States and union territories of India

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States and union territories of India
Category Federated states
Location Republic of India
Number28 States
8 Union territories
PopulationsStates: Sikkim – 610,577 (lowest)
Uttar Pradesh – 199,812,341 (highest)
Union Territories: Lakshadweep – 64,473 (lowest)
Delhi – 16,787,941 (highest)
AreasStates: Goa – 3,702 km2 (1,429 sq mi) (smallest)
Rajasthan – 342,269 km2 (132,151 sq mi) (largest)
Union territories: Lakshadweep – 32 km2 (12 sq mi) (smallest)
Ladakh – 59,146 km2 (22,836 sq mi) (largest)
Government
Subdivisions

India is a federal union comprising 28 states and 8 union territories, for a total of 36 entities. [1] The states and union territories are further subdivided into 806 districts and smaller administrative divisions. [2]

Contents

States and union
territories of India
ordered by
Flag of India.svg

The states of India are self-governing administrative divisions, each having a state government. The governing powers of the states are shared between the state government and the union government. On the other hand, the union territories are directly governed by the union government. [a]

History

1876–1919

The administrative divisions of the Indian Empire in 1909 Political Divisions of the Indian Empire, 1909.jpg
The administrative divisions of the Indian Empire in 1909

The Indian Empire was a very complex political entity consisting of various imperial divisions and states and territories of varying autonomy. At the time of its establishment in 1876, it was made up of 584 constituent states and the directly ruled territories of the Crown. The entire empire was divided into provinces and agencies.

A province consisted of territory under the direct rule of the Emperor of India (who was also the King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions) and a few minor states, ruled by Indian princes under the suzerainty of the Emperor. A Governor or Lieutenant-Governor acted as the representative of the Emperor to that province and head of government of the directly ruled territories in the province.

The governor or lieutenant-governor also served as the Emperor's representative to the constituent states of the province. The first three of the lieutenant-governorships were territories annexed to India from other powers and temporarily governed by the erstwhile Bengal Presidency, before being made into their own separate provinces. Agra and Bengal were still considered de jure parts of the defunct Bengal Presidency for judicial and legal purposes. Agra was separated in 1878 and merged with Oudh.

The Bengal Presidency was re-established in 1912 as a governorship. All these provinces had their own legislatures established by the Indian Councils Acts, and high courts established by Indian High Courts Acts. Laws passed by these legislatures needed the dual assent of the governor or lieutenant-governor of the province and the governor-general of India, who functioned as the representative of the Emperor.

In addition to these, there were certain territories ruled directly by the Government of India through nominated chief commissioners. These were former independent states annexed to India and since ruled directly by the Supreme Government.

A vast majority of the Indian states in the late nineteenth century were, in terms of imperial divisions, organised within the provinces. However a good number of states were organised into imperial structures called agencies, or residencies. An Agent to the Governor-General (AGG) functioned as the Emperor's representative to all the states in the agency.

1919–1935

In 1919, the fourth Government of India was enacted by the Crown. This saw many major changes. The legislatures of the provinces were made elected ones rather than nominated ones. Some provinces were given bicameral legislatures. All provinces were elevated to governorships and all lieutenant governors were made governors. Burma was given a special status and made an autonomous province.

The Chamber of Princes was established by Emperor George V in 1920. One of the major consequences of this was the creation of many more agencies from the states of the provinces, thus granting them direct relations with the Emperor instead of with the Governors.

This saw the separation of all the states from the provinces and addition to before-mentioned agencies. This left all the provinces with only territories under direct Crown rule.

1935–1947

The latter years of the Indian Empire saw the enactment of the last Government of India Act by the Crown. This act granted full autonomy to Indian provinces. Provincial laws no longer needed the assent of the governor-general. This act created the office of a Premier in each province, who functioned as the new head of government and was responsible to the provincial legislature.

Bengal, Madras and Bombay which had been till now styled Presidencies, were now officially styled as provinces. The provinces of Orissa and Sind were created from Bihar and Bombay respectively. The Province of Burma which had previously functioned as an autonomous province of India was now separated from the Indian Empire, and established as the Crown Colony of Burma.

In 1947, the last Act of the Crown was passed. The act dissolved the Indian Empire, the Imperial Legislative Council and the Chamber of Princes and the Union of India was consequently established from 9 former Indian provinces (East Punjab, United Provinces, Central Provinces, Madras, Bombay, Bihar, Orissa, West Bengal and Assam) and 562 former Indian states.

