Female) | 22.5% | 28.4% |
| Total (Male) | 30.1% | 40.9% |
| Rural (Total) | 20.8% | 28.5% |
| Rural (Female) | 17.2% | 22.1% |
| Rural (Male) | 24.0% | 34.3% |
| Urban (Total) | 37.1% | 46.8% |
| Urban (Female) | 32.4% | 40.0% |
| Urban (Male) | 41.0% | 52.6% |
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Giani Gurdit Singh was born in Mithewal village in the state of Punjab, India. He was considered one of the greatest contemporary writers in Punjabi, and his book Mera Pind is regarded as a classic. It is now in its 14th edition and has been in print continuously since 1961. He was also a pioneering journalist, the Owner-Editor of Parkash 1947–1978. He was also the editor of Singh Sabha Patrika, a monthly magazine of Sikh history and divinity. Giani Gurdit Singh graduated as "Giani" from Punjab University, Lahore in 1945, and he specialised in literature, divinity, history and folklore. He was a member of the Punjab Legislative Council from 1956 to 1962. He contributed to the debates at that time and in the creation of Punjabi University, Patiala and the recognition of Takht Sri Damdama Sahib, Talwandi Sabo, as the 5th Takht of the Sikhs. He was General Secretary of the Singh Sabha Shatabadi Committee, Amritsar, renamed Kendriya Sri Guru Singh Sabha. As the editor of the magazine Singh Sabha Patrika, he focused on issues of importance to the Sikhs. He also established two Guru Granth Vidya Kendras, one in Chandigarh and another in Mehrauli, Delhi.
Punjab is home to 2.3% of India's population; with a density of 551 persons per km2. According to the provisional results of the 2011 national census, Punjab has a population of 27,743,338, making it the 16th most populated state in India. Of which male and female are 14,639,465 and 13,103,873 respectively. 32% of Punjab's population consists of Dalits. In the state, the rate of population growth is 13.9% (2011), lower than national average. Out of total population, 37.5% people live in urban regions. The total figure of population living in urban areas is 10,399,146 of which 5,545,989 are males and while remaining 4,853,157 are females. The urban population in the last 10 years has increased by 37.5%. According to the 2011 Census of India, Punjab, India has a population of around 27.7 million.
Punjab, historically known as Panchanada or Pentapotamia, is a state in northern India. Forming part of the larger Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent, the state is bordered by the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh to the north and northeast, Haryana to the south and southeast, and Rajasthan to the southwest; by the Indian union territories of Chandigarh to the east and Jammu and Kashmir to the north. It shares an international border with Punjab, a province of Pakistan to the west. The state covers an area of 50,362 square kilometres, which is 1.53% of India's total geographical area, making it the 19th-largest Indian state by area out of 28 Indian states. With over 27 million inhabitants, Punjab is the 16th-largest Indian state by population, comprising 23 districts. Punjabi, written in the Gurmukhi script, is the most widely spoken and the official language of the state. The main ethnic group are the Punjabis, with Sikhs (57.7%) and Hindus (38.5%) forming the dominant religious groups. The state capital, Chandigarh, is a union territory and also the capital of the neighbouring state of Haryana. Three tributaries of the Indus River — the Sutlej, Beas, and Ravi — flow through Punjab.
The Panjab Digital Library is a voluntary organization digitizing and preserving the cultural heritage of Panjab since 2003. With over 65 million digitized pages, it is the biggest resource of digital material on Panjab. There are many historically significant documents stored and made available online. Its scope covers Sikh and Punjabi culture. The library funded by The Nanakshahi Trust was launched online in August 2009. Its base office is located at Chandigarh, India.
Vijay Kumar Chopra is the chief executive officer and editor in chief of the Punjab Kesari print news organisation. He is involved in social welfare work and has received a Padma Shri award. In August 2009, he was elected by the Chairman of the Press Trust of India.
