Higher education system in India includes both public and privateuniversities. Public universities are supported by the union government and the state governments, while private universities are mostly supported by various bodies and societies. Universities in India are recognized by the University Grants Commission (UGC), which draws its power from the University Grants Commission Act, 1956. The main governing body is the University Grants Commission, which enforces its standards, advises the government, and helps coordinate between the center and the state.[1] Accreditation for higher learning is overseen by various autonomous institutions established by the University Grants Commission (UGC).[2]
India is one of the countries that have historical evidence of systemic education dating back centuries in the world, though it has suffered destruction, manipulation, and reconstruction multiple times under the attack of foreign powers, power-hungry regimes, and colonization. Despite the aftereffects of it, it is one of the agile systems that has shown capability of continuously innovating through nation-building and transformative programs like National Education Policy 2020 due to the self-expanding values and socio-cultural flexibility.
History
India is believed to have had a system of higher education as early as 1000 B.C.[12] Unlike present day universities, these ancient learning centers were primarily concerned with dispersing Vedic education.[13] The modern Indian education system finds its roots in colonial legacy.[14] British colonists used the university system as a tool of cultural colonization.[12] Colonial efforts in higher education were carried out initially through the East India Company, followed by the British parliament and later under direct British rule.[13] The first institution of higher learning set up by the British East India Company was the Calcutta Madrasa in 1781. This was followed by the Asiatic Society of Bengal in 1784, Benaras Sanskrit College in 1791 and Fort William College in 1800.[14][13] With the Charter Act of 1813, the British Parliament officially declared Indian education as one of the duties of the state.[14] The same act also removed restrictions on missionary work in British India, thus leading to the establishment of the evangelist Serampore College in 1818.[13]Thomas Babbington Macaulay's famously controversial Minute on Education (1835) reflected the growing support of a Western approach to knowledge over an Oriental one.[13] Soon after, in 1857, the first three official universities were started in Bombay (Mumbai), Calcutta (Kolkata) and Madras (Chennai). Followed by the University of Punjab in 1882 and the University of Allahabad in 1887. These universities were modeled after the University of London and focused on English and the humanities[15]
The British control of the Indian education system continued until the Government of India Act 1935 that transferred more power to provincial politicians and began the "Indianisation" of education. This period witnessed a rise in the importance of physical and vocational education as well as the introduction of basic education schemes.[14] When India gained independence in 1947, the nation had a total of 241,369 students registered across 20 universities and 496 colleges. In 1948, the Indian Government established the University Education Commission to oversee the growth and improvement of higher education.[15] In the 1960s and 1970s, the government increased its efforts to support higher education by not only setting up state-funded universities and colleges, but also providing financial assistance to private institutions, resulting in the creation of private aided/ grant-in-aid institutions.[16]
Despite the departure of the British, Indian higher education continued to give importance to the languages and humanities until the 1980s. Institutes of professional education like the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs), Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani (BITS), Regional Engineering Colleges (REC) and Indian Institutes of Management (IIM) were some of the more prominent exceptions to this trend. These institutions drew inspiration from reputed universities in the United States and also received foreign funding. However, the education system remained using colonial English instead of plain English as many ESL countries do under the view that sophistication of language used in education signifies quality of education instead of the quality of structured knowledge that is transferred.[17] Post 1980s, the changing demands of the global economy, lack of foreign investment and political volatility, decreasing value of currency, and an increased strain on government governance capacity, slowed the growth of state-funded higher educational institutions. This led to an increased role of the private sector in the education system.[16]
Universities in India have evolved in divergent streams with each stream monitored by an apex body, indirectly controlled by the Ministry of Education and funded jointly by the state governments. Most universities are administered by the States, however, there are 18 important universities called Central Universities, which are maintained by the Union Government. The increased funding of the central universities give them an advantage over their state competitors.
The University Grants Commission estimated that in 2013–14, 22,849 PhDs and 20,425 MPhil degrees were awarded. Over half of these were in the fields of Science, Engineering/Technology, Medicine and Agriculture. As of 2014[update]–15, over 178,000 students were enrolled in research programs.[18]
Apart from the several hundred state universities, there is a network of research institutions that provide opportunities for advanced learning and research leading up to a PhD in branches of science, technology and agriculture. Several have won international recognition.
Twenty-five of these institutions come under the umbrella of the CSIR – Council of Scientific and Industrial Research and over 60 fall under the ICAR – Indian Council of Agricultural Research. In addition, the DAE – Department of Atomic Energy, and other ministries support various research laboratories.
