The Indian judiciary consists of the Supreme Court of India, which is the highest court in the country and the constituent courts. The Supreme Court serves as the final court of appeal for all civil and criminal cases in India and consists of 33 judges headed by the Chief Justice of India. [1] The High Courts are the top judicial bodies in individual states, controlled and managed by Chief Justices of the respective courts. There are 25 High Courts in the country with seven of them having multiple jurisdictions. The High Courts manage a system of sub-ordinate courts headed by the various District and Session Courts in their respective jurisdictions. As per the Constitution of India, the Chief Justice, the other judges of the Supreme Court and the High Courts are appointed by the President of India. [2]
Court | Name | Image | Date of Appointment | Date of Retirement | Appointed By |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Supreme Court of India (list) | Sanjiv Khanna | 11 November 2024 (38 days) | 13 May 2025 (−145 days) | Droupadi Murmu |
Court | Jurisdiction | Name | Image | Date of Appointment | Date of Retirement | Appointed By |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Allahabad High Court | Uttar Pradesh | Arun Bhansali | 5 February 2024 (318 days) | 14 October 2029 (−4 years, 299 days) | Droupadi Murmu | |
Andhra Pradesh High Court | Andhra Pradesh | Dhiraj Singh Thakur | 28 July 2023 (1 year, 144 days) | 24 April 2026 (−1 year, 126 days) | ||
Bombay High Court (list) | Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu, Goa, Maharashtra | Devendra Kumar Upadhyaya | 29 July 2023 (1 year, 143 days) | 15 June 2027 (−2 years, 178 days) | ||
Calcutta High Court | Andaman and Nicobar, West Bengal | T. S. Sivagnanam | 11 May 2023 (1 year, 222 days) | 15 September 2025 (−270 days) | ||
Chhattisgarh High Court | Chhattisgarh | Ramesh Sinha | 29 March 2023 (1 year, 265 days) | 4 September 2026 (−1 year, 259 days) | ||
Delhi High Court | Delhi | Vibhu Bakhru † | 5 December 2024 (14 days) | 1 November 2028 (−3 years, 318 days) | ||
Gauhati High Court | Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Mizoram, Nagaland | Vijay Bishnoi | 5 February 2024 (318 days) | 25 March 2026 (−1 year, 96 days) | ||
Gujarat High Court (list) | Gujarat | Sunita Agarwal | 23 July 2023 (1 year, 149 days) | 29 April 2028 (−3 years, 132 days) | ||
Himachal Pradesh High Court (list) | Himachal Pradesh | Tarlok Singh Chauhan † | 19 October 2024 (61 days) | 8 January 2026 (−1 year, 20 days) | ||
Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh High Court | Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh | Tashi Rabstan | 27 September 2024 (83 days) | 9 April 2025 (−111 days) | ||
Jharkhand High Court | Jharkhand | M. S. Ramachandra Rao | 25 September 2024 (85 days) | 6 August 2028 (−3 years, 231 days) | ||
Karnataka High Court | Karnataka | Nilay Vipinchandra Anjaria | 25 February 2024 (298 days) | 22 March 2027 (−2 years, 93 days) | ||
Kerala High Court | Kerala, Lakshadweep | Nitin Madhukar Jamdar | 26 September 2024 (84 days) | 9 January 2026 (−1 year, 21 days) | ||
Madhya Pradesh High Court | Madhya Pradesh | Suresh Kumar Kait | 25 September 2024 (85 days) | 23 May 2025 (−155 days) | ||
Madras High Court | Puducherry, Tamil Nadu | Kalpathi Rajendran Shriram | 27 September 2024 (83 days) | 27 September 2025 (−282 days) | ||
Manipur High Court | Manipur | D. Krishnakumar | 22 November 2024 (27 days) | 21 May 2025 (−153 days) | ||
Meghalaya High Court | Meghalaya | Indra Prasanna Mukerji | 3 October 2024 (77 days) | 5 September 2025 (−260 days) | ||
Orissa High Court | Odisha | Chakradhari Sharan Singh | 7 February 2024 (316 days) | 19 January 2025 (−31 days) | ||
Patna High Court (list) | Bihar | K. Vinod Chandran | 29 March 2023 (1 year, 265 days) | 24 April 2025 (−126 days) | ||
Punjab and Haryana High Court | Chandigarh, Haryana, Punjab | Sheel Nagu | 9 July 2024 (163 days) | 31 December 2026 (−2 years, 12 days) | ||
Rajasthan High Court (list) | Rajasthan | Manindra Mohan Shrivastava | 6 February 2024 (317 days) | 5 March 2026 (−1 year, 76 days) | ||
Sikkim High Court | Sikkim | Biswanath Somadder | 12 October 2021 (3 years, 68 days) | 14 December 2025 (−360 days) | Ram Nath Kovind | |
Telangana High Court | Telangana | Alok Aradhe | 23 July 2023 (1 year, 149 days) | 12 April 2026 (−1 year, 114 days) | Droupadi Murmu | |
Tripura High Court | Tripura | Aparesh Kumar Singh | 17 April 2023 (1 year, 246 days) | 6 July 2027 (−2 years, 199 days) | ||
Uttarakhand High Court (list) | Uttarakhand | Manoj Kumar Tiwari † | 11 October 2024 (69 days) | 18 September 2027 (−2 years, 273 days) |
† - acting Chief Justice
The Supreme Court of India is the supreme judicial authority and the highest court of the Republic of India. It is the final court of appeal for all civil and criminal cases in India. It also has the power of judicial review. The Supreme Court, which consists of the chief justice of India and a maximum of fellow 33 judges, has extensive powers in the form of original, appellate and advisory jurisdictions.