1947–1950

The administrative divisions of the Union of India in 1949 India Administrative Divisions 1949-Kashmir.jpg
The administrative divisions of the Union of India in 1949

Between 1947 and 1950, the territories of the princely states were politically integrated into the new Indian Union. Most were merged into existing provinces. Others were organised into new provinces and states, such as Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh, Malwa Union, Baghelkhand and Bundelkhand States Union, and Patiala and East Punjab States Union, made up of multiple princely states. A few, including Mysore, Hyderabad, Bhopal, and Bilaspur, became separate states. [3]

The new Constitution of India, which came into force on 26 January 1950, made India a sovereign democratic republic. The new republic was also declared to be a "Union of States". The constitution of 1950 distinguished between three main types of states: [3]

States reorganisation (1951–1956)

Andhra State was created on 1 October 1953 from the Telugu-speaking northern districts of Madras State. [4]

The French enclave of Chandernagore was transferred to West Bengal in 1954. In the same year Pondicherry, comprising the former French enclaves of Pondichéry, Karikal, Yanaon and Mahé, was transferred to India. This became a union territory in 1962. [5]

Also in 1954, pro-India forces liberated the Portuguese-held enclaves of Dadrá and Nagar Aveli, declaring the short-lived de facto state of Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli. In 1961, India annexed it as the Union Territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli. [6] [7] [8] [9]

The States Reorganisation Act, 1956 reorganised the states based on linguistic lines resulting in the creation of the new states. [3]

As a result of this act:

Post-1956

Bombay State was split into the linguistic states of Gujarat and Maharashtra on 1 May 1960 by the Bombay Reorganisation Act. [10] The former Union Territory of Nagaland achieved statehood on 1 December 1963. [11] The Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966 resulted in the creation of Haryana on 1 November and the transfer of the northern districts of Punjab to Himachal Pradesh. [12] The act designated Chandigarh as a union territory and the shared capital of Punjab and Haryana. [13]

Madras State was renamed Tamil Nadu in 1969. The north-eastern states of Manipur, Meghalaya and Tripura were formed on 21 January 1972. [14] Mysore State was renamed Karnataka in 1973. On 16 May 1975, Sikkim became the 22nd state of the Indian Union and the state's monarchy was abolished. [15] In 1987, Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram became states on 20 February, followed by Goa on 30 May, while erstwhile union territory of Goa, Daman and Diu's northern exclaves Damão and Diu became a separate union territory as Daman and Diu. [16]

In November 2000, three new states were created, namely:

Pondicherry was renamed Puducherry in 2007 and Orissa was renamed Odisha in 2011. Telangana was created on 2 June 2014 from ten former districts of north-western Andhra Pradesh. [21] [22]

In August 2019, the Parliament of India passed the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019, which contains provisions to reorganise the state of Jammu and Kashmir into two union territories; Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh, effective from 31 October 2019. [23] Later that year in November, the Government of India introduced legislation to merge the union territories of Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli into a single union territory to be known as Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu, effective from 26 January 2020. [24] [25] [26]