The National Institute of Technology (NITs) and Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) are among the most prestigious institutions within the technology sciences.The Indian Agricultural Research Institute is one of the best in the country for agricultural education. Indian Institute of Science (IISc) and Indian Institute of Science Education and Research[19](IISERs) are the premier research institutes in the field of science education and research. There are several thousand colleges (affiliated to different universities) that provide undergraduate science, agriculture, commerce and humanities courses in India. Amongst these, the best also offer post graduate courses while some also offer facilities for research and PhD studies.
Technical education has grown rapidly in recent years. Of 27.3 million students enrolled in undergraduate studies, about 4.5 million are in engineering fields.[3] With recent capacity additions, it is now estimated that to graduate over 500,000 engineers (with 4-yr undergraduate degrees) annually, and there is also a corresponding increase in the graduation of computer scientists (roughly 50,000 with post-graduate degree). In addition, the nation graduates over 1.2 million scientists. Furthermore, each year, the nation is enrolling at least 350,000 in its engineering diploma programs (with plans to increase this by about 50,000). Thus, India's annual enrollment of scientists, engineers and technicians now exceeds 2 million.
Across the country, tertiary enrollment rates have increased at a compound annual growth rate of 3.5% in the 5 years preceding 2016. Current enrollment stands at 34.58 million, over 15% more than the 29.2 million enrolled in 2011.[3]
International league tables produced in 2006 by the London-based Times Higher Education Supplement(THES) confirmed Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU)'s place among the world's top 200 universities.[20] Likewise, THES 2006 ranked JNU's School of Social Sciences[21] at the 57th position among the world's top 100 institutes for social sciences. In 2017, THES ranked the Indian Institute of Science as the eighth best "small university" in the world. A small university was defined as one with less than 5000 students. In 2015, the institute also became the first Indian institute to make it to the top hundred in the THES list of engineering institutes. It was ranked 99.[22]
The University of Calcutta was the first multi-disciplinary university of modern India. According to The Times Higher Education Supplement's survey of the world's top arts and humanities universities, dated 10 November 2005, this university, ranked 39, was the only Indian university to make it to the top 50 list in that year. Other research institutes are the Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, the Asiatic Society, and the Indian Statistical Institute.
India is a leading source of international students around the world. More than 200,000 Indian students are studying abroad. They are likely to be enrolled in master's programs that provide them opportunities to enhance their career potential.[25]
Following recent changes in education, India, through its NEP 2020 project, plans to provide cost-effective access to higher education through the National Digital University (NDU). This online university operates on a hub-and-spoke model, offering domestic and international students the opportunity to earn a degree certificate from India. The NDU offers its own educational programs and serves as a platform for universities and institutions that meet high standards to deliver quality courses and full-fledged programs. Students who complete 50 percent of their courses through a particular partner institute or university can choose to receive a degree certificate from that university or from NDU. The national and international equivalency of these degree certificates will be the same.[26]
Programs and courses offered through NDU will be regularly audited and certified by academics and professors of practice. These audits will assess the communicability, content structure, and relevance of the courses to ensure their reliability. This includes establishing standalone capability, setting required pass percentages, and identifying necessary prerequisites for successful field engagement. Additionally, the return on investment (ROI) of each course will be evaluated, with recommendations for post-requisites based on global trends to create an inclusive learning experience. Following best practices derived from scientific studies, the courses will feature chunked content delivery, progressive examinations, and real-world scenario case projects. The syllabi will be standardized to global standards to ensure worldwide validity. The National Digital University was expected to launch in July 2023 and had begun requesting program and course proposals from Indian colleges and universities. The Learning Management System (LMS) platform is designed with input from top educational institutes and industries, including those with corporate academies. The government plans to integrate virtual AI assistants to enhance the interactive learning experience, create course-related peer learning chatrooms, host national and international webinars, optimize course pages for mobile devices, and provide extensive opportunities for industries to offer apprenticeships to students who meet their requirements.[26]