Kahlon is a village in Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar district of Punjab State, India. It is located 3.8 kilometres (2.4 mi) away from postal head office Rahon, 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) from Nawanshahr, 12.7 kilometres (7.9 mi) from district headquarter Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar and 92.7 kilometres (57.6 mi) from state capital Chandigarh. The village is administrated by Sarpanch an elected representative of the village.
Kanaun is a village in Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar district of Punjab State, India. It is located 6.8 kilometres (4.2 mi) away from postal head office Rahon, 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) from Nawanshahr, 17 kilometres (11 mi) from district headquarter Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar and 82 kilometres (51 mi) from state capital Chandigarh. The village is administrated by Sarpanch an elected representative of the village.
Karimpur is a village in Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar district of Punjab State, India. It is located 2.7 kilometres (1.7 mi) away from postal head office Langroya, 6.4 kilometres (4.0 mi) from Nawanshahr, 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) from district headquarter Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar and 87 kilometres (54 mi) from state capital Chandigarh. The village is administrated by Sarpanch an elected representative of the village.
Mazari also spelled as Majari is a village in Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar district of Punjab State, India. It is located 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) away from Balachaur, 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) from Nawanshahr, 22.7 kilometres (14.1 mi) from district headquarter Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar and 82.7 kilometres (51.4 mi) from state capital Chandigarh. The village is administrated by Sarpanch an elected representative of the village.
Patti Shahpur is a village in Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar district of Punjab State, India. It is located 3.8 kilometres (2.4 mi) away from branch post office Sheikhepur Bagh, 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) from Nawanshahr, 20.4 kilometres (12.7 mi) from district headquarter Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar and 81.6 kilometres (50.7 mi) from state capital Chandigarh. The village is administrated by Sarpanch an elected representative of the village.
Rampur is a village in Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar district of Punjab State, India. It is located 7.1 kilometres (4.4 mi) away from sub post office Ladhana Jhikka, 23 kilometres (14 mi) from Nawanshahr, 20 kilometres (12 mi) from district headquarter Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar and 113 kilometres (70 mi) from state capital Chandigarh. The village is administrated by Sarpanch an elected representative of the village.
Ranewal is a village in Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar district of Punjab State, India. It is located 5.3 kilometres (3.3 mi) away from sub post office Jadla, 17 kilometres (11 mi) from Nawanshahr, 19 kilometres (12 mi) from district headquarter Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar and 84.7 kilometres (52.6 mi) from state capital Chandigarh. The village is administrated by Sarpanch an elected representative of the village.
Sadhpur is a village in Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar district of Punjab State, India. It is located 7.3 kilometres (4.5 mi) away from sub post office Khan Khana, 26 kilometres (16 mi) from Nawanshahr, 19.7 kilometres (12.2 mi) from district headquarter Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar and 116 kilometres (72 mi) from state capital Chandigarh. The village is administrated by Sarpanch an elected representative of the village.
Sal Kalan is a village in Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar district of Punjab State, India. It is located 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) away from sub post office Banga, 20 kilometres (12 mi) from Nawanshahr, 17.7 kilometres (11.0 mi) from district headquarter Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar and 110 kilometres (68 mi) from state capital Chandigarh. The village is administrated by Sarpanch an elected representative of the village.
Sodhian is a village in Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar district of Punjab State, India. It is located 1.3 kilometres (0.81 mi) away from branch post office Bohara, 9.3 kilometres (5.8 mi) from Nawanshahr, 1.7 kilometres (1.1 mi) from district headquarter Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar and 100 kilometres (62 mi) from state capital Chandigarh. The village is administrated by Sarpanch an elected representative of the village.
Sujjon is a village in Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar district of Punjab State, India. It is located 3.5 kilometres (2.2 mi) away from sub post office Mahil Gailan, 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) from Nawanshahr, 18.6 kilometres (11.6 mi) from district headquarter Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar and 106 kilometres (66 mi) from state capital Chandigarh. The village is administrated by Sarpanch an elected representative of the village.
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