Current proposals

States and Union territories

States

State ISO Vehicle
code 		Zone CapitalLargest cityStatehoodPopulation
(2011) [27] [28] 		Area
(km2)		Official
languages [29] 		Additional official
languages [29]
Andhra Pradesh IN-APAP Southern Amaravati Visakhapatnam 1 November 195649,506,799162,975 Telugu Urdu [30]
Arunachal Pradesh IN-ARAR North-Eastern Itanagar 20 February 19871,383,72783,743 English —
Assam IN-ASAS North-Eastern Dispur Guwahati 26 January 195031,205,57678,438 Assamese, Boro Bengali, Meitei [31]
Bihar IN-BRBR Eastern Patna 26 January 1950104,099,45294,163 Hindi Urdu
Chhattisgarh IN-CGCG Central Raipur [b] 1 November 200025,545,198135,194 Hindi Chhattisgarhi
Goa IN-GAGA Western Panaji Vasco da Gama 30 May 19871,458,5453,702 Konkani Marathi
Gujarat IN-GJGJ Western Gandhinagar Ahmedabad 1 May 196060,439,692196,024 Gujarati, Hindi —
Haryana IN-HRHR Northern Chandigarh Faridabad 1 November 196625,351,46244,212 Hindi Punjabi [32]
Himachal Pradesh IN-HPHP Northern Shimla (Summer)
Dharamshala (Winter) [33] 		Shimla 25 January 19716,864,60255,673 Hindi Sanskrit [34]
Jharkhand IN-JHJH Eastern Ranchi Jamshedpur 15 November 200032,988,13479,714 Hindi Angika, Bengali, Bhojpuri, Bhumij, Ho, Kharia, Khortha, Kurmali, Kurukh, Magahi, Maithili, Mundari, Nagpuri, Odia, Santali, Urdu [35] [36]
Karnataka IN-KAKA Southern Bengaluru 1 November 195661,095,297191,791 Kannada —
Kerala IN-KLKL Southern Thiruvananthapuram 1 November 195633,406,06138,863 Malayalam English [37]
Madhya Pradesh IN-MPMP Central Bhopal Indore 1 November 195672,626,809308,252 Hindi —
Maharashtra IN-MHMH Western Mumbai (Summer)
Nagpur (Winter) [38] [39] 		Mumbai 1 May 1960112,374,333307,713 Marathi —
Manipur IN-MNMN North-Eastern Imphal 21 January 19722,855,79422,327 Meitei English
Meghalaya IN-MLML North-Eastern Shillong 21 January 19722,966,88922,429 English —
Mizoram IN-MZMZ North-Eastern Aizawl 20 February 19871,097,20621,081 Mizo, English —
Nagaland IN-NLNL North-Eastern Kohima Dimapur 1 December 19631,978,50216,579 English —
Odisha IN-ODOD Eastern Bhubaneswar 26 January 195041,974,218155,707 Odia —
Punjab IN-PBPB Northern Chandigarh Ludhiana 1 November 196627,743,33850,362 Punjabi —
Rajasthan IN-RJRJ Northern Jaipur 26 January 195068,548,437342,239 Hindi English
Sikkim IN-SKSK North-Eastern Gangtok 16 May 1975610,5777,096 Nepali, Sikkimese, Lepcha, English [40] Gurung, Limbu, Magar, Mukhia, Newari, Rai, Sherpa, Tamang
Tamil Nadu IN-TNTN Southern Chennai 1 November 195672,147,030130,058 Tamil English
Telangana IN-TSTG [41] Southern Hyderabad [c] 2 June 201435,193,978 [45] 112,077 [45] Telugu Urdu [46]
Tripura IN-TRTR North-Eastern Agartala 21 January 19723,673,91710,491 Bengali, English, Kokborok —
Uttar Pradesh IN-UPUP Central Lucknow 26 January 1950199,812,341240,928 Hindi Urdu
Uttarakhand IN-UKUK Central Bhararisain (Summer)
Dehradun (Winter) [47] 		Dehradun 9 November 200010,086,29253,483 Hindi Sanskrit [48]
West Bengal IN-WBWB Eastern Kolkata 26 January 195091,276,11588,752 Bengali, English Nepali, [d] Hindi, Odia, Punjabi, Santali, Telugu, Urdu, Kamatapuri, Rajbanshi, Kurmali, Kurukh
  1. ↑ A few union territories have their own representative territorial governments.
  2. ↑ Nava Raipur is planned to replace Raipur as the capital city of Chhattisgarh.
  3. ↑ Andhra Pradesh was divided into two states, Telangana and a residual Andhra Pradesh on 2 June 2014. [42] [21] Hyderabad, located entirely within the borders of Telangana, is to serve as the capital for both states for a period of time not exceeding ten years. [43] The Government of Andhra Pradesh and the Andhra Pradesh Legislature completed the process of relocating to temporary facilities in the envisaged new capital city Amaravati in early 2017. [44]
  4. ↑ Bengali and Nepali are the official languages in the Darjeeling and Kurseong sub-divisions of the Darjeeling district.

Union territories

This section is an excerpt from Union territory § Current union territories.[ edit ]
State [49] ISO [50] Vehicle
code [51] 		Zone [52] Capital [49] Largest city [53] Established [54] Population
(2011) [55] 		Area
(km2) [56] 		Official
languages [57] 		Additional official
languages [57]
Andaman and Nicobar Islands IN-ANAN Eastern Sri Vijaya Puram 1 November 1956380,5818,249 Hindi, English —
Chandigarh IN-CHCH Northern Chandigarh 1 November 19661,055,450114 English —
Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu IN-DHDD Western Daman Silvassa 26 January 2020587,106603Hindi, English Gujarati
Delhi IN-DLDL Northern New Delhi Delhi 1 November 195616,787,9411,484 Hindi, English Urdu, Punjabi [58]
Jammu and Kashmir IN-JKJK Northern Srinagar (Summer)
Jammu (Winter) [59] 		Srinagar 31 October 201912,258,43342,241 Dogri, English, Hindi, Kashmiri, Urdu —
Ladakh IN-LALA Northern Leh (Summer)
Kargil (Winter) [60] 		Leh 31 October 2019290,49259,146 Hindi, English —
Lakshadweep IN-LDLD Southern Kavaratti 1 November 195664,47332 Hindi, English Malayalam
Puducherry IN-PYPY Southern Pondicherry 16 August 19621,247,953479 Tamil, French, English Telugu, Malayalam