Post-secondary education stages
The new National Education Policy 2020 (NEP 2020) introduced by the central government is expected to bring profound changes to education in India. The policy approved by the Union Cabinet of India on 29 July 2020, outlines the vision of India's new education system.[27] The new policy replaces the 1986 National Policy on Education. The policy is a comprehensive framework for elementary education to higher education as well as vocational training in both rural and urban India. The policy aims to transform India's education system by 2021.[28]
Shortly after the release of the policy, the government clarified that no one will be forced to study any particular language and that the medium of instruction will not be shifted from English to any regional language.[29] The language policy in NEP is a broad guideline and advisory in nature; and it is up to the states, institutions, and schools to decide on the implementation.[30] Education in India is a Concurrent List subject.[31]
NEP's higher education policy proposes a 4-year multi-disciplinary bachelor's degree in an undergraduate programme with multiple exit options. These will include professional and vocational areas and will be implemented[32]
A certificate after completing 1 year of study (vocational)
A diploma after completing 2 years of study (vocational)
A Bachelor's degree after completion of a 3-year program (preferred bachelor's degree)
A 4-year multidisciplinary bachelor's degree (professional bachelor's degree)
Indian law requires that universities be accredited unless created through an act of Parliament. Without accreditation, the government notes, "These fake institutions have no legal entity to call themselves as University/Vishwvidyalaya and to award ‘degree’ which are not treated as valid for academic/employment purposes."[34]The University Grants Commission Act 1956 explains,
"the right of conferring or granting degrees shall be exercised only by a University established or incorporated by or under a Central Act, or a State Act, or an Institution deemed to be University or an institution specially empowered by an Act of the Parliament to confer or grant degrees. Thus, any institution which has not been created by an enactment of Parliament or a State Legislature or has not been granted the status of a Deemed to be University, is not entitled to award a degree."[34]
The University Grants Commission has provided guidelines about fake universities/institutions and degrees, including a list of such schools.[35]
This chart is based on 2014-2015 data from the 2016 national statistics.[38]
Post-graduate degree holders
Percentage
Social science
16.89
Management
16.65
Science
12.44
Commerce
8.45
IT and Computer science
7.87
Engineering and technology
7.18
Medical science
2.96
Others
12.41
Administration
The institutional framework of higher education in India consists of Universities and Colleges.[39] As reported in 2015, India has 760 universities and 38,498 colleges.[40] There are three types of universities: Conventional Universities, Deemed Universities and Institutions of National Importance.[41] While Conventional Universities are established through Act of Parliament or State Legislatures, Deemed Universities award degrees through the notification of the central government.[42] Institutes of National Importance are those that have been awarded the status by Parliament.[43]
The education system of India falls broadly under the Ministry of Human Resource Development(MHRD). Amongst the branches of the MHRD, the Department of Higher Education is responsible for overseeing the growth of the higher education sector. The department aims to improve quality of and access to higher education for all sections of the population.[44] One of the key objectives of the department is to increase the Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) in higher education to 30% by 2020. Some of the other objectives of the department include: expansion of institutional base, greater inclusion of minorities, removal of regional disparities, infrastructural improvement and increased global participation.[44]
Current government initiatives include:
Rashtriya Uchattar Shiksha Abhiyan - A total of 316 state public universities and 13,024 colleges will be covered under the Rashtriya Uchattar Shiksha Abhiyan, a plan to manage funding for higher education.[45] This is a scheme to develop state university by central govt funding (60% for general category states, 90% for special category states, 100% for union territories).
Scheme of Integrating Persons With Disabilities In The Mainstream Of Technical And Vocational Education - Caters to around 50 polytechnics in the country and provides them with grants-in-aid aimed at facilitating greater integration of disabled individuals into higher education.[46]
Scheme of Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya National Mission on Teachers and Teaching (PMMMNMTT) - The purpose of this scheme is to raise the quantity and quality of teaching staff across schools and colleges. It also aims to create better institutional frameworks in order to cultivate change in the positive direction.[46]
Rankings
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University rankings are used to measure and compare institutional quality based on a range of indicators related to research, reputation and teaching.[47] Indian government's National Institutional Ranking Framework, or NIRF is the mechanism for measuring quality and also intended to determine funding and world-class university endeavors.[48] While being popular, NIRF rankings have been criticized for being inaccurate and biased. The Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi has criticised NIRF rankings multiple times.[49]
The University of Mumbai was ranked 41 among the Top 50 Engineering Schools of the world by America's news broadcasting firm Business Insider in 2012 and was the only university in the list from the five emerging BRICS nations (viz. Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa).[56] It was ranked at 62 in the QS BRICS University rankings for 2013[57] and was India's 3rd best Multi Disciplinary University in the QS University ranking of Indian Universities after University of Calcutta and Delhi University.[58]
In the last 30 years, higher education in India has witnessed rapid and impressive growth. The increase in the number of institutions is, however, disproportionate to the quality of education that is being dispersed.[64] Unplanned over-expansion is often criticized as one of the biggest downfalls of Indian higher education.[65] Many institutions suffer from subpar quality and a lack of funding. As a result, entry into the top institutions is highly competitive and translates into a contest for higher entrance test scores and better private coaching institutes.[64]
Higher education in India faces problems ranging from income and gender disparities in enrolment, to poor quality of faculty and teaching and even to a general lack of motivation and interest amongst students.[64] Industries cite skill shortage as one of the major factors contributing to the mounting number of unemployed graduates.[65] Some of the main challenges faced by the Indian higher education system include:
Financing – The inability of the state to fund the expanding higher education system has resulted in the rapid growth of private higher education.[64] In addition, diminished governmental financial support adversely affects small and rural educational institutions.[14] A growing number of public institutions are forced to resort to self-financing courses and high tuition costs.[64] The private sector's primary modes of financing include donations, capitation fees and exorbitant fee rates. This in turn limits general accessibility to higher education, by catering to only an elite few.[14]
Enrolment – As of 2019–20, Gross Enrolment Ratio in higher education is 27.3 for 18 – 23 year old age group.[66] On the whole, India has an enrolment rate of 9% which is similar to that of other lower middle income countries. The population that is enrolled in higher education consists largely of urban metropolitan dwellers. Rural enrolment in higher education is very low.[64] Moreover, a majority of the recorded enrolment is at the undergraduate level.[65] Over the last 4 years, Indian higher education has maintained a steady female enrolment rate of around 45%.[67] Although the gender gap in enrolment has decreased significantly post-independence, there still exists a disparity amongst different departments. Technology, medicine and commerce are some of the areas of study that are heavily male-dominated while humanities departments show the opposite trend.[68]
Accreditation - Driven by market opportunities and entrepreneurial zeal, many institutions are taking advantage of the lax regulatory environment to offer 'degrees' not approved by Indian authorities, and many institutions are functioning as pseudo non-profit organisations, developing sophisticated financial methods to siphon off the 'profits'.[69][70] Regulatory authorities like UGC and AICTE have been trying to extirpate private universities that run courses with no affiliation or recognition. Students from rural and semi-urban background often fall prey to these institutes and colleges.[71]
Quality - The quality of programs structure-wise and quality-wise are substandard and lack objectives that can meet the basic industrial requirement of "skilled-professionals." However, the assessment methods employed are taxing and the pacing of the courses (quantity over quality approach) are made forcefully quick under the assumption that these are the essential indicators of 'show' quality (appearance quality). These unscientific strategies and promotion of survival mentality instead of growth mentality leads to unsuccessful learning among students. Streamlining of bachelor's program was brought in the Indian system by following other countries by educators who proved they could give the same quality that a four-year degree could provide with a three-year degree. However, the vision of these resolute educators are lost in time, and sub-standardization and political objectives took over the program structure. For example, when a 21st-century three year Indian bachelor's program is compared with a four-year International bachelor's programs it would be in quality only worth of a two-year college program because usually the first year of these programs are heavily focused on general and arts subjects. When core courses of these programs that cover the same topic are compared, Indian courses lack both leading building blocks of learning content, and the depth and fluidity of international courses. A minimum of 65 - 70 percent mastery threshold that internationally is considered as basic readiness for advancing from foundational to advanced courses is not required in Indian programs. Lack of quality in education resulting from these drawbacks lead students gaining substandard and unclear knowledge which in-turn leads to mass unemployment rates among educated youths of India, and it's primarily due to this learned incompetency or incapacity.[72] As part of the ongoing reformation of the National Education Policy (NEP), the Indian government plans to shift academic curriculums from the perspective of academics to that of professors with practical industry experience. Additionally, there are plans to introduce four-year degree programs instead of restructuring the existing three-year degrees with the aims to ensure competence and quality while offering students a wider range of options. Furthermore, there are plans to establish accelerated two-year bachelor's degree programs that meet international standards to address the increasing demand for skilled professionals in specific sectors, and providing curriculum licensing agreements to industry giants, allowing them to hire workers at a young age and provide them with on-the-job education to obtain a respective University education.[73][74][75] Bringing four-year degree programs is seen with doubt by the media during a time and period when nations with four-year degree programs are lamenting the sustainability of prolonged educational pathways. Experts opine that in an age marked by the widespread availability of information and the rise of modern technologies, traditional educational structures fails to meet the dynamic demands of the labor market.[76][77]
Politics - Higher education is a high stakes issue in India. It is subject to heavy government involvement. Despite the system's lack of state funding, 15.5% of government expenditure goes toward higher education.[78] Also, many prominent political figures either own or sit on the managerial board of the Universities.[79] This leads to the exertion of intense political pressures on the administration of these institutions.[78]Caste based reservations make Indian higher education an even more contested topic. While some make the case that caste-based quotas are necessary to tackle prevailing socio-economic disparities,[80] others see it as exclusionary to upper-caste individuals.[81] The NEP reformation further helps to increase these problems where educators will hold a power to act based on caste and religion based politics in determining who will go further in studies and who should not. This effectively reduces the race for quality education at quality institutions in favor of majority power holders. As a result of biased inclusionism that does not fit for needs of the society as whole and the historic exclusionism of minorities, student activisms are rampant, apart from this political organization of academic staff are widespread to protect their own interests.
The complex socio-political nature of the education sector in India makes it difficult to implement social reform. As a result, the overall quality of education suffers.[78]
Student advisory
While fee regulatory agencies fix a fee that cover expenses incurred by an institution along with a basic surplus,[82][83] many institutions have been charging a fee[84] that makes the venture profiteering. All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE), the regulatory body for technical education in India, has called "upon the students, parents and the general public not to pay any capitation fee or any other fee other than that mentioned in the Prospectus of the Institutions for consideration of admission."[85] AICTE also mentions that the fee charged to students, including for programs such as PGDM, has to be approved by the fee regulatory committee of the state, and the institute should mention the fee on its website.[86] As per AICTE norms, the business schools are not meant to charge a fee higher than what is mentioned in the prospectus. Educational regulatory agencies, at the national level[87] and the regional level,[88] have mandated that an institution should include the fee in the prospectus.
The Indian Institute of Technology Bombay is a public research university and technical institute in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
The National Institutes of Technology (NITs) are centrally funded technical institutes under the ownership of the Ministry of Education, Government of India. They are governed by the National Institutes of Technology, Science Education, and Research Act, 2007, which declared them institutions of national importance and laid down their powers, duties, and framework for governance. The act lists 31 NITs. Each NIT is autonomous and linked to the others through a common council known as the Council of NITSER, which oversees their administration. All NITs are funded by the Government of India.
The International Institute of Information Technology Hyderabad (IIITH) is a deemed university, founded as a non-profit public-private partnership (N-PPP), located in Hyderabad, India. It is the first IIIT in India under this model.
Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur is a public technological university located at Shibpur, Howrah, West Bengal, India. Founded in 1856, it is recognised as an Institute of National Importance under Ministry of Education by the Government of India. It is controlled by the Council of NITSER. It is the fourth oldest engineering institute in India.
National Institute of Technology Durgapur, formerly known as Regional Engineering College, Durgapur, is a public technical university in the city of Durgapur in West Bengal, India. Founded in 1960, it is one of India's oldest technical universities. It is located on a campus of 187 acres (0.75 km²).
National Institute Of Technology Silchar is one of the 31 NITs of India and was established in 1967 as a Regional Engineering College in Silchar. In 2002, it was upgraded to the status of National Institute of Technology and was declared as Institute of National Importance under the National Institutes of Technology Act, 2007.
Jamia Hamdard is an institute of higher education deemed to be university located in New Delhi, India. Established in 1989 by Hakim Abdul Hameed, it is a government-funded university. In 2019, it was awarded Institute of Eminence status by Ministry of Human Resource Development.
National Institute of Technology, Raipur is a public technical and research university located in Raipur, the capital of Chhattisgarh. Founded in 1956 with two engineering disciplines, namely Mining Engineering and Metallurgical Engineering, the institute focuses exclusively on science, technology, engineering, and architecture.
Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering and Technology is a Govt. of India established (1989) deemed university under Section 3 of the UGC Act 1956 for higher education and research in India. The UG Program of SLIET is accredited as TIER 1 by the NBA. It is well known as the "Modern Gurukul" of Tech Education due to lush green campus of 451 acres (183 ha) in Longowal, Sangrur, Punjab, India. SLIET is fully funded by the Ministry of Human Resource Development, and is an autonomous body controlled by the SLIET Society. Institute has been set up in the memory of Late Sh. Harchand Singh ji Longowal under Rajiv Longowal Punjab accord. Educational opportunities include technical and practical training in the fields of engineering and technology. The students and alumni of SLIET are informally referred to as SLIETians.
The Indian Institute of Technology Madras is a public technical university located in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. It is one of the eight public Institutes of Eminence of India. As an Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), IIT Madras is also recognised as an Institute of National Importance.
The Indian Institute of Technology Delhi(IIT- Delhi) is a public institute of technology located in Delhi, India. It is one of the 23 Indian Institutes of Technology created to be Centre of Excellence for India's training, research and development in science, engineering and technology.
Chennai is home to many educational and research institutions. IIT Madras, located in South Chennai is considered as the premier centre of engineering education in India. Anna University and the University of Madras are the oldest state owned universities which are ranked among the best universities in India. The College of Engineering, Guindy and Madras Institute of Technology, which are the constituent college of Anna University along with Alagappa College of Technology are the pioneer institutes of engineering education in India. Some of the oldest medical colleges India, the Madras Medical College (1835) and Stanley Medical College (1938) are located in the city. Notable, liberal arts colleges in the city include Loyola College, Madras Christian College, Presidency College, Stella Maris College, Women's Christian College and Ethiraj College for Women.
Indian Institute of Technology Ropar is a public technical university located in Rupnagar, Punjab, India. It is one of the eight Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) established in 2008 by the Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD), Government of India under The Institutes of Technology (Amendment) Act, 2011 to expand the reach and enhance the quality of technical education in the country.
Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur is a public technical university located in Jodhpur in the state of Rajasthan in India. It is one of the eight new Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) established by the Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India under The Institutes of Technology (Amendment) Act, 2011 which declares these eight IITs as well as the conversion of the Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University to IIT. The Act was passed in the Lok Sabha on 24 March 2011 and by the Rajya Sabha on 30 April 2012.
The Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) are a network of engineering and technology institutions in India. Established in 1950, they are under the purview of the Ministry of Education of the Indian Government and are governed by the Institutes of Technology Act, 1961. The Act refers to them as Institutes of National Importance and lays down their powers, duties, and framework for governance as the country's premier institutions in the field of technology. 23 IITs currently fall under the tenor of this act. Each IIT operates autonomously and is linked to others through a common council called the IIT Council, which oversees their administration. The Minister of Education of India is the ex officio chairperson of the IIT Council.
The Ministry of Education (MoE) is a ministry of the Government of India, responsible for the implementation of the National Policy on Education. The ministry is further divided into two departments: the Department of School Education and Literacy, which deals with primary, secondary and higher secondary education, adult education and literacy, and the Department of Higher Education, which deals with university level education, technical education, scholarships, etc.
Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad is a public technical university located in Kandi Village of the Sangareddy district in the Indian state of Telangana. As with all Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs), IIT Hyderabad is an Institute of National Importance.
India has the largest numbers of engineers as well as the largest number of engineering education institutes and infrastructure in the world. As of 2021, India annually produces one million engineering graduates. India's technical education infrastructure includes 3500 engineering colleges, 3400 polytechnics and 200 schools of planning and architecture.
National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) is a ranking methodology released annually by the Ministry of Education, Government of India, to rank institutions of higher education in India. The framework was approved by the former Ministry of Human Resource Development and launched by the Minister on 29 September 2015.
The Indian Institute of Technology Jammu is a public research university located in Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India. As one of India's Indian Institutes of Technology, the university came into existence in 2016 when a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) between Department of Higher Education, Government of Jammu and Kashmir and Department of Higher Education, Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD), Government of India, was signed. The IIT campus has been constructed in the village of Jagti, in Nagrota Tehsil, in Jammu district.
References
1 2 India 2009: A Reference Annual (53rd edition), 237
1 2 Jayaram, N. (2007). "India". International Handbook of Higher Education. Springer International Handbooks of Education. Vol.18. Springer, Dordrecht. pp.747–767. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-4012-2_38. ISBN9781402040115.
↑ THES, "The World's Top 200 Universities", The Times Higher Education Supplement, 6 October 2006. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 11 January 2008. Retrieved 20 August 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) (Subscription is necessary to get access to much of THES content)
↑ THES, "Top 100 in Social Sciences", The Times Higher Education Supplement, 27 October 2006.
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