Punjab Province (British India)

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British Punjab
Province of British Raj
1849–1947
Arms of British Punjab.jpg
Coat of arms
British Punjab 1909.svg
Punjab 1909.jpg
Pope1880Panjab3.jpg

Maps of British Punjab
Capital
Demonym Punjabi
Government
  Type British Colonial Government
   Motto Crescat e Fluviis
"Let it grow from the rivers"
Governor  
 1849–1853
Henry Montgomery Lawrence (first)
 1946–1947
Evan Meredith Jenkins (last)
Premier  
 1937–1942
Sikandar Hayat Khan
 1942–1947
Malik Khizar Hayat Tiwana
Historical era New Imperialism
29 March 1849
 Transfer of Delhi to North-Western Provinces
1858
 Formation of North-West Frontier Province
9 November 1901
  Delhi district separated
1911
14–15 August 1947
Political subdivisions
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Sikh Empire flag.svg 1849:
Sikh Empire
Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg 1858:
North-Western Provinces
Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg 1862:
Cis-Sutlej states
1901:
North-West Frontier Province
British Raj Red Ensign.svg
1947:
West Punjab
Flag of Pakistan.svg
East Punjab Flag of India.svg
PEPSU Blank.png
Today part of India
Pakistan

Punjab was a province of British India. Most of the Punjab region was annexed by the British East India Company on 29 March 1849, and declared a province of British rule; it was one of the last areas of the Indian subcontinent to fall under British control. In 1858, the Punjab, along with the rest of British Raj, came under the direct rule of the British Crown. It had an area of 358,354.5 km2.

Contents

The province comprised four natural geographic regions – Indo-Gangetic Plain West, Himalayan, Sub-Himalayan, and the North-West Dry Area – along with five administrative divisions – Delhi, Jullundur, Lahore, Multan, and Rawalpindi – and a number of princely states. [1] In 1947, the Partition of India led to the province's division into East Punjab and West Punjab, in the newly independent dominions of India and Pakistan respectively.

Etymology

The region was originally called Sapta Sindhu Rivers, [2] the Vedic land of the seven rivers originally: Saraswati, Indus, Sutlej, Jehlum, Chenab, Ravi, and Beas. [3] The Sanskrit name for the region, as mentioned in the Ramayana and Mahabharata for example, was Panchanada which means "Land of the Five Rivers", and was translated to Persian as Punjab after the Muslim conquests. [4] [5] The later name Punjab is a compound of two Persian words [6] [7] Panj (five) and āb (water) and was introduced to the region by the Turko-Persian conquerors [8] of India and more formally popularised during the Mughal Empire. [9] [10] Punjab literally means "(The Land of) Five Waters" referring to the rivers: Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Sutlej, and Beas. [11] All are tributaries of the Indus River, the Chenab being the largest.

Geography

Geographically, the province was a triangular tract of country of which the Indus River and its tributary the Sutlej formed the two sides up to their confluence, the base of the triangle in the north being the Lower Himalayan Range between those two rivers. Moreover, the province as constituted under British rule also included a large tract outside these boundaries. Along the northern border, Himalayan ranges divided it from Kashmir and Tibet. On the west it was separated from the North-West Frontier Province by the Indus, until it reached the border of Dera Ghazi Khan District, which was divided from Baluchistan by the Sulaiman Range. To the south lay Sindh and Rajputana, while on the east the rivers Jumna and Tons separated it from the United Provinces. [1] In total Punjab had an area of approximately 357 000 km square about the same size as modern day Germany, being one of the largest provinces of the British Raj.

It encompassed the present day Indian states of Punjab, Haryana, Chandigarh, Delhi, and some parts of Himachal Pradesh which were merged with Punjab by the British for administrative purposes (but excluding the former princely states which were later combined into the Patiala and East Punjab States Union) and the Pakistani regions of the Punjab, Islamabad Capital Territory and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

In 1901 the frontier districts beyond the Indus were separated from Punjab and made into a new province: the North-West Frontier Province. Subsequently, Punjab was divided into four natural geographical divisions by colonial officials on the decadal census data: [12] :2 [13] :4

  1. Indo-Gangetic Plain West geographical division (including Hisar district, Loharu State, Rohtak district, Dujana State, Gurgaon district, Pataudi State, Delhi, Karnal district, Jalandhar district, Kapurthala State, Ludhiana district, Malerkotla State, Firozpur district, Faridkot State, Patiala State, Jind State, Nabha State, Lahore District, Amritsar district, Gujranwala District, and Sheikhupura District);
  2. Himalayan geographical division (including Sirmoor State, Simla District, Simla Hill States, Bilaspur State, Kangra district, Mandi State, Suket State, and Chamba State);
  3. Sub-Himalayan geographical division (including Ambala district, Kalsia State, Hoshiarpur district, Gurdaspur district, Sialkot District, Gujrat District, Jhelum District, Rawalpindi District, and Attock District;
  4. North-West Dry Area geographical division (including Montgomery District, Shahpur District, Mianwali District, Lyallpur District, Jhang District, Multan District, Bahawalpur State, Muzaffargarh District, Dera Ghazi Khan District, and the Biloch Trans–Frontier Tract).

History

Company rule

Iln1864leftmax.jpg
Iln1864rightmax.jpg
The Durbar, or assembly of native princes and nobles, convened by Sir John Lawrence at Lahore

On 21 February 1849, the East India Company decisively defeated the Sikh Empire at the Battle of Gujrat bringing to an end the Second Anglo-Sikh War. Following the victory, the East India Company annexed the Punjab on 2 April 1849 and incorporated it within British India. The province whilst nominally under the control of the Bengal Presidency was administratively independent. Lord Dalhousie constituted the Board of Administration by inducting into it the most experienced and seasoned British officers. The Board was led by Sir Henry Lawrence, who had previously worked as British Resident at the Lahore Durbar and also consisted of his younger brother John Lawrence and Charles Grenville Mansel. [14] Below the Board, a group of acclaimed officers collectively known as Henry Lawrence's "Young Men" assisted in the administration of the newly acquired province. The Board was abolished by Lord Dalhousie in 1853; Sir Henry was assigned to the Rajputana Agency, and his brother John succeeded as the first Chief Commissioner.

Recognising the cultural diversity of the Punjab, the Board maintained a strict policy of non-interference in regard to religious and cultural matters. [15] Sikh aristocrats were given patronage and pensions and groups in control of historical places of worship were allowed to remain in control. [15]

During the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the Punjab remained relatively peaceful, apart from rebellion led by Ahmad Khan Kharral. [16] In May, John Lawrence took swift action to disarm potentially mutinous sepoys and redeploy most European troops to the Delhi ridge. [17] Finally he recruited new regiments of Punjabis to replace the depleted force, and was provided with manpower and support from surrounding princely states such as Jind, Patiala, Nabha and Kapurthala and tribal chiefs on the borderlands with Afghanistan. By 1858, an estimated 70,000 extra men had been recruited for the army and militarised police from within the Punjab. [16]

British Raj

The Punjab in 1880 Pope1880Panjab3.jpg
The Punjab in 1880

In 1858, under the terms of the Queen's Proclamation issued by Queen Victoria, the Punjab, along with the rest of British India, came under the direct rule of the British Crown. [18] Delhi Territory was transferred from the North-Western Provinces to the Punjab in 1858, partly to punish the city for the important role the last Mughal emperor, Bahadur Shah II, and the city as a whole, played in the 1857 Rebellion. [19]

Sir John Lawrence, then Chief Commissioner, was appointed the first Lieutenant-Governor on 1 January 1859. In 1866, the Judicial Commissioner was replaced by a Chief Court. The direct administrative functions of the Government were carried by the Lieutenant-Governor through the Secretariat, comprising a Chief Secretary, a Secretary and two Under-Secretaries. They were usually members of the Indian Civil Service. [20] The territory under the Lieutenant consisted of 29 Districts, grouped under 5 Divisions, and 43 Princely States. Each District was under a Deputy-Commissioner, who reported to the Commissioner of the Division. Each District was subdivided into between three and seven tehsils, each under a tahsildar, assisted by a naib (deputy) tahsildar. [21]

In 1885 the Punjab administration began an ambitious plan to transform over six million acres of barren waste land in central and western Punjab into irrigable agricultural land. The creation of canal colonies was designed to relieve demographic pressures in the central parts of the province, increase productivity and revenues, and create a loyal support amongst peasant landholders. [22] The colonisation resulted in an agricultural revolution in the province, rapid industrial growth, and the resettlement of over one million Punjabis in the new areas. [23] A number of towns were created or saw significant development in the colonies, such as Lyallpur, Sargodha and Montgomery. Colonisation led to the canal irrigated area of the Punjab increasing from three to fourteen million acres in the period from 1885 to 1947. [24]

The beginning of the twentieth century saw increasing unrest in the Punjab. Conditions in the Chenab colony, together with land reforms such as the Punjab Land Alienation Act, 1900 and the Colonisation Bill, 1906 contributed to the 1907 Punjab unrest. The unrest was unlike any previous agitation in the province as the government had for the first time aggrieved a large portion of the rural population. [25] Mass demonstrations were organised, headed by Lala Lajpat Rai, a leader of the Hindu revivalist sect Arya Samaj. [25] The unrest resulted in the repeal of the Colonisation Bill and the end of paternalist policies in the colonies. [25]

During the First World War, Punjabi manpower contributed heavily to the Indian Army. Out of a total of 683,149 combat troops, 349,688 hailed from the province. [26] In 1918, an influenza epidemic broke out in the province, resulting in the deaths of an estimated 962,937 people or 4.77 percent of the total estimated population. [27] In March 1919 the Rowlatt Act was passed extending emergency measures of detention and incarceration in response to the perceived threat of terrorism from revolutionary nationalist organisations. [28] This led to the infamous Jallianwala Bagh massacre in April 1919, where Colonel Reginald Edward Harry Dyer ordered detachments of the 9th Gorkha Rifles and the 59th Scinde Rifles under his command to fire into a group of some 10,000 unarmed protesters and Baisakhi pilgrims, killing 379. [29]

Administrative reforms

The Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms enacted through the Government of India Act 1919 expanded the Punjab Legislative Council and introduced the principle of dyarchy, whereby certain responsibilities such as agriculture, health, education, and local government, were transferred to elected ministers. The first Punjab Legislative Council under the 1919 Act was constituted in 1921, comprising 93 members, seventy per cent to be elected and rest to be nominated. [30] Some of the British Indian ministers under the dyarchy scheme were Sir Sheikh Abdul Qadir, Sir Shahab-ud-Din Virk and Lala Hari Kishen Lal. [31] [32]

The Government of India Act 1935 introduced provincial autonomy to Punjab replacing the system of dyarchy. It provided for the constitution of Punjab Legislative Assembly of 175 members presided by a Speaker and an executive government responsible to the Assembly. The Unionist Party under Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan formed the government in 1937. Sir Sikandar was succeeded by Malik Khizar Hayat Tiwana in 1942 who remained the Premier till partition in 1947. Although the term of the Assembly was five years, the Assembly continued for about eight years and its last sitting was held on 19 March 1945. [33]

Partition

The struggle for Indian independence witnessed competing and conflicting interests in the Punjab. The landed elites of the Muslim, Hindu and Sikh communities had loyally collaborated with the British since annexation, supported the Unionist Party and were hostile to the Congress party led independence movement. [34] Amongst the peasantry and urban middle classes, the Hindus were the most active National Congress supporters, the Sikhs flocked to the Akali movement whilst the Muslims eventually supported the All-India Muslim League. [34]

Since the partition of the sub-continent had been decided, special meetings of the Western and Eastern Section of the Legislative Assembly were held on 23 June 1947 to decide whether or not the Province of the Punjab be partitioned. After voting on both sides, partition was decided and the existing Punjab Legislative Assembly was also divided into West Punjab Legislative Assembly and the East Punjab Legislative Assembly. This last Assembly before independence, held its last sitting on 4 July 1947. [35]

Demographics

Population history
YearPop.±%
185517,600,000    
186819,700,000+11.9%
188120,800,995+5.6%
189122,915,894+10.2%
190124,367,113+6.3%
191123,791,841−2.4%
192125,101,514+5.5%
193128,490,869+13.5%
194134,309,861+20.4%
Source: Census of India
[13] :8 [36] :6 [37] :86

The first British census of the Punjab was carried out in 1855. This covered only British territory to the exclusion of local princely states, and placed the population at 17.6 million. The first regular census of British India carried out in 1881 recorded a population of 20.8 million people. The final British census in 1941 recorded 34.3 million people in the Punjab, which comprised 29 districts within British territory, 43 princely states, 52,047 villages and 283 towns. [37]

In 1881, only Amritsar and Lahore had populations over 100,000. The commercial and industrial city of Amritsar (152,000) was slightly larger than the cultural capital of Lahore (149,000). Over the following sixty years, Lahore increased in population fourfold, whilst Amritsar grew two-fold. By 1941, the province had seven cities with populations over 100,000 with emergence and growth of Rawalpindi, Multan, Sialkot, Jullundur and Ludhiana. [37]

The colonial period saw large scale migration within the Punjab due to the creation of canal colonies in western Punjab. The majority of colonists hailed from the seven most densely populated districts of Amritsar, Gurdaspur, Jullundur, Hoshiarpur, Ludhiana, Ambala and Sialkot, and consisted primarily of Khatris, Brahmins, Jats, Arains, Sainis, Kambohs and Rajputs. The movement of many highly skilled farmers from eastern and central Punjab to the new colonies, led to western Punjab becoming the most progressive and advanced agricultural region of the province. The period also saw significant numbers of Punjabis emigrate to other regions of the British Empire. The main destinations were East Africa - Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania, Southeast Asia - Malaya and Burma, Hong Kong and Canada. [37]

Religion

The Punjab was a religiously eclectic province, comprising three major groups: Muslims, Hindus and Sikhs. By 1941, the religious Muslims constituting an absolute majority at 53.2%, whilst the Hindu population was at 30.1%. [lower-alpha 7] The period between 1881 and 1941 saw a significant increase in the Sikh and Christian populations, growing from 8.2% and 0.1% to 14.9% and 1.9% respectively. [37] The decrease in the Hindu population has been attributed to the conversion of Hindus mainly to Sikhism and Islam, and also to Christianity. [37]

In 1941, the Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs made 30.1, [lower-alpha 7] 53.2 and 14.9 per cent of the total population of Punjab but made 37.9, 51.4 and 8.4 per cent of its urban population respectively. [37]

Population trends for major religious groups in the Punjab Province of the British India(1881–1941) [37] [13] :46
Religious
group
Population
% 1881
Population
% 1891
Population
% 1901 [lower-alpha 8]
Population
% 1911 [lower-alpha 8]
Population
% 1921
Population
% 1931
Population
% 1941
Islam47.6%47.8%49.2%50.8%51.1%52.4%53.2%
Hinduism [lower-alpha 7] 43.8%43.6%41.8%36.3%35.1%31.7%30.1%
Sikhism8.2%8.2%8.5%11.9%12.4%14.3%14.9%
Christianity0.1%0.2%0.3%0.8%1.3%1.5%1.5%
Other religions / No religion0.3%0.2%0.2%0.2%0.2%0.2%0.2%
Religious groups in Punjab Province (1901–1941)
Religious
group
1901 [38] :34 [lower-alpha 8] 1911 [39] :27 [40] :27 [lower-alpha 8] 1921 [41] :291931 [42] :2771941 [13] :42
Pop. %Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%
Islam Star and Crescent.svg 12,183,34512,275,47712,813,38314,929,89618,259,744
Hinduism Om.svg [lower-alpha 7] 10,344,4698,773,6218,799,6519,018,50910,336,549
Sikhism Khanda.svg 2,102,8962,883,7293,107,2964,071,6245,116,185
Christianity Christian cross.svg 66,591199,751332,939419,353512,466
Jainism Jain Prateek Chihna.svg 49,98346,77541,32143,14045,475
Buddhism Dharma Wheel (2).svg 6,9407,6905,9127,753854
Zoroastrianism Faravahar.svg 4776535265694,359
Judaism Star of David.svg 2454191339
Others12013034,190
Total population24,754,73724,187,75025,101,06028,490,85734,309,861
Religion in West Punjab (1901–1941)
Religious
group
1901 [38] :34 [43] :62 [lower-alpha 9] 1911 [39] :27 [40] :27 [lower-alpha 10] 1921 [41] :29 [lower-alpha 11] 1931 [42] :277 [lower-alpha 12] 1941 [13] :42 [lower-alpha 13]
Pop. %Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%
Islam Star and Crescent.svg 7,951,1558,494,3148,975,28810,570,02913,022,160
Hinduism Om.svg [lower-alpha 7] 1,944,3631,645,7581,797,1411,957,8782,373,466
Sikhism Khanda.svg 483,999813,441863,0911,180,7891,520,112
Christianity Christian cross.svg 42,371144,514247,030324,730395,311
Jainism Jain Prateek Chihna.svg 5,5625,9775,9306,9219,520
Zoroastrianism Faravahar.svg 300377309413312
Judaism Star of David.svg 9361667
Buddhism Dharma Wheel (2).svg 61681723287
Others008019,128
Total Population10,427,76511,104,58511,888,98514,040,79817,340,103
Territory comprises the contemporary subdivisions of Punjab, Pakistan and Islamabad Capital Territory.
Religion in East Punjab (1901–1941)
Religious
group
1901 [38] :34 [43] :62 [lower-alpha 14] [lower-alpha 8] 1911 [39] :27 [40] :27 [lower-alpha 15] [lower-alpha 8] 1921 [41] :29 [lower-alpha 16] 1931 [42] :277 [lower-alpha 17] 1941 [13] :42 [lower-alpha 18]
Pop. %Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%
Hinduism Om.svg [lower-alpha 7] 8,400,1067,127,8637,002,5107,060,6317,963,083
Islam Star and Crescent.svg 4,232,1903,781,1633,838,0954,359,8675,237,584
Sikhism Khanda.svg 1,618,8972,070,2882,244,2052,890,8353,596,073
Jainism Jain Prateek Chihna.svg 44,42140,79835,39136,21935,955
Christianity Christian cross.svg 24,22055,23785,90994,623117,155
Buddhism Dharma Wheel (2).svg 6,9347,5225,7407,721767
Zoroastrianism Faravahar.svg 1772762171564,047
Judaism Star of David.svg 15183732
Others1205015,062
Total Population14,326,97213,083,16513,212,07514,450,05916,969,758
Territory comprises the contemporary subdivisions of Punjab, India, Chandigarh, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh.

Indo−Gangetic Plain West geographical division

Including Hisar district, Loharu State, Rohtak district, Dujana State, Gurgaon district, Pataudi State, Delhi, Karnal district, Jalandhar district, Kapurthala State, Ludhiana district, Malerkotla State, Firozpur district, Faridkot State, Patiala State, Jind State, Nabha State, Lahore District, Amritsar district, Gujranwala District, and Sheikhupura District. [13] :48 [12] :2

Religion in the Indo−Gangetic Plain West geographical division of Punjab Province (1901—1941) [13] :48
ReligionPercentage
1901 [lower-alpha 19] 1911 [lower-alpha 19] 1921 [lower-alpha 19] 1931 [lower-alpha 19] 1941 [lower-alpha 19]
Hinduism Om.svg [lower-alpha 7] 48.64%43.44%41.37%36.59%34.42%
Islam Star and Crescent.svg 37.42%37.59%38.0%39.72%40.47%
Sikhism Khanda.svg 13.40%18.08%19.10%21.88%22.37%
Jainism Jain Prateek Chihna.svg 0.35%0.35%0.29%0.27%0.23%
Christianity Christian cross.svg 0.18%0.53%1.22%1.54%1.60%
Religion in the Districts & Princely States of the Indo−Gangetic Plain West geographical division (1941) [13] :42
District/
Princely State
Islam Star and Crescent.svg Hinduism Om.svg [lower-alpha 7] Sikhism Khanda.svg Christianity Christian cross.svg Jainism Jain Prateek Chihna.svg Others [lower-alpha 20] Total
Pop. %Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%
Hisar District 285,208652,84260,7311,2926,1265101,006,709
Loharu State 3,96023,923720027,892
Rohtak District 166,569780,4741,4661,0436,8470956,399
Dujana State 6,93923,727000030,666
Gurgaon District 285,992560,5376371,6732,6136851,458
Pataudi State 3,65517,72809128021,520
Karnal District 304,346666,30119,8871,2492,7893994,575
Jalandhar District 509,804311,010298,7416,2331,39571,127,190
Kapurthala State 213,75461,54688,3501,66738012,683378,380
Ludhiana District 302,482171,715341,1751,9131,27951818,615
Malerkotla State 33,88123,48230,320116310088,109
Firozpur District 641,448287,733479,48612,6071,6741281,423,076
Faridkot State 61,35221,814115,0702478000199,283
Patiala State 436,539597,488896,0211,5923,1011,5181,936,259
Jind State 50,972268,35540,9811611,29449361,812
Nabha State 70,373146,518122,4512214801344,044
Lahore District 1,027,772284,689310,64670,1471,9511701,695,375
Amritsar District 657,695217,431510,84525,9731,911211,413,876
Gujranwala District 642,706108,11599,13960,8291,4450912,234
Sheikhupura District 542,34489,182160,70660,0542211852,508
Total6,247,7915,314,6103,454,208247,02834,74415,14815,439,980
Religion in the Districts & Princely States of the Indo−Gangetic Plain West geographical division (1931) [42] :277
District/
Princely State
Islam Star and Crescent.svg Hinduism Om.svg [lower-alpha 7] Sikhism Khanda.svg Christianity Christian cross.svg Jainism Jain Prateek Chihna.svg Others [lower-alpha 20] Total
Pop. %Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%
Hisar District 253,784583,42955,1691,1075,9882899,479
Loharu State 3,11920,1982118023,338
Rohtak District 137,880655,9635964,8076,3750805,621
Dujana State 5,86322,347150028,216
Gurgaon District 242,357493,1745001,4632,6654740,163
Pataudi State 3,16815,59613105018,873
Karnal District 259,730570,29716,9281,4694,1900852,614
Jalandhar District 419,556268,822249,5714,3231,37970943,721
Kapurthala State 179,25164,31972,177983270316,757
Ludhiana District 235,598120,161312,8292,4771,41910672,494
Malerkotla State 31,41721,25228,9821351,286083,072
Firozpur District 515,430244,688388,1087,0701,411251,156,732
Faridkot State 49,91220,85592,8801675500164,364
Patiala State 363,920623,597632,9721,4493,57841,625,520
Jind State 46,002243,56133,2902101,6130324,676
Nabha State 57,393132,35497,452663090287,574
Lahore District 815,820259,725244,30457,0971,4501741,378,570
Amritsar District 524,676174,556399,95116,6191,272461,117,120
Gujranwala District 521,34392,76471,59549,3641,0711736,138
Sheikhupura District 445,99681,887119,47749,2661006696,732
Total5,112,2154,709,5452,816,785198,08134,80634212,871,774
Religion in the Districts & Princely States of the Indo−Gangetic Plain West geographical division (1921) [41] :29
District/
Princely State
Hinduism Om.svg Islam Star and Crescent.svg Sikhism Khanda.svg Christianity Christian cross.svg Jainism Jain Prateek Chihna.svg Others [lower-alpha 20] Total
Pop. %Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%
Hisar District 548,351215,94345,6151,0245,8743816,810
Loharu State 17,9782,6250018020,621
Rohtak District 629,592125,03560210,0337,0100772,272
Dujana State 20,1355,698000025,833
Gurgaon District 460,134216,8609241,3162,7627682,003
Pataudi State 15,0902,89800109018,097
Karnal District 573,224235,61812,2803,3824,2220828,726
Jalandhar District 244,995366,586206,1304,0887369822,544
Kapurthala State 58,412160,45764,0741,1002284284,275
Ludhiana District 135,512192,961235,7211,6131,79619567,622
Malerkotla State 29,45928,41321,82837585080,322
Firozpur District 306,350482,540302,7615,3651,211211,098,248
Faridkot State 38,61044,81366,6581074730150,661
Patiala State 642,055330,341522,6751,3953,249241,499,739
Jind State 234,72143,25128,0266371,5480308,183
Nabha State 133,87050,75678,389412780263,334
Lahore District 255,690647,640179,97546,4541,2093681,131,336
Amritsar District 204,435423,724287,00412,7731,37563929,374
Gujranwala District 101,566443,14750,80227,3087544623,581
Sheikhupura District 85,781330,88082,96523,431780523,135
Total4,735,9604,350,1862,186,429140,10433,51552211,446,716
Religion in the Districts & Princely States of the Indo−Gangetic Plain West geographical division (1911) [39] :27 [40] :27
District/
Princely State
Hinduism Om.svg Islam Star and Crescent.svg Sikhism Khanda.svg Christianity Christian cross.svg Jainism Jain Prateek Chihna.svg Others [lower-alpha 20] Total
Pop. %Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%
Hisar District 541,720218,60038,5082735,76721804,889
Loharu State 16,1782,4010018018,597
Rohtak District 450,54986,0761613344,3690541,489
Dujana State 20,1615,324000025,485
Gurgaon District 421,885217,2373427822,92110643,177
Pataudi State 16,1143,3380982019,543
Delhi District 469,561171,7452,9855,6937,53981657,604
Karnal District 556,203224,92013,5319204,2130799,787
Jalandhar District 265,378357,051176,2272,40484218801,920
Kapurthala State 61,426152,11754,2751072053268,133
Ludhiana District 131,370176,043207,0428881,8490517,192
Malerkotla State 22,90225,94221,018141,268071,144
Firozpur District 273,832418,553262,5113,3421,40118959,657
Faridkot State 37,37737,10555,39764090130,294
Patiala State 563,940307,384532,2927393,282221,407,659
Jind State 210,22237,52022,5661871,2330271,728
Nabha State 126,41446,03276,19852380248,887
Lahore District 217,609626,271169,00821,7811,1393501,036,158
Amritsar District 211,708408,882253,9414,7631,38648880,728
Gujranwala District 176,075622,430107,74816,2159501923,419
Total4,790,6244,144,9711,993,75058,46239,11157211,027,490
Religion in the Districts & Princely States of the Indo−Gangetic Plain West geographical division (1901) [38] :34
District/
Princely State
Hinduism Om.svg Islam Star and Crescent.svg Sikhism Khanda.svg Jainism Jain Prateek Chihna.svg Christianity Christian cross.svg Others [lower-alpha 20] Total
Pop. %Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%
Hisar District 544,799202,00928,6426,00325311781,717
Loharu State 13,2541,9630120015,229
Rohtak District 533,72391,687945,087801630,672
Dujana State 18,3805,790400024,174
Gurgaon District 499,373242,548993,9092781746,208
Pataudi State 18,2813,54901030021,933
Delhi District 510,532167,2902947,7263,15839689,039
Karnal District 623,597241,41212,2944,7391,1794883,225
Jalandhar District 368,051421,011125,8179691,71326917,587
Kapurthala State 93,652178,32642,101226397314,351
Ludhiana District 269,076235,937164,9192,2179471673,097
Malerkotla State 38,40927,22910,4951,36112077,506
Firozpur District 279,099447,615228,3551,0901,9085958,072
Faridkot State 35,77835,99652,721406110124,912
Patiala State 880,490357,334355,6492,877316261,596,692
Jind State 211,96338,71729,9751,2588010282,003
Nabha State 160,55358,55078,36147672297,949
Lahore District 276,375717,519159,7011,0477,2961711,162,109
Amritsar District 280,985474,976264,3291,4392,078211,023,828
Gujranwala District 169,594531,90851,6079322,7488756,797
Total5,825,9644,481,3661,605,45741,87722,10333311,977,100

Himalayan geographical division

Including Sirmoor State, Simla District, Simla Hill States, Bilaspur State, Kangra district, Mandi State, Suket State, and Chamba State. [13] :48 [12] :2

Religion in the Himalayan geographical division of Punjab Province (1901—1941) [13] :48
ReligionPercentage
1901 [lower-alpha 19] 1911 [lower-alpha 19] 1921 [lower-alpha 19] 1931 [lower-alpha 19] 1941 [lower-alpha 19]
Hinduism Om.svg [lower-alpha 7] 94.60%94.53%94.50%94.42%94.76%
Islam Star and Crescent.svg 4.53%4.30%4.46%4.52%4.30%
Sikhism Khanda.svg 0.23%0.46%0.44%0.49%0.60%
Christianity Christian cross.svg 0.20%0.26%0.26%0.14%0.10%
Jainism Jain Prateek Chihna.svg 0.03%0.02%0.02%0.02%0.02%
Religion in the Districts & Princely States of the Himalayan geographical division (1941) [13] :42
District/
Princely State
Hinduism Om.svg [lower-alpha 7] Islam Star and Crescent.svg Sikhism Khanda.svg Christianity Christian cross.svg Jainism Jain Prateek Chihna.svg Others [lower-alpha 20] Total
Pop. %Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%
Sirmoor State 146,1997,3742,33438810156,026
Simla District 29,4667,0221,032934114838,576
Simla Hill States 345,71610,8122,69316112612359,520
Bilaspur State 108,3751,498453730110,336
Kangra District 846,53143,2494,8097881013,899899,377
Mandi State 227,4634,328583110208232,593
Suket State 69,97488423400071,092
Chamba State 155,91012,3181071900383168,908
Total1,929,63487,48512,2452,1294254,5102,036,428
Religion in the Districts & Princely States of the Himalayan geographical division (1931) [42] :277
District/
Princely State
Hinduism Om.svg [lower-alpha 7] Islam Star and Crescent.svg Sikhism Khanda.svg Christianity Christian cross.svg Jainism Jain Prateek Chihna.svg Others [lower-alpha 20] Total
Pop. %Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%
Sirmoor State 139,0317,0202,41352520148,568
Simla District 28,6615,8107601,54011436,786
Simla Hill States 317,39010,0171,8171761411,309330,850
Bilaspur State 99,0231,458507600100,994
Kangra District 752,09840,4832,396576945,665801,312
Mandi State 199,9356,3518991410139207,465
Suket State 57,61673344101458,408
Chamba State 135,25410,839112943568146,870
Total1,729,00882,7118,9482,5862917,7091,831,253
Religion in the Districts & Princely States of the Himalayan geographical division (1921) [41] :29
District/
Princely State
Hinduism Om.svg Islam Star and Crescent.svg Sikhism Khanda.svg Christianity Christian cross.svg Jainism Jain Prateek Chihna.svg Others [lower-alpha 20] Total
Pop. %Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%
Nahan State 132,4316,4491,449446510140,448
Simla District 33,2286,9531,1733,823906045,327
Simla Hill States 292,7689,5512,0401641422,053306,718
Bilaspur State 96,0001,55943740098,000
Kangra District 722,27738,2632,083363563,023766,065
Mandi State 181,3583,46214210076185,048
Suket State 53,6256594400054,328
Chamba State 130,48910,529242633541141,867
Total1,642,17677,4257,6104,4713565,7631,737,801
Religion in the Districts & Princely States of the Himalayan geographical division (1911) [39] :27 [40] :27
District/
Princely State
Hinduism Om.svg Islam Star and Crescent.svg Sikhism Khanda.svg Christianity Christian cross.svg Jainism Jain Prateek Chihna.svg Others [lower-alpha 20] Total
Pop. %Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%
Nahan State 130,2766,0162,14237490138,520
Simla District 29,0475,8206933,666494539,320
Simla Hill States 386,95311,3742,9112241722,709404,343
Kangra District 725,15638,8591,910386813,994770,386
Mandi State 178,1152,7992642164181,110
Suket State 54,2685877120054,928
Chamba State 126,2698,750141815627135,873
Total1,630,08474,2057,8944,4003587,5391,724,480
Religion in the Districts & Princely States of the Himalayan geographical division (1901) [38] :34
District/
Princely State
Hinduism Om.svg Islam Star and Crescent.svg Sikhism Khanda.svg Christianity Christian cross.svg Jainism Jain Prateek Chihna.svg Others [lower-alpha 20] Total
Pop. %Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%
Nahan State 128,4786,41468846610135,687
Simla District 30,2996,6755442,79832340,351
Simla Hill States 373,88611,5351,3181132742,223389,349
Kangra District 722,55439,6721,2203851134,180768,124
Mandi State 170,3043,1874130510174,045
Suket State 54,005665600054,676
Chamba State 119,3278,3328070322127,834
Total1,598,85376,4803,8973,4154836,9381,690,066

Sub−Himalayan geographical division

Including Ambala district, Kalsia State, Hoshiarpur district, Gurdaspur district, Sialkot District, Gujrat District, Jhelum District, Rawalpindi District, and Attock District. [13] :48 [12] :2

Religion in the Sub−Himalayan geographical division of Punjab Province (1901—1941) [13] :48
ReligionPercentage
1901 [lower-alpha 19] 1911 [lower-alpha 19] 1921 [lower-alpha 19] 1931 [lower-alpha 19] 1941 [lower-alpha 19]
Islam Star and Crescent.svg 60.62%61.19%61.44%61.99%62.32%
Hinduism Om.svg [lower-alpha 7] 33.09%27.36%26.66%24.20%23.60%
Sikhism Khanda.svg 5.68%9.74%9.78%11.65%11.89%
Christianity Christian cross.svg 0.48%1.59%2.01%2.05%2.04%
Jainism Jain Prateek Chihna.svg 0.12%0.12%0.12%0.11%0.12%
Religion in the Districts & Princely States of the Sub−Himalayan geographical division (1941) [13] :42
District/
Princely State
Islam Star and Crescent.svg Hinduism Om.svg [lower-alpha 7] Sikhism Khanda.svg Christianity Christian cross.svg Jainism Jain Prateek Chihna.svg Others [lower-alpha 20] Total
Pop. %Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%
Ambala District 268,999412,658156,5436,0653,065415847,745
Kalsia State 25,04929,86612,23555188067,393
Hoshiarpur District 380,759584,080198,1946,1651,12501,170,323
Gurdaspur District 589,923290,774221,26151,5222561,153,511
Sialkot District 739,218231,319139,40975,8313,2501,4701,190,497
Gujrat District 945,60984,64370,2334,4491081,104,952
Jhelum District 563,03340,88824,6808931595629,658
Rawalpindi District 628,19382,47864,1279,0141,33782785,231
Attock District 611,12843,20920,1201,3921313675,875
Total4,751,9111,799,915906,802155,3869,1721,9997,625,185
Religion in the Districts & Princely States of the Sub−Himalayan geographical division (1931) [42] :277
District/
Princely State
Islam Star and Crescent.svg Hinduism Om.svg [lower-alpha 7] Sikhism Khanda.svg Christianity Christian cross.svg Jainism Jain Prateek Chihna.svg Others [lower-alpha 20] Total
Pop. %Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%
Ambala District 230,837346,809155,5557,1412,55010742,902
Kalsia State 21,79728,8329,03522162059,848
Hoshiarpur District 328,078526,182173,1473,7641,01601,032,187
Gurdaspur District 493,216255,949178,47143,243154970,898
Sialkot District 609,633206,42194,95566,3652,2367979,617
Gujrat District 786,75073,35659,1883,097324922,427
Jhelum District 482,09736,06822,0306722090541,076
Rawalpindi District 524,96559,48541,2657,4861,07779634,357
Attock District 531,79331,93219,52271021583,960
Total4,009,1661,565,034753,168132,5007,2991056,467,272
Religion in the Districts & Princely States of the Sub−Himalayan geographical division (1921) [41] :29
District/
Princely State
Islam Star and Crescent.svg Hinduism Om.svg Sikhism Khanda.svg Christianity Christian cross.svg Jainism Jain Prateek Chihna.svg Others [lower-alpha 20] Total
Pop. %Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%
Ambala District 205,750370,12597,6145,6792,27237681,477
Kalsia State 20,39428,7698,0144190057,371
Hoshiarpur District 289,298500,339132,9583,7451,0790927,419
Gurdaspur District 422,877258,823137,62532,8322015852,192
Sialkot District 580,532217,91274,93962,2662,14727937,823
Gujrat District 709,68462,52949,4562,37340824,046
Jhelum District 422,97934,83718,6264301951477,068
Rawalpindi District 470,03857,18531,7189,28695443569,224
Attock District 465,69426,18419,80955750512,249
Total3,587,2461,556,703570,759117,1726,8661235,838,869
Religion in the Districts & Princely States of the Sub−Himalayan geographical division (1911) [39] :27 [40] :27
District/
Princely State
Islam Star and Crescent.svg Hinduism Om.svg Sikhism Khanda.svg Christianity Christian cross.svg Jainism Jain Prateek Chihna.svg Others [lower-alpha 20] Total
Pop. %Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%
Ambala District 205,203380,59294,4717,4832,18734689,970
Kalsia State 18,82030,6406,25831160055,909
Hoshiarpur District 281,805498,642134,1462,9789980918,569
Gurdaspur District 408,216284,017121,07823,3657322836,771
Sialkot District 604,801242,32581,76148,6202,02917979,553
Gujrat District 650,89349,43044,693570480745,634
Jhelum District 452,26034,26124,4364501635511,575
Rawalpindi District 458,10148,44931,8398,3201,02890547,827
Attock District 471,89019,74126,914707912519,273
Total3,551,9891,588,097565,59692,5246,6951805,805,081
Religion in the Districts & Princely States of the Sub−Himalayan geographical division (1901) [38] :34
District/
Princely State
Islam Star and Crescent.svg Hinduism Om.svg Sikhism Khanda.svg Christianity Christian cross.svg Jainism Jain Prateek Chihna.svg Others [lower-alpha 20] Total
Pop. %Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%
Ambala District 240,710510,10558,0734,3622,61416815,880
Kalsia State 21,92138,6266,4530181067,181
Hoshiarpur District 312,958603,71071,1268131,1732989,782
Gurdaspur District 463,371380,63691,7564,4717228940,334
Sialkot District 716,953302,01250,98211,9392,008151,083,909
Gujrat District 655,83869,34624,893460110750,548
Jhelum District 526,72551,80115,0702711510594,018
Rawalpindi District 803,28386,26932,2347,6141,06867930,535
Total3,741,7592,042,505350,58729,9307,2781286,172,187

North−West Dry Area geographical division

Including Montgomery District, Shahpur District, Mianwali District, Lyallpur District, Jhang District, Multan District, Bahawalpur State, Muzaffargarh District, Dera Ghazi Khan District, and the Biloch Trans–Frontier Tract. [13] :48 [12] :2

Religion in the North−West Dry Area geographical division of Punjab Province (1901—1941) [13] :48
ReligionPercentage
1901 [lower-alpha 19] 1911 [lower-alpha 19] 1921 [lower-alpha 19] 1931 [lower-alpha 19] 1941 [lower-alpha 19]
Islam Star and Crescent.svg 79.01%80.00%78.95%78.22%77.86%
Hinduism Om.svg [lower-alpha 7] 17.84%13.58%14.23%13.86%14.03%
Sikhism Khanda.svg 2.91%5.62%5.64%6.73%6.74%
Christianity Christian cross.svg 0.23%0.79%1.17%1.18%1.17%
Jainism Jain Prateek Chihna.svg 0.01%0.01%0.01%0.01%0.01%
Religion in the Districts & Princely States of the North−West Dry Area geographical division (1941) [13] :42
District/
Princely State
Islam Star and Crescent.svg Hinduism Om.svg [lower-alpha 7] Sikhism Khanda.svg Christianity Christian cross.svg Jainism Jain Prateek Chihna.svg Others [lower-alpha 20] Total
Pop. %Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%
Montgomery District 918,564210,966175,06424,43249281,329,103
Shahpur District 835,918102,17248,04612,770132998,921
Mianwali District 436,26062,8146,865358231506,321
Lyallpur District 877,518204,059262,73751,9483581,396,305
Jhang District 678,736129,88912,23876350821,631
Multan District 1,157,911249,87261,62814,290552801,484,333
Muzaffargarh District 616,07490,6435,882227023712,849
Dera Ghazi Khan District 512,67867,4071,072871060581,350
Bahawalpur State 1,098,814174,40846,9453,04835117,6431,341,209
Biloch Trans–Frontier Tract40,084160200040,246
Total7,172,5571,292,390620,479107,9231,13417,7859,212,268
Religion in the Districts & Princely States of the North−West Dry Area geographical division (1931) [42] :277
District/
Princely State
Islam Star and Crescent.svg Hinduism Om.svg [lower-alpha 7] Sikhism Khanda.svg Christianity Christian cross.svg Jainism Jain Prateek Chihna.svg Others [lower-alpha 20] Total
Pop. %Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%
Montgomery District 697,542136,783148,15517,245389999,772
Shahpur District 679,54690,56140,07411,294141821,490
Mianwali District 357,10949,7944,231380205411,539
Lyallpur District 720,996173,344211,39145,5189571,151,351
Jhang District 552,853102,9908,476494020664,833
Multan District 942,937182,02939,4539,9244401171,174,900
Muzaffargarh District 513,26572,5775,28724600591,375
Dera Ghazi Khan District 432,91157,217760311250491,044
Bahawalpur State 799,176149,45434,8961,0541220984,612
Biloch Trans–Frontier Tract29,469173000029,642
Total5,725,8041,014,922492,72386,1867441797,320,558
Religion in the Districts & Princely States of the North−West Dry Area geographical division (1921) [41] :29
District/
Princely State
Islam Star and Crescent.svg Hinduism Om.svg Sikhism Khanda.svg Christianity Christian cross.svg Jainism Jain Prateek Chihna.svg Others [lower-alpha 20] Total
Pop. %Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%
Montgomery District 513,05594,79195,52010,408120713,786
Shahpur District 596,10082,18230,36111,27032719,918
Mianwali District 308,87645,9742,98636900358,205
Lyallpur District 594,917181,488160,82142,0042312979,463
Jhang District 475,38885,3399,37644970570,559
Multan District 731,605134,01318,5626,0062850890,264
Muzaffargarh District 493,36969,8784,86935660568,478
Dera Ghazi Khan District 411,43156,346932472960469,052
Bahawalpur State 647,207114,62119,07128318781,191
Biloch Trans–Frontier Tract26,578180000026,758
Total4,798,526864,812342,49871,192584626,077,674
Religion in the Districts & Princely States of the North−West Dry Area geographical division (1911) [39] :27 [40] :27
District/
Princely State
Islam Star and Crescent.svg Hinduism Om.svg Sikhism Khanda.svg Christianity Christian cross.svg Jainism Jain Prateek Chihna.svg Others [lower-alpha 20] Total
Pop. %Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%
Montgomery District 399,72366,80368,175581134535,299
Shahpur District 572,56572,69533,4568,616529687,366
Mianwali District 299,97136,3264,881168310341,377
Lyallpur District 524,288154,603146,67032,0231252857,711
Jhang District 422,46873,42619,42720140515,526
Multan District 665,488126,60319,8812,44139464814,871
Muzaffargarh District 494,91568,1586,3226015569,461
Dera Ghazi Khan District 442,23456,4851,04276230499,860
Bahawalpur State 654,247109,54816,630199152780,641
Biloch Trans–Frontier Tract28,413169500028,587
Total4,504,312764,816316,48944,3656111065,630,699
Religion in the Districts & Princely States of the North−West Dry Area geographical division (1901) [38] :34
District/
Princely State
Islam Star and Crescent.svg Hinduism Om.svg Sikhism Khanda.svg Christianity Christian cross.svg Jainism Jain Prateek Chihna.svg Others [lower-alpha 20] Total
Pop. %Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%
Montgomery District 334,474109,94519,0926681463,586
Shahpur District 442,92168,48912,7569120524,259
Mianwali District 371,67450,2022,63344350424,588
Lyallpur District 484,657210,45988,0498,672231791,861
Jhang District 295,48179,6503,5263800378,695
Multan District 570,254133,5604,6621,96413452710,626
Muzaffargarh District 350,17752,2213,2253300405,656
Dera Ghazi Khan District 412,01257,8151,0271521430471,149
Bahawalpur State 598,139114,6707,9858300720,877
Biloch Trans–Frontier Tract23,951136000024,087
Total3,883,740877,147142,95511,143345544,915,384

Language

As with religion, Punjab was a linguistically eclectically diverse province and region. In 1837, Persian had been abolished as the official language of Company administration and replaced by local Indian vernacular languages. In the Sikh Empire, Persian continued to be the official state language. [44] Shortly after annexing the Punjab in 1849, the Board of Administration canvassed local officials in each of the provinces's six divisions to decide which language was "best suited for the Courts and Public Business". [45] Officials in the western divisions recommended Persian whilst eastern officials suggested a shift to Urdu. [45] In September 1849 a two-language policy was instituted throughout the province. The language policy in the Punjab differed from other Indian provinces in that Urdu was not a widespread local vernacular. In 1849 John Lawrence noted "that Urdu is not the language of these districts and neither is Persian". [45]

In 1854, the Board of Administration abruptly ended the two-language policy and Urdu was designated as the official language of government across the province. The decision was motivated by new civil service rules requiring all officials pass a test in the official language of their local court. In fear of potentially losing their jobs, officials in Persian districts petitioned the board to replace Persian with Urdu, believing Urdu the easier language to master. [46] Urdu remained the official administrative language until 1947.

Officials, although aware that Punjabi was the colloquial language of the majority, instead favoured the use of Urdu for a number of reasons. Criticism of Punjabi included the belief that it was simply a form of patois, lacking any form of standardisation, and that "would be inflexible and barren, and incapable of expressing nice shades of meaning and exact logical ideas with the precision so essential in local proceedings." [46] Similar arguments had earlier been made about Bengali, Oriya and Hindustani; however, those languages were later adopted for local administration. Instead it is believed the advantages of Urdu served the administration greater. Urdu, and initially Persian, allowed the Company to recruit experienced administrators from elsewhere in India who did not speak Punjabi, to facilitate greater integration with other Indian territories which were administered with Urdu, and to help foster ties with local elites who spoke Persian and Urdu and could act as intermediaries with the wider populace. [46]

As per the 1911 census, speakers of the Punjabi dialects and languages, including standard Punjabi along with Lahnda [lower-alpha 21] formed just over three-quarters (75.93 per cent) of the total provincial population.

Linguistic Demographics of Punjab Province
Language Percentage
1911 [12] :370
Punjabi [lower-alpha 22] 75.93%
Western Hindi [lower-alpha 23] 15.82%
Western Pahari 4.11%
Rajasthani 3.0%
Balochi 0.29%
Pashto 0.28%
English 0.15%
Other0.42%

Indo−Gangetic Plain West geographical division

Including Hisar district, Loharu State, Rohtak district, Dujana State, Gurgaon district, Pataudi State, Delhi, Karnal district, Jalandhar district, Kapurthala State, Ludhiana district, Malerkotla State, Firozpur district, Faridkot State, Patiala State, Jind State, Nabha State, Lahore District, Amritsar district, and Gujranwala District.

Linguistic Demographics of the Indo−Gangetic Plain West geographical division
Language Percentage
1911 [12] :370
Punjabi [lower-alpha 24] 64.49%
Western Hindi [lower-alpha 23] 29.56%
Rajasthani 6.26%
Western Pahari 0.87%
English 0.11%
Pashto 0.07%
Other0.13%

Himalayan geographical division

Including Nahan State, Simla district, Simla Hill States, Kangra district, Mandi State, Suket State, and Chamba State.

Linguistic Demographics of the Himalayan geographical division
Language Percentage
1911 [12] :370
Western Pahari 50.22%
Punjabi 45.15%
Western Hindi [lower-alpha 23] 1.39%
English 0.2%
Rajasthani 0.02%
Pashto 0.01%
Other3.0%

Sub−Himalayan geographical division

Including Ambala district, Kalsia State, Hoshiarpur district, Gurdaspur district, Sialkot District, Gujrat District, Jhelum District, Rawalpindi District, and Attock District.

Linguistic Demographics of the Sub−Himalayan geographical division
Language Percentage
1911 [12] :370
Punjabi [lower-alpha 25] 88.77%
Western Hindi [lower-alpha 23] 8.81%
Western Pahari 1.49%
Pashto 0.5%
English 0.3%
Rajasthani 0.01%
Other0.12%

North–West Dry Area geographical division

Including Montgomery District, Shahpur District, Mianwali District, Lyallpur District, Jhang District, Multan District, Bahawalpur State, Muzaffargarh District, and Dera Ghazi Khan District.

Linguistic Demographics of the North–West Dry Area geographical division
Language Percentage
1911 [12] :370
Punjabi [lower-alpha 26] 96.45%
Balochi 1.25%
Rajasthani 0.62%
Western Hindi [lower-alpha 23] 0.56%
Pashto 0.53%
English 0.05%
Western Pahari 0.01%
Other0.53%

Tribes

Jats in Delhi (1868). JatsAroundDelhi1868.jpg
Jats in Delhi (1868).
Rajputs in Delhi (1868). Charles Shepherd and Arthur Robertson01.jpg
Rajputs in Delhi (1868).
Brahmin in Lahore (c. 1799-1849). Grey-scale scan of a painting of a Hindu official or courtier (possibly identifiable as Misr Diwan Chand) of the court of the Sikh Empire.jpg
Brahmin in Lahore (c.1799–1849).
Left to right: Gurkha, Brahmin and Shudra (Chuhra-Chamar) in Shimla (1868). From left to right- A Gurkha, a Brahmin and a Sood.jpg
Left to right: Gurkha, Brahmin and Shudra (Chuhra-Chamar) in Shimla (1868).
Arains in Lahore (1868). Arain men in Lahore.jpg
Arains in Lahore (1868).
Tarkhans in Lahore (c. 1862-72). Portrait of three unidentified Lahore carpenters (likely Tarkhan) with tools, ca.1862-72.png
Tarkhans in Lahore (c.1862–72).
Gujjars in Delhi (c. 1859-69). Two Gurjar (also transliterated as Gujjar, Gujar, Gurjara, & Gujjer) Men on a Pavement and a Woman in a Doorway in Delhi, Shepherd & Robertson (possibly), ca.1859-69.png
Gujjars in Delhi (c.1859–69).
Arora in Lahore (c. 1862-72). Portrait of an unidentified Arora Storekeeper from Lahore with coins in hand and in front of him, ca.1862-72.png
Arora in Lahore (c.1862–72).
Kumhars in Lahore (c. 1859-69). Portrait of two unknown Kumhar potters from Lahore, ca.1859-69.png
Kumhars in Lahore (c.1859–69).

Punjab Province was diverse, with the main castes represented alongside numerous subcastes and tribes (also known as Jāti or Barādarī ), forming parts of the various ethnic groups in the province, contemporarily known as Punjabis, Saraikis, Haryanvis, Hindkowans, Dogras, Paharis, and others.

Tribes of Punjab Province (1881–1931) [12] :478 [47] :348 [48] :193–254 [49] :367 [50] :281–309
Tribe188118911901191119211931
Pop. %Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%
Jat 4,223,8854,500,3404,884,2854,891,0605,453,7476,070,032
Rajput 1,648,4261,747,9891,784,4021,586,2741,853,0252,351,650
Brahman 1,040,7711,069,1321,077,252985,901994,5291,058,598
Chuhra 1,039,0391,175,5041,175,003912,998750,596681,359
Chamar 1,033,7271,147,9131,172,1181,075,9411,134,7001,102,465
Arain 795,471890,2641,003,698973,8881,086,4551,329,312
Julaha 593,199620,401651,800626,960643,403672,243
Tarkhan 564,385621,718675,361637,971614,912654,053
Gujjar 539,251600,198611,904595,598627,451696,442
Arora 538,465603,131647,945667,943707,495769,694
Kumhar 465,676515,331561,298542,906570,15862,0402
Bania 437,000442,000452,000404,000374,169
Jhinwar 418,499458,702450,362331,951371,418370,168
Khatri 392,413418,517433,579423,704452,902516,207
Awan 350,848389,402420,504425,450439,975538,760
Kanet 346,000370,000390,000404,000288,159
Mochi 334,034384,179408,314410,977429,242466,832
Baloch 331,851383,138466,645530,976531,084624,691
Nai 323,703371,144370,019344,845360,653380,657
Sheikh 293,606287,778264,656276,687244,800407,576
Lohar 291,506323,420347,099319,847322,195333,910
Teli 250,544291,513309,433284,505305,122339,124
Pathan 210,613221,262246,790272,547261,729345,438
Sayyid 200,728217,034230,802239,160247,087293,313
Mirasi 192,107230,700244,506223,093232,280242,685
Machhi 167,882196,574236,122239,702280,956314,791
Ahir 165,878188,838197,805201,299201,539221,897
Kashmiri 149,733141,280189,878175,334166,449200,066
Saini 147,183120,507121,722107,759120,376157,301
Sunar 145,903164,087174,628155,993127,090159,655
Kamboh 129,468150,646173,780171,536180,870239,385
Dhobi 123,767139,421142,342151,566163,908174,519
Meo 112,566115,916133,300120,752111,564124,821
Faqir 111,995300,214362,266262,511270,070283,634
Ghirath 110,507118,631121,718121,107117,949122,785
Chhimba 100,448141,819147,152124,090120,69592,491
Qassab 92,571109,435114,158117,363120,820127,198
Rathi 82,957100,65637,79397,763118,015134,093
Dagi & Koli 78,559167,772153,990172,269165,159182,056
Mughal 92,000118,00098,00099,00088,951
Jogi-Rawal 90,00091,00076,00083,00080,577
Dumna 66,16964,04653,39472,25036,66932,055
Dhanuk 66,00074,00077,00083,00087,278
Dogar 63,00070,00075,00068,00074,369
Khoja 62,00090,00099,00063,00087,461
Mallah 62,00077,00073,00078,00074,233
Mali 58,67295,989105,95696,88392,93372,299
Bharai 56,00067,00066,00058,00061,721
Barwala55,00064,00069,00064,00065,907
Mahtam 50,31356,98282,71981,80594,32564,004
Labana 47,00055,00056,00058,00056,316
Megh 37,37341,06844,31539,54930,46522,539
Khokhar 36,000130,000108,00060,00069,169
Darzi 30,19036,91939,16435,50838,25645,688
Bawaria 22,01326,42029,11232,84934,80732,508
Sansi 19,92022,21826,00024,43917,40228,262
Od 15,65222,45026,16031,69028,50232,719
Sarera 10,79211,3669,58710,7439,87311,230
Pakhiwara3,7413,6743,5953,7112,8013,100
Ghosi 2,2212,6523,0122,4195023,836
Harni 1,3184,1573,4623,3602,9883,387
Maliar 81,00090,00088,755
Mussalli 57,367309,543323,549412,295
Qureshi 53,00071,00097,625
Aggarwal 339,494349,322373,014
Bagaria1,2621,6192,446
Total population20,800,99522,915,89424,367,11323,791,84125,101,51428,490,869

Literacy

Literacy Rate by Religious Community in Punjab Province (1941) [13] :65
Religion % Total Literacy % Total Male Literacy % Total Female Literacy
Jains 41.93%29.03%12.90%
Sikhs 17.03%12.13%4.90%
Hindus 16.35%11.89%4.46%
Christians 7.76%4.69%3.07%
Muslims 6.97%5.52%1.45%
Others7.62%6.85%0.77%
Total10.87%8.13%2.74%

Administrative divisions

Districts of Punjab with Muslim (green) and non-Muslim (pink) majorities, as per 1941 census Punjab-religion-2.jpg
Districts of Punjab with Muslim (green) and non-Muslim (pink) majorities, as per 1941 census
Punjab (British India): British Territory and Princely States
DivisionDistricts in British Territory / Princely States
Rawalpindi Division
Lahore Division
Multan Division
Jullundur Division
Delhi Division
Total area, British Territory97,209 square miles
Native States
Total area, Native States36,532 square miles
Total area, Punjab133,741 square miles

Agriculture

Within a few years of its annexation, the Punjab was regarded as British India's model agricultural province. From the 1860s onwards, agricultural prices and land values soared in the Punjab. This stemmed from increasing political security and improvements in infrastructure and communications. New cash crops such as wheat, tobacco, sugar cane and cotton were introduced. By the 1920s the Punjab produced a tenth of India's total cotton crop and a third of its wheat crop. Per capita output of all the crops in the province increased by approximately 45 percent between 1891 and 1921, a growth contrasting to agricultural crises in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa during the period. [51]

The Punjab Agricultural College and Research Institute became the first higher educational agricultural institution in the Punjab when established in 1906. Rapid agricultural growth, combined with access to easy credit for landowners, led to a growing crisis of indebtedness. [52] When landowners were unable to pay down their loans, urban based moneylenders took advantage of the law to foreclose debts of mortgaged land. [52] This led to a situation where land increasingly passed to absentee moneylenders who had little connection to the villages were the land was located. The colonial government recognised this as a potential threat to the stability of the province, and a split emerged in the government between paternalists who favoured intervention to ensure order, and those who opposed state intervention in private property relations. [51] The paternalists emerged victorious and the Punjab Land Alienation Act, 1900 prevented urban commercial castes, who were overwhelmingly Hindu, from permanently acquiring land from statutory agriculturalist tribes, who were mainly Muslim and Sikh. [53]

Accompanied by the increasing franchise of the rural population, this interventionist approach led to a long lasting impact on the political landscape of the province. The agricultural lobby remained loyal to the government, and rejected communalism in common defence of its privileges against urban moneylenders. [51] This position was entrenched by the Unionist Party. The Congress Party's opposition to the Act led to it being marginalised in the Punjab, reducing its influence more so than in any other province, and inhibiting its ability to challenge colonial rule locally. The political dominance of the Unionist Party would remain until partition, and significantly it was only on the collapse of its power on the eve of independence from Britain, that communal violence began to spread in rural Punjab. [51]

Army

In the immediate aftermath of annexation, the Sikh Khalsa Army was disbanded, and soldiers were required to surrender their weapons and return to agricultural or other pursuits. [15] The Bengal Army, keen to utilise the highly trained ex-Khalsa army troops began to recruit from the Punjab for Bengal infantry units stationed in the province. However opposition to the recruitment of these soldiers spread and resentment emerged from sepoys of the Bengal Army towards the incursion of Punjabis into their ranks. In 1851, the Punjab Irregular Force also known as the 'Piffars' was raised. Initially they consisted of one garrison and four mule batteries, four regiments of cavalry, eleven of infantry and the Corps of Guides, totalling approximately 13,000 men. [54] The gunners and infantry were mostly Punjabi, many from the Khalsa Army, whilst the cavalry had a considerable Hindustani presence. [54]

During the Indian Rebellion of 1857, eighteen new regiments were raised from the Punjab which remained loyal to the East India Company throughout the crisis in the Punjab and United Provinces. [55] By June 1858, of the 80,000 native troops in the Bengal Army, 75,000 were Punjabi of which 23,000 were Sikh. [56] In the aftermath of the rebellion, a thorough re-organisation of the army took place. Henceforth recruitment into the British Indian Army was restricted to loyal peoples and provinces. Punjabi Sikhs emerged as a particularly favoured martial race to serve the army. [57] In the midst of The Great Game, and fearful of a Russian invasion of British India, the Punjab was regarded of significant strategic importance as a frontier province. In addition to their loyalty and a belief in their suitability to serve in harsh conditions, Punjabi recruits were favoured as they could be paid at the local service rate, whereas soldiers serving on the frontier from more distant lands had to be paid extra foreign service allowances. [58] By 1875, of the entire Indian army, a third of recruits hailed from the Punjab. [59]

In 1914, three fifths of the Indian army came from the Punjab, despite the region constituting approximately one tenth of the total population of British India. [59] During the First World War, Punjabi Sikhs alone accounted for one quarter of all armed personnel in India. [57] Military service provided access to the wider world, and personnel were deployed across the British Empire from Malaya, the Mediterranean and Africa. [57] Upon completion of their terms of service, these personnel were often amongst the first to seek their fortunes abroad. [57] At the outbreak of the Second World War, 48 percent of the Indian army came from the province. [60] In Jhelum, Rawalpindi and Attock, the percentage of the total male population who enlisted reached fifteen percent. [61] The Punjab continued to be the main supplier of troops throughout the war, contributing 36 percent of the total Indian troops who served in the conflict. [62]

The huge proportion of Punjabis in the army meant that a significant amount of military expenditure went to Punjabis and in turn resulted in an abnormally high level of resource input in the Punjab. [63] It has been suggested that by 1935 if remittances of serving officers were combined with income from military pensions, more than two thirds of Punjab's land revenue could have been paid out of military incomes. [63] Military service further helped reduce the extent of indebtedness across the Province. In Hoshiarpur, a notable source of military personnel, in 1920 thirty percent of proprietors were debt free compared to the region's average of eleven percent. [63] In addition, the benefits of military service and the perception that the government was benevolent towards soldiers, affected the latter's attitudes towards the British. [56] The loyalty of recruited peasantry and the influence of military groups in rural areas across the province limited the reach of the nationalist movement in the province. [56]

Communications and transport

In 1853, the Viceroy Lord Dalhousie issued a minute stressing the military importance of railways across India. [64] In the Punjab, however, it was initially strategic commercial interests which drove investment in railways and communications from 1860. [64]

Independent railway companies emerged, such as the Scinde, Punjab and Delhi railways to build and operate new lines. In 1862, the first section of railway in the Punjab was constructed between Lahore and Amritsar, and Lahore Junction railway station opened. Lines were opened between Lahore and Multan in 1864, and Amritsar and Delhi in 1870. [64] The Scinde, Punjab and Delhi railways merged to form the Scinde, Punjab & Delhi Railway in 1870, creating a link between Karachi and Lahore via Multan. The Punjab Northern State Railway linked Lahore and Peshawar in 1883. By 1886, the independent railways had amalgamated into North Western State Railway. [64]

The construction of railway lines and the network of railway workshops generated employment opportunities, which in turn led to increased immigration into cantonment towns. [64] As connectivity increased across the province, it facilitated the movement of goods, and increased human interaction. It has been observed that the Ferozpur, Lahore and Amritsar began to develop into one composite cultural triangle due to the ease of connectivity between them. [64] Similarly barriers of spoken dialects eroded over time, and cultural affinities were increasingly fostered. [64]

Education

In 1854, the Punjab education department was instituted with a policy to provide secular education in all government managed institutions. [65] Privately run institutions would only receive grants-in-aid in return for providing secular instruction. [65] By 1864 this had resulted in a situation whereby all grants-in-aid to higher education schools and colleges were received by institutions under European management, and no indigenous owned schools received government help. [65]

In the early 1860s, a number of educational colleges were established, including Lawrence College, Murree, King Edward Medical University, Government College, Lahore, Glancy Medical College and Forman Christian College. In 1882, Gottlieb Wilhelm Leitner published a damning report on the state of education in the Punjab. He lamented the failure to reconcile government run schools with traditional indigenous schools, and noted a steady decline in the number of schools across the province since annexation. [66] He noted in particular how Punjabi Muslim's avoided government run schools due to the lack of religious subjects taught in them, observing how at least 120,000 Punjabis attended schools unsupported by the state and describing it as 'a protest by the people against our system of education.' [67] Leitner had long advocated the benefits of oriental scholarship, and the fusion of government education with religious instruction. In January 1865 he had established the Anjuman-i-Punjab, a subscription based association aimed at using a European style of learning to promote useful knowledge, whilst also reviving traditional scholarship in Arabic, Persian and Sanskrit. [68] In 1884, a reorganisation of the Punjab education system occurred, introducing measures tending towards decentralisation of control over education and the promotion of an indigenous education agency. As a consequence several new institutions were encouraged in the province. The Arya Samaj opened a college in Lahore in 1886, the Sikhs opened the Khalsa College whilst the Anjuman-i-Himayat-i-Islam stepped in to organise Muslim education. [69] In 1886, the Punjab Chiefs' College, later renamed Aitchison College, was opened to further the education of the elite classes.

Government

Early administration

In 1849, a Board of Administration was put in place to govern the newly annexed province. The Board was led by a President and two assistants. Beneath them Commissioners acted as Superintendents of revenue and police and exercised the civil appellate and the original criminal powers of Sessions Judges, whilst Deputy Commissioners were given subordinate civil, criminal and fiscal powers. [70] In 1853, the Board of Administration was abolished, and authority was invested in a single Chief Commissioner. The Government of India Act 1858 led to further restructuring and the office of Lieutenant-Governor replaced that of Chief Commissioner.

Although The Indian Councils Act, 1861 laid the foundation for the establishment of a local legislature in the Punjab, the first legislature was constituted in 1897. It consisted of a body of nominated officials and non-officials and was presided over by the Lieutenant-Governor. The first council lasted for eleven years until 1909. The Morley-Minto Reforms led to an elected members complementing the nominated officials in subsequent councils. [71]

Punjab Legislative Council and Assembly

The Government of India Act 1919 introduced the system of dyarchy across British India and led to the implementation of the first Punjab Legislative Council in 1921. At the same time the office of lieutenant governor was replaced with that of governor. The initial Council had ninety three members, seventy per cent of which were elected and the rest nominated. [71] A president was elected by the Council to preside over the meetings. Between 1921 and 1936, there were four terms of the Council. [71]

CouncilInauguratedDissolvedPresident(s)
First Council8 January 192127 October 1923 Sir Montagu Butler and Herbert Casson
Second Council2 January 192427 October 1926Herbert Casson, Sir Abdul Qadir and Sir Shahab-ud-Din Virk
Third Council3 January 192726 July 1930Sir Shahab-ud-Din Virk
Fourth Council24 October 193010 November 1936Sir Shahab-ud-Din Virk and Sir Chhotu Ram

In 1935, the Government of India Act 1935 replaced dyarchy with increased provincial autonomy. It introduced direct elections, and enabled elected Indian representatives to form governments in the provincial assemblies. The Punjab Legislative Council was replaced by a Punjab Legislative Assembly, and the role of President with that of a Speaker. Membership of the Assembly was fixed at 175 members, and it was intended to sit for five years. [71]

First Assembly Election

The first election was held in 1937 and was won outright by the Unionist Party. Its leader, Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan was asked by the Governor, Sir Herbert Emerson to form a Ministry and he chose a cabinet consisting of three Muslims, two Hindus and a Sikh. [72] Sir Sikandar died in 1942 and was succeeded as Premier by Khizar Hayat Khan Tiwana.

PositionName
Premier Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan
Revenue Minister Sir Sundar Singh Majithia
Development Minister Sir Chhotu Ram
Finance Minister Manohar Lal
Public Works Minister Khizar Hayat Khan Tiwana
Education Minister Mian Abdul Haye

Second Assembly Election

The next election was held in 1946. The Muslim League won the most seats, winning 73 out of a total of 175. However a coalition led by the Unionist Party and consisting of the Congress Party and Akali Party were able to secure an overall majority. A campaign of civil disobedience by the Muslim League followed, lasting six weeks, and led to the resignation of Sir Khizar Tiwana and the collapse of the coalition government on 2 March 1947. [73] The Muslim League however were unable to attract the support of other minorities to form a coalition government themselves. [74] Amid this stalemate the Governor Sir Evan Jenkins assumed control of the government and remained in charge until the independence of India and Pakistan. [74]

Coat of arms

Arms of British Punjab Arms of British Punjab.jpg
Arms of British Punjab

Crescat e Fluviis meaning, Let it grow from the rivers was the Latin motto used in the coat of arms for Punjab Province. As per the book History of the Sikhs written by Khushwant Singh, it means Strength from the Rivers.

See also

Notes

  1. Including Attock District, Jhelum District, Rawalpindi District, and Shahpur District
  2. Including Amritsar District, Gujranwala District, Gujrat District, Gurdaspur District, Lahore District, Lyallpur District, Montgomery District, Sheikhupura District, and Sialkot District
  3. Including Dera Ghazi Khan District, Jhang District, Mianwali District, Multan District, and Muzaffargarh District
  4. Including Firozpur district, Hoshiarpur district, Jalandhar district, Kangra district, and Ludhiana district
  5. Including Ambala district, Delhi district, Gurgaon district, Hisar district, Karnal district, Rohtak district, and Shimla. Later renamed Ambala Division in 1911, following separation of Delhi district from Punjab Province.
  6. Including Patiala State, Jind State, Nabha State, Bahawalpur State, Sirmur State, Loharu State, Dujana, Pataudi State, Kalsia, Simla Hill States, Kapurthala State, Mandi State, Malerkotla State, Suket State, Faridkot State, Siba State, Chamba State, and Kahlur (Bilaspur)
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 1931 & 1941 censuses: Including Ad-Dharmis
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Including Delhi district, which was later made into a separate province in 1912, following the transfer from Calcutta to Delhi as capital of India in 1911.
  9. 1901 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Lahore, Sialkot, Gujranwala, Gujrat, Shahpur, Jhelum, Rawalpindi, Mianwali, Montgomery, Lyallpur (inscribed as the Chenab Colony on the 1901 census), Jhang, Multan, Muzaffargargh, Dera Ghazi Khan), one tehsil (Shakargarh – then part of Gurdaspur District), one princely state (Bahawalpur), and one tract (Biloch Trans–Frontier) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the western side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1901 census data here: [38] :34
    Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and tract would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab, which also later included Bahawalpur. The state that makes up this region in the contemporary era is Punjab, Pakistan.
  10. 1911 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Lahore, Sialkot, Gujranwala, Gujrat, Shahpur, Jhelum, Rawalpindi, Attock, Mianwali, Montgomery, Lyallpur, Jhang, Multan, Muzaffargargh, Dera Ghazi Khan), one tehsil (Shakargarh – then part of Gurdaspur District), one princely state (Bahawalpur), and one tract (Biloch Trans–Frontier) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the western side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1911 census data here: [39] :27 [40] :27
    Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and tract would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab, which also later included Bahawalpur. The state that makes up this region in the contemporary era is Punjab, Pakistan.
  11. 1921 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Lahore, Sialkot, Gujranwala, Sheikhupura, Gujrat, Shahpur, Jhelum, Rawalpindi, Attock, Mianwali, Montgomery, Lyallpur, Jhang, Multan, Muzaffargargh, Dera Ghazi Khan), one tehsil (Shakargarh – then part of Gurdaspur District), one princely state (Bahawalpur), and one tract (Biloch Trans–Frontier) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the western side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1921 census data here: [41] :29
    Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and tract would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab, which also later included Bahawalpur. The state that makes up this region in the contemporary era is Punjab, Pakistan.
  12. 1931 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Lahore, Sialkot, Gujranwala, Sheikhupura, Gujrat, Shahpur, Jhelum, Rawalpindi, Attock, Mianwali, Montgomery, Lyallpur, Jhang, Multan, Muzaffargargh, Dera Ghazi Khan), one tehsil (Shakargarh – then part of Gurdaspur District), one princely state (Bahawalpur), and one tract (Biloch Trans–Frontier) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the western side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1931 census data here: [42] :277
    Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and tract would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab, which also later included Bahawalpur. The state that makes up this region in the contemporary era is Punjab, Pakistan.
  13. 1941 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Lahore, Sialkot, Gujranwala, Sheikhupura, Gujrat, Shahpur, Jhelum, Rawalpindi, Attock, Mianwali, Montgomery, Lyallpur, Jhang, Multan, Muzaffargargh, Dera Ghazi Khan), one tehsil (Shakargarh – then part of Gurdaspur District), one princely state (Bahawalpur), and one tract (Biloch Trans–Frontier) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the western side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1941 census data here: [13] :42
    Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and tract would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab, which also later included Bahawalpur. The state that makes up this region in the contemporary era is Punjab, Pakistan.
  14. 1901 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Hisar, Rohtak, Gurgaon, Delhi, Karnal, Jalandhar, Ludhiana, Firozpur, Amritsar, Simla, Kangra, Ambala, Hoshiarpur, and Gurdaspur (minus Shakargarh Tehsil)), and princely states (Loharu, Dujana, Pataudi, Kalsia, Kapurthala, Malerkotla, Faridkot, Patiala, Jind, Nabha, Nahan, Simla Hill, Mandi, Suket, and Chamba) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the eastern side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1901 census data here: [38] :34
    Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and princely states would ultimately make up the subdivision of East Punjab, which also included Patiala and East Punjab States Union, Chief Commissioner's Province of Himachal Pradesh, and Bilaspur State. The states that make up this region in the contemporary era are Punjab, India, Chandigarh, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh.
  15. 1911 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Hisar, Rohtak, Gurgaon, Delhi, Karnal, Jalandhar, Ludhiana, Firozpur, Amritsar, Simla, Kangra, Ambala, Hoshiarpur, and Gurdaspur (minus Shakargarh Tehsil)), and princely states (Loharu, Dujana, Pataudi, Kalsia, Kapurthala, Malerkotla, Faridkot, Patiala, Jind, Nabha, Nahan, Simla Hill, Mