Telangana High Court

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High Court for the State of Telangana
Telaṅgāṇa Rāṣṭra Unnata N'yāyasthānaṁ
తెలంగాణ రాష్ట్ర ఉన్నత న్యాయస్థానం
High Court of Telangana in Hyderabad06.jpg
Telangana State High Court Building
Logo of the High Court of Judicature for the State of Telangana at Hyderabad.png
Telangana High Court
Interactive map of High Court for the State of Telangana
Telaṅgāṇa Rāṣṭra Unnata N'yāyasthānaṁ
తెలంగాణ రాష్ట్ర ఉన్నత న్యాయస్థానం
17°22′09″N78°28′19″E / 17.369181°N 78.472039°E / 17.369181; 78.472039
Established1 January 2019(6 years ago) (1 January 2019)
Jurisdiction Telangana
Location Hyderabad, Telangana
Coordinates 17°22′09″N78°28′19″E / 17.369181°N 78.472039°E / 17.369181; 78.472039
Composition methodExecutive selection subject to qualification
Authorised by Constitution of India & Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act, 2014
Judge term lengthmandatory retirement by age of 62
Number of positions42 {Permanent 32; Addl. 10}
Website tshc.gov.in
Chief Justice
Currently Aparesh Kumar Singh
Since19 July 2025

The Telangana High Court is the High Court for the Indian state of Telangana. Founded by the 7th Nizam of Hyderabad Mir Osman Ali Khan, [1] It was established as a High Court for the erstwhile Hyderabad State and in November 1956 after formation of Andhra Pradesh renamed as High Court of Andhra Pradesh. In 2014, after bifurcation of Andhra Pradesh the Court was again renamed as High Court of Judicature at Hyderabad. [2]

Contents

The President of India, on 26 December 2018, issued orders bifurcating the High Court of Judicature at Hyderabad into High Court for the State of Telangana with the principal seat at Hyderabad and the High Court of Andhra Pradesh, with the principal seat at Amaravati. The bifurcation and the constitution of separate High Courts for Telangana and Andhra Pradesh came into effect from 1 January 2019.

From 2 June 2014, after the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014 came into force, the court was renamed and served as a common high court for both of the states until 1 January 2019. A separate high court was established for Andhra Pradesh and inaugurated on 1 January 2019 and it was named as Andhra Pradesh High Court.

The Telangana High Court, which has its seat in Hyderabad, has a total sanctioned strength of 42 judges, comprising 32 permanent judges and 10 additional judges. [3] [4]

Since July 2025, Aparesh Kumar Singh has been serving as the Chief Justice of Telangana High Court. [5] [6]

A new building for the High Court is under construction on a site spanning 100 acres at Budvel, Rajendranagar, in Ranga Reddy district, Telangana. [7]

History of the judiciary

The court during the Nizam era was known as Adalatul Aaliya Osmania (Higher court of Osman Ali Khan) and on November 5, 1956, after Andhra Pradesh was formed under the States Reorganisation Act 1956 it was renamed as ‘High Court of Andhra Pradesh’. [8] On 1 January 2019, the High Court was bifurcated into Andhra Pradesh High Court and Telangana High Court after the formation of the state of Telangana. [9]

History of the High Court building

The High Court building today stands on the south bank of the River Musi. The court building built in red and white stones in Indo-Saracenic style, is one of the finest buildings in the city. The construction was started under Nizam VII Mir Osman Ali Khan, then ruler of Hyderabad. [8] [10]

View of the High Court in early 20th century High court, Hyderabad.jpg
View of the High Court in early 20th century

The High Court functioned from five different locations, before the present location was finalised. The court was earlier located at Pathergatti. In 1909 it was shifted to the residence of Nawab Sir Asman Jah. Later in 1912, the court was shifted to Public Gardens and within 4 months it was once again shifted to the residence of Nawab Nawab Salar Jung Bahadur, at Chatta Bazaar. In 1914, the court was once again shifted to the residence of Nawab Sartaj Jung at Saifabad. During this period the construction of the present building was started and the court shifted to its new location in 1919. The building could accommodate six judges besides accommodation for the office staff, record rooms, and advocates' hall. As number of judges increased a second building was built in 1958 and later in 1978, third building was added. In 2023, it was proposed to shift the court to a new building to be constructed at Rajendranagar. [8] [11] [12]

View of the High Court in 2024 Telangana High Court 10.jpg
View of the High Court in 2024

The plan of the High Court was drawn up by Shankar Lal of Jaipur and the local engineer who executed the design was Mehar Ali Fazil. Its chief engineer was Nawab Khan Bahadur Mirza Akbar Baig. The High Court was built on the ruins of the Qutb Shahi palaces, Hina Mahal and Nadi Mahal. [8] The construction started on 15 April 1915 and was completed on 31 March 1919. On 20 April 1920, the high court building was inaugurated by the seventh Nizam Mir Osman Ali Khan.

In 1944, on the occasion of the silver jubilee celebrations a silver model of the high court weighing about 300 kg was presented to the Nizam VII Mir Osman Ali Khan by the judiciary. The model is now in the Nizam's Museum in Purani Haveli. [13]

The High Court building has been included in the list of heritage structures compiled by INTACH. World Monuments Fund has included the building in 2025 World Monuments Watch. [14]

After the formation of Andhra Pradesh

When the High Court of Andhra Pradesh was formed in 1956 as a consequence of States Reorganisation Act, the number of judges was increased to 12. The existing accommodation was inadequate to meet the requirements of the larger High Court and so the additional building was constructed in 1958–59. The entire office rooms, record rooms, chambers of advocates (42 in all) and the rooms for law officers were located in this building. The record rooms, Officer rooms in the main building were modified to provide chambers and Court Hall accommodation for 14 Judges.

Construction of Annexe

By 1970, the institution of cases of the High Court has gone up to 35,000 as against 20,000 in 1958. The number of judges increased from 14 to 32. To provide additional accommodation for judges, staff, advocates and law officers, the third building was proposed and the work was completed in 1976. The law officers strength was increased from 8 to 18 by 1980 and the institution of cases had gone up to 55,593 cases. In 1979 a plan was drawn for the four-storey annexe building and due to lack of funds that could not be taken up. There are currently 32 court halls and 38 chambers located in the High Court main building and annexe buildings. The present building for which the foundation stone is being laid by the Chief Justice will have eight court halls and eight chambers for the judges. Some of the court halls located in the verandahs and in the office rooms will be restored to their original position. The institution of cases had risen from 20,078 from 1958 to 1982, 123 including miscellaneous cases in 1985. The pending cases in the High Court as on 24 July 1987 was 84,855 (i.e., 66,276 main cases + 18,579 miscellaneous cases). After the completion of this building, the main building and annexes buildings can locate 32 court halls and 38 chambers.

2009 Major fire

On 31 August 2009 a major accidental fire broke out through the building reportedly causing severe damage to the library housing rare England law reports, Privy Council journals and a life-size portrait of the Nizam and portraits of judges. However, the records of the court are reportedly safe. The structural integrity of the building also may have been compromised. [15] [16]

The Judges

The Telangana High Court sits at Hyderabad and has jurisdiction over the state of Telangana. It may have a maximum of 42 judges of which 32 may be permanently appointed and 10 may be additionally appointed. Currently, it has 29 judges. [17]

Judges of the Telangana High Court Serving on Transfer in Other Courts

#JudgesSourceDate of JoiningDate of RetirementCurrent High Court
1 M. S. Ramachandra Rao Bar29 June 20126 August 2028 Tripura High Court
2 Todupunuri Amarnath Goud Bar21 September 201728 February 2027 Tripura High Court
3T. Vinod KumarBar26 August 201916 November 2026 Madras High Court
4Annireddy Abhishek ReddyBar26 August 20196 November 2029 Patna High Court
5Perugu Sree SudhaJudicial Service15 October 20215 June 2029 Karnataka High Court
6Chillakur SumalathaJudicial Service15 October 20214 February 2034 Karnataka High Court
7Munnuri LaxmanJudicial Service15 October 202124 December 2027 Rajasthan High Court
8Kasoju SurendharBar24 March 202210 January 2030 Madras High Court
9Mummineni Sudheer KumarBar24 March 202219 May 2031 Madras High Court
10Ragul ReddyJudicial Service24 March 202219 May 2031 Madras High Court
11Gunnu Anupama ChakravarthyJudicial Service24 March 202220 March 2032 Patna High Court

Judges elevated as Chief Justice

This sections contains list of only those judges elevated as chief justices whose parent high court is Telangana. This includes those judges who, at the time of appointment as chief justice, may not be serving in Telangana High Court but this list does not include judges who at the time of appointment as chief justice were serving in Telangana High Court but does not have Telangana as their Parent High Court.

NameImageAppointed as CJ in HC ofDate of appointmentDate of retirement [a] TenureTransferred as CJ to HC ofRef..
As JudgeAs Chief JusticeAs Chief JusticeAs Judge [b]
Puligoru Venkata Sanjay Kumar Justice P. V. Sanjay Kumar.jpg Manipur 8 August 200814 February 20215 February 2023 [†] 1 year, 357 days14 years, 181 days-- [18]
Mamidanna Satyratna Ramachandra Rao Justice M.S. Ramachandra Rao.jpg Himachal Pradesh 29 June 201230 May 2023Incumbent2 years, 207 days13 years, 176 days Jharkhand then to Tripura [19]

From erstwhile Undivided Andhra Pradesh High Court

NameImageAppointed as CJ in HC ofDate of appointmentDate of retirement [a] TenureTransferred as CJ to HC ofRef..
As JudgeAs Chief JusticeAs Chief JusticeAs Judge [b]
Mohammed Ahmed Ansari Kerala 29 November 194629 March 196025 November 19611 year, 242 days14 years, 362 days-- [20]
Penmetsa Satyanarayana Raju Andhra Pradesh1 November 195430 December 196419 October 1965 [†] 294 days10 years, 353 days-- [21]
Manohar Pershad Andhra Pradesh20 November 194620 October 19657 July 1966261 days19 years, 230 days--
N. D. Krishna RaoAndhra Pradesh21 February 19558 July 196618 July 196611 days11 years, 148 days--
Pingle Jaganmohan Reddy Andhra Pradesh16 February 195219 July 196631 July 1969 [†] 3 years, 13 days17 years, 166 days-- [22]
Canakapalli Sanjeevrow Nayudu Gauhati 13 March 19587 February 19677 March 19681 year, 30 days9 years, 361 days-- [21]
N. Kumarayya Andhra Pradesh18 August 19551 August 196914 June 19711 year, 318 days15 years, 301 days--
K. V. L. NarasimhamAndhra Pradesh9 December 195915 June 197131 March 1972291 days12 years, 114 days--
Gopal Rao Ekbote Andhra Pradesh7 June 19621 April 197231 May 19742 years, 61 days11 years, 359 days--
Seshareddi Obul Reddy Andhra Pradesh8 July 19661 June 19748 April 19783 years, 312 days11 years, 275 days Gujarat then back to Andhra Pradesh
Avula Sambasiva Rao Andhra Pradesh22 April 19679 April 197815 March 1979341 days11 years, 328 days--
Challa Kondaiah Andhra Pradesh21 August 196716 March 19793 July 19801 year, 110 days12 years, 318 days--
Alladi Kuppu Swami Andhra Pradesh21 August 196723 November 198022 March 19821 year, 120 days14 years, 214 days--
Konda Madhava Reddy Andhra Pradesh28 May 196814 April 198321 October 19852 years, 191 days17 years, 147 days Bombay [23]
Koka Ramachandra RaoAndhra Pradesh21 August 196819844 July 198415 years, 319 days-- [21]
Palem Chennakesava ReddyAndhra Pradesh10 May 197219852 November 198614 years, 177 days Gauhati
Anisetti Raghuvir Gauhati 17 October 19746 May 198821 March 19912 years, 320 days16 years, 156 days--
Benjaram Pranaya Jeevan Reddy Allahabad 17 July 197516 April 19906 October 1991 [†] 1 year, 174 days16 years, 82 days--
Mamidanna Jagannadha Rao Kerala 29 November 19828 August 199120 March 1997 [†] 5 years, 225 days14 years, 112 days Delhi
Ambati Lakshman Rao Allahabad 10 December 198210 April 199514 January 1996280 days13 years, 36 days--
Makani Narayana Rao Himachal Pradesh 11 July 19866 November 199721 April 1998167 days11 years, 285 days--
Y. Bhaskar Rao Karnataka 11 July 19869 March 199926 June 20001 year, 110 days13 years, 352 days--
P. Venkatarama Reddi Karnataka 16 March 199021 October 200016 August 2001 [†] 300 days11 years, 154 days--
B. Subhashan Reddy Madras 25 November 199112 September 20012 March 20053 years, 172 days13 years, 98 days Kerala
Buchireddy Sudarshan Reddy B. Sudarshan Reddy, former Judge of Supreme Court of India.png Gauhati 2 May 19955 December 200511 January 2007 [†] 1 year, 38 days11 years, 255 days--
Jasti Chelameswar Jasti Chelameswar.jpg Gauhati 23 June 19973 May 20079 October 2011 [†] 4 years, 160 days14 years, 109 days Kerala
Toom Meena Kumari Meghalaya 23 February 199823 March 20133 August 2013134 days15 years, 162 days--
Nuthalapati Venkata Ramana Justice N.V. Ramana.jpg Delhi 27 June 20002 September 201316 February 2014 [†] 168 days13 years, 235 days--
Gorla Rohini Delhi 25 June 200121 April 201413 April 20172 years, 358 days15 years, 293 days--
Lingappa Narasimha Reddy Patna 10 September 20012 January 201531 July 2015211 days13 years, 325 days--
Ramayyagari Subhash Reddy Justice R.Subhash Reddy.jpg Gujarat 2 December 200213 February 20161 November 2018 [†] 2 years, 262 days15 years, 335 days-- [24]
  1. 1 2 this inlcudes date of resignation, death and Elevation to supreme court
  2. 1 2 also includes tenure as Chief Justice

Judges elevated to Supreme Court

This section includes the list of only those judges whose parent high court was Telangana. This includes those judges who, at the time of elevation to Supreme Court of India, may not be serving in Telangana High Court but this list does not include judges who at the time of elevation were serving in Telangana High Court but does not have Telangana as their Parent High Court.

#Name of the JudgeImageDate of AppointmentDate of RetirementTenureImmediately preceding office
In Parent High CourtIn Supreme CourtIn High Court(s)In Supreme CourtTotal tenure [a]
1 Puligoru Venkata Sanjay Kumar Justice P. V. Sanjay Kumar.jpg 8 August 20086 February 2023Incumbent14 years, 181 days2 years, 320 days17 years, 136 days 6th CJ of Manipur HC

From erstwhile Undivided Andhra Pradesh High Court

#Name of the JudgeImageDate of AppointmentDate of RetirementTenureImmediately preceding office
In Parent High CourtIn Supreme CourtIn High Court(s)In Supreme CourtTotal tenure [a]
1 Penmetsa Satyanarayana Raju 1 January 195420 October 196520 April 1966 [†] 11 years, 292 days183 days12 years, 110 daysCJ in same High Court
2 Pingle Jaganmohan Reddy 16 February 19521 August 196922 January 197517 years, 166 days5 years, 175 days22 years, 341 daysCJ in same High Court
3 Ontethupalli Chinnappa Reddy 21 August 196717 July 197824 September 198710 years, 330 days9 years, 70 days20 years, 35 daysJudge of Andhra Pradesh HC
4 Katikithala Ramaswamy 29 September 19826 October 198912 July 19977 years, 7 days7 years, 280 days14 years, 287 daysJudge of Andhra Pradesh HC
5 K. Jayachandra Reddy 7 March 197511 January 199014 July 199414 years, 310 days4 years, 185 days19 years, 130 daysJudge of Andhra Pradesh HC
6 Benjaram Pranaya Jeevan Reddy 17 July 19757 October 199113 March 199716 years, 82 days5 years, 158 days21 years, 240 days 31st CJ of Allahabad HC
7 Mamidanna Jagannadha Rao 29 November 198221 March 19971 December 200014 years, 112 days3 years, 256 days18 years, 3 days 17th CJ of Delhi HC
8 Syed Shah Mohammed Quadri 11 July 19864 December 19975 April 200311 years, 146 days5 years, 123 days16 years, 269 daysActing CJ of Andhra Pradesh HC
9P. Venkatarama Reddi16 March 199017 August 20019 August 200511 years, 154 days3 years, 358 days15 years, 147 days 20th CJ of Karnataka HC
10 Buchireddy Sudershan Reddy B. Sudarshan Reddy, former Judge of Supreme Court of India.png 2 May 199512 January 20077 July 201111 years, 255 days4 years, 177 days16 years, 67 days 30th CJ of Gauhati HC
11 Jasti Chelameswar Jasti Chelameswar.jpg 23 June 199710 October 201122 June 201814 years, 109 days6 years, 256 days21 years, 0 days 29th CJ of Kerala HC
12 Nuthalapati Venkata Ramana Justice N.V. Ramana.jpg 27 June 200017 February 201426 August 202213 years, 235 days8 years, 191 days22 years, 61 days 28th CJ of Delhi HC
13 Ramayyagari Subhash Reddy Justice R.Subhash Reddy.jpg 2 December 20022 November 20184 January 202215 years, 335 days3 years, 64 days19 years, 34 days 24th CJ of Gujarat HC
  1. 1 2 Includes both tenure as High Court Judge as well as Supreme Court Judge

Chief Justices

No.JudgeTerm startTerm end
Andhra High Court, Guntur
1 Koka Subba Rao 5 July 195431 October 1956
United Andhra Pradesh High Court
1 Koka Subba Rao 1 November 195630 January 1958
2 P. Chandra Reddy 16 June 195822 November 1964
3 P. Satyanarayana Raju 30 December 196419 October 1965
4 Manohar Pershad 20 October 19657 July 1966
5N. D. Krishna Rao8 July 196618 July 1966
6 P. Jagan Mohan Reddy 19 July 196631 July 1969
7 N. Kumarayya 1 August 196914 June 1971
8K.V.L. Narasimham15 June 197131 March 1972
9 Gopal Rao Ekbote 1 April 197231 May 1974
10 S. Obul Reddi 1 June 19746 July 1976
11 B. J. Divan 7 July 197627 August 1977
(10) S. Obul Reddi 28 August 19778 April 1978
12 Avula Sambasiva Rao 9 April 197815 March 1979
13 Challa Kondaiah 16 March 19793 July 1980
14 Alladi Kuppu Swami 23 November 198022 March 1982
15 Konda Madhava Reddy 14 April 19837 April 1984
16Koka Ramachandra Rao19844 July 1984
17P. Chennakesav Reddi198529 September 1985
18K. Bhaskaran9 October 198518 March 1988
19 Yogeshwar Dayal 19 March 198821 March 1991
20S.C. Pratap19911992
21S.B. Majumdar12 October 19921 July 1993
22 Sundaram Nainar Sundaram 14 December 19931994
23 Saiyed Sagir Ahmed 23 September 19944 March 1995
24 Prabha Shankar Mishra 15 May 199527 October 1997
25 Umesh Chandra Banerjee 1 February 19989 December 1998
26 Manmohan Singh Liberhan 28 December 199810 November 2000
27 S. B. Sinha 11 December 200025 November 2001
28 Arunachalam R. Lakshmanan 26 November 200119 December 2002
29 Devinder Gupta 6 March 20033 April 2005
30 G.S. Singhvi 27 November 200511 November 2007
31 Anil Ramesh Dave 7 January 200811 February 2010
32 Nisar Ahmad Kakru 19 February 201025 October 2011
33 Madan Lokur 15 November 20114 June 2012
34 Pinaki Chandra Ghose 12 December 20128 March 2013
35 Kalyan Jyoti Sengupta 21 May 20135 May 2015
High Court of Judicature at Hyderabad
37 T.B. Radhakrishnan 7 July 201731 December 2018 [a]
Telangana High Court
1 T.B. Radhakrishnan 1 January 20192 April 2019
2 Raghvendra Singh Chauhan 22 June 20196 January 2021
3 Hima Kohli 7 January 202130 August 2021
4 Satish Chandra Sharma 11 October 202127 June 2022
5 Ujjal Bhuyan 28 June 202213 July 2023
6 Alok Aradhe 23 July 202320 January 2025
7 Aparesh Kumar Singh 19 July 2025Incumbent
  1. During his tenure separate Telangana High Court was established and he became the First Chief Justice of new Telangana High Court

Present Registrars of High Court

  1. Registrar General – E. Tirumala Devi
  2. Registrar (Judicial I) – Sri Sura Srinivas Reddy
  3. Registrar (Judicial II)-K Gangadhara rao
  4. Registrar (Administration) – V. Bala Bhaskar Rao
  5. Registrar (I.T.)-cum-Central Project Coordinator (IT & E-Committee related) – T Venkateswara Rao
  6. Registrar (Vigilance) – E. Tirumala Devi
  7. Registrar (Management)-V Ramesh
  8. Registrar (Protocol)-T Venkateswara Rao
  9. District Judge (Enquiries)
  10. Registrar (Recruitment) – Sri Sura Srinivas Reddy

Present unit heads

  1. Adilabad – M. R. Sunitha
  2. Karimnagar – B. Prathima
  3. Khammam – P Chandrashekara Prasad
  4. Mahabubnagar -S Premavathi
  5. Medak – B Papi Reddy
  6. Nalgonda – S Jagjeevan Kumar
  7. Nizamabad -Kunchala Suneetha
  8. Rangareddy – R Tirupathi
  9. Warangal – Narsing Rao Nandikonda
  10. Hyderabad-City Civil Court – Renuka Yara
  11. Hyderabad-City Small Causes Court -V B Nirmala Geethamba
  12. Hyderabad-Metropolitan Sessions Court – E Tirumala Devi
  13. Hyderabad – Principal CBI – Ch. Ramesh Babu

See also

References

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  2. "About Us". tshc.gov.in. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  3. Today, Telangana (22 July 2022). "'27 Judges working in Telangana HC against sanctioned strength of 42'". Telangana Today. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  4. "Chief Justice of India Approves Increase in Number of Judges to 42 from 24 in Telangana High Court". The Frontline.
  5. "Justice Aparesh Kumar Singh sworn in as Chief Justice of Telangana High Court". The Hindu.
  6. "Justice Aparesh Kumar Singh, Chief Justice of Telangana HC". The Deccan Chronicle.
  7. "Telangana Govt allots 100 acre land of agri and horticulture varsities for construction of new High Court Building Complex". The Hindu. 5 January 2024. Retrieved 7 October 2025.
  8. 1 2 3 4 Moin, Ather (20 April 2019). "Hyderabad high court building turns 100 years old". Deccan Chronicle . Retrieved 6 March 2025.
  9. "Andhra Pradesh and Telangana to have separate HCs". The Hindu. 26 December 2018. ISSN   0971-751X . Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  10. "As Hyderabad High Court turns 100, city historians recall rich legacy". The News Minute. 20 April 2019. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  11. "New Telanagana HC building at Rajendranagar". The New Indian Express . 15 December 2023. Retrieved 6 March 2025.
  12. "About Us".
  13. Richi, Priyanka (20 April 2019). "As Hyderabad High Court turns 100, city historians recall rich legacy". The News Minute . Retrieved 6 March 2025.
  14. Banerjee, Mrittika (16 January 2025). "Hyderabad's Heritage Sites Make it to 2025 World Monuments Watchlist". Deccan Chronicle . Retrieved 6 March 2025.
  15. "HC up in flames". Deccan Chronicle. Archived from the original on 3 September 2009.
  16. "India News: Today's latest updates and breaking news from India, Live India News".
  17. "HON'BLE JUDGES PROFILE". hc.tap.nic.in. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
  18. "High Court for the State of Telangana". tshc.gov.in. Archived from the original on 21 May 2025. Retrieved 16 December 2025.
  19. "High Court for the State of Telangana". tshc.gov.in. Archived from the original on 15 May 2025. Retrieved 16 December 2025.
  20. "Justice P. Jaganmohan Reddy | Supreme Court of India | India". www.sci.gov.in. Archived from the original on 9 September 2025. Retrieved 16 December 2025.
  21. 1 2 3 "High Court of Andhra Pradesh". aphc.gov.in. Archived from the original on 15 August 2025. Retrieved 16 December 2025.
  22. "Justice P. Jaganmohan Reddy | Supreme Court of India | India". www.sci.gov.in. Archived from the original on 9 September 2025. Retrieved 16 December 2025.
  23. "Justice R.Subhash Reddy | Supreme Court of India | India". www.sci.gov.in. Archived from the original on 9 September 2025. Retrieved 16 December 2025.
  24. "Justice R.Subhash Reddy | Supreme Court of India | India". www.sci.gov.in. Archived from the original on 9 September 2025. Retrieved 16 December 2025.