The High Court of Bombay is the high court of the states of Maharashtra and Goa in India, and the union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu. It is seated primarily at Mumbai, and is one of the oldest high courts in India. The High Court has circuit benches at Nagpur and Aurangabad in Maharashtra and Porvorim,
The Government of India is the government of the Republic of India, located in South Asia, consisting of 36 states and union territories. The government is led by the prime minister who exercises the most executive power and selects all the other ministers. The country has been governed by a NDA-led government since 2014. The prime minister and their senior ministers belong to the Union Council of Ministers—its executive decision-making committee being the cabinet.
The Supreme Court of Pakistan is the apex court in the judicial hierarchy of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan.
The High Court of Delhi is the high court in Delhi, India. It was established on 31 October 1966, through the Delhi High Court Act, 1966. Below it are 11 Subordinate Courts that oversee smaller judicial districts. The court gets its powers from Chapter V in Part VI of the Constitution of India.
The high courts of India are the highest courts of appellate jurisdiction in each state and union territory of India. However, a high court exercises its original civil and criminal jurisdiction only if the subordinate courts are not authorized by law to try such matters for lack of peculiar or territorial jurisdiction. High courts may also enjoy original jurisdiction in certain matters, if so designated, especially by the constitution, a state law or union law.
The Calcutta High Court is the oldest High Court in India. It is located at Esplanade Row West, Kolkata, West Bengal. It has jurisdiction over the state of West Bengal and the Union Territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The High Court building's design is somewhat based on the Lakenhal in Ypres in Flanders, Belgium.
The Uttarakhand High Court is the High Court of the state of Uttarakhand in India. The Uttarakhand High Court was established on 9 November 2000 after the separation of the state of Uttarakhand from Uttar Pradesh.
The Ministry of Law and Justice in the Government of India is a cabinet ministry which deals with the management of the legal affairs, legislative activities and administration of justice in India through its three departments namely the Legislative Department and the Department of Legal Affairs and the Department of Justice respectively. The Department of Legal Affairs is concerned with advising the various Ministries of the Central Government while the Legislative Department is concerned with drafting of principal legislation for the Central Government. The ministry is headed by Cabinet Minister of Law and Justice Arjun Ram Meghwal appointed by the President of India on the recommendation of the Prime Minister of India. The first Law and Justice minister of independent India was Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, who served in the Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru's cabinet during 1947–51.
The judiciary of India is the system of courts that interpret and apply the law in the Republic of India. The Constitution of India provides concept for a single and unified judiciary in India. India uses a mixed legal system based majorly on the common law system with civil laws applicable in certain territories in combination with certain religion specific personal laws.
The Government of Uttar Pradesh is the subnational government of the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh with the governor as its appointed constitutional head of the state by the President of India. The Governor of Uttar Pradesh is appointed for a period of five years and appoints the Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh and their council of ministers, who are vested with the executive powers of the state. The governor remains a ceremonial head of the state, while the chief minister and their council are responsible for day-to-day government functions.
Bihar Government is the state government of the Indian state of Bihar and its nine divisions which consist of districts. It consists of an executive, led by the Governor of Bihar, a judiciary and legislative branches.
The Government of Punjab or locally as the State Government, is the supreme governing authority of the Indian state of Punjab, India and its 23 districts. It consists of an executive, led by the Governor of Punjab, a judiciary and a legislative branch Punjab State.
The Government of Uttarakhand also known as the State Government of Uttarakhand, or locally as State Government, is the subnational government of the Indian state of Uttarakhand and its 13 Districts. It consists of an executive branch, led by the Governor of Uttarakhand, a legislative branch led by the Chief Minister of Uttarakhand and a judiciary branch, led by the Chief Justice of Uttarakhand.
Ranjan Gogoi is an Indian former advocate and judge who served as the 46th Chief Justice of India from 2018 to 2019, having previously served as a Judge of the Supreme Court of India from 2012 to 2018. He is currently a Member of the Rajya Sabha, having been nominated by President Ram Nath Kovind on 16 March 2020. Gogoi served as a judge in the Gauhati High Court from 2001 to 2010, and then was transferred as a judge to the Punjab and Haryana High Court from 2010 to 2011 where he later was the Chief Justice from 2011 to 2012. He is also a member of the Committee on External Affairs in the Rajya Sabha.
The Supreme Appellate Court Gilgit-Baltistan is the highest court of appeal in the region of Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan. It consists of a chief justice and two other judges. The court was established in 2009 under Gilgit-Baltistan 2009 and has the similar jurisdiction equal to the Supreme Court of Pakistan. The Permanent Seat of the Court is at Gilgit, but the court also sits from time to time at Skardu Branch Registry.
Pendency of court cases in India is the delay in the disposal of cases (lawsuits), to provide justice to an aggrieved person or organisation, by judicial courts at all levels. In legal contexts, pendency is the state of a case that is pending i.e. has been opened but not concluded.