Former states and union territories

Former states

MapStateCapitalYearsPresent-day state(s)
Ajmer in India (1951).svg Ajmer State Ajmer 1950–1956 Rajasthan
Andhra-India 1953.svg Andhra State Kurnool 1953–1956 Andhra Pradesh
Bhopal in India (1951).svg Bhopal State Bhopal 1949–1956 Madhya Pradesh
Bilaspur in India (1951).svg Bilaspur State Bilaspur 1950–1954 Himachal Pradesh
Bombay in India (1951).svg Bombay State Bombay 1950–1960 Maharashtra, Gujarat, and partially Karnataka
Coorg in India (1951).svg Coorg State Madikeri 1950–1956 Karnataka
Punjab, India (1956-1966).png East Punjab Shimla (1947–1953)
Chandigarh (1953–1966)		1947–1966 Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh and Chandigarh UT
Hyderabad in India (1951).svg Hyderabad State Hyderabad 1948–1956 Telangana, and partially Maharashtra and Karnataka
Jammu and Kashmir in India (de-facto) (claims hatched).svg
Jammu and Kashmir Srinagar (Summer)
Jammu (Winter)		1952–2019 Jammu and Kashmir UT and

Ladakh UT

Kutch in India (1951).svg Kutch State Bhuj 1947–1956 Gujarat
Madhya Bharat in India (1951).svg Madhya Bharat Indore (Summer)
Gwalior (Winter)		1948–1956 Madhya Pradesh
Madras in India (1951).svg Madras State Madras 1950–1969 Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and partially Karnataka and Kerala
Mysore in India (1951).svg Mysore State Bangalore 1947–1973 Karnataka
PEPSU in India (1951).svg Patiala and East Punjab States Union Patiala 1948–1956 Punjab and Haryana
Saurashtra in India (1951).svg Saurashtra Rajkot 1948–1956 Gujarat
Travancore-Cochin in India (1951).svg Travancore–Cochin Trivandrum 1949–1956 Kerala and partially Tamil Nadu
Vindhya Pradesh in India (1951).svg Vindhya Pradesh Rewa 1948–1956 Madhya Pradesh

Former union territories

This section is an excerpt from Union territory § Former union territories.[ edit ]
Former union territories of India [54] [61]
Name Zone CapitalAreaBeginEndSuccessor(s)Map
Arunachal Pradesh North-Eastern Itanagar 83,743 km2 (32,333 sq mi)21 January 197220 February 1987As an Indian state IN-AR.svg
Dadra and Nagar Haveli Western Silvassa 491 km2 (190 sq mi)11 August 196126 January 2020 Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu (UT) IN-DN.svg
Daman and Diu Western Daman 112 km2 (43 sq mi)30 May 198726 January 2020 Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu (UT) IN-DD.svg
Goa, Daman and Diu Western Panaji 3,814 km2 (1,473 sq mi)19 December 196130 May 1987 Goa (state), Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu (UT) IN-GDD.svg
Himachal Pradesh Northern Shimla 55,673 km2 (21,495 sq mi)1 November 195625 January 1971As an Indian state IN-HP.svg
Manipur North-Eastern Imphal 22,327 km2 (8,621 sq mi)1 November 195621 January 1972As an Indian state IN-MN.svg
Mizoram North-Eastern Aizawl 21,081 km2 (8,139 sq mi)21 January 197220 February 1987As an Indian state IN-MZ.svg
Nagaland North-Eastern Kohima 16,579 km2 (6,401 sq mi)29 November 19571 December 1963As an Indian state IN-NL.svg
Tripura North-Eastern Agartala 10,491 km2 (4,051 sq mi)1 November 195621 January 1972As an Indian state IN-TR.svg

Responsibilities and authorities

The Constitution of India distributes the sovereign executive and legislative powers exercisable with respect to the territory of any state between the Union and that state. [62]

See also

Notes

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    6. ↑ "Dadra and Nagar Haveli Celebrated Its 60th Liberation Day". Jagran Josh. 2 August 2013. Archived from the original on 29 February 2020. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
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    12. ↑ Himachal Pradesh Tenth Five Year Plan (PDF) (Report). Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 May 2014. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
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    23. ↑ Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Bill (No. XXIX of) 2019 (PDF). Parliament of India. 5 August 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 22 August 2019.
    24. ↑ Dutta, Amrita Nayak (10 July 2019). "There will be one UT less as Modi govt plans to merge Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu". The Print. New Delhi. Archived from the original on 23 November 2021. Retrieved 22 August 2019.
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    62. ↑ Balwant Singh Malik (1998). "Territoriality of executive powers of states in India". Constitutional Law. Archived from the original on 31 December 2009. Article 73 broadly stated, provides that the executive power of the Union shall extend to the matters with respect to which Parliament has power to make laws. Article 162 similarly provides that the executive power of a State shall extend to the matters with respect to which the Legislature of a State has power to make laws. The Supreme Court has reiterated this position when it ruled in the Ramanaiah case that the executive power of the Union or of the State broadly speaking, is coextensive and coterminous with its respective legislative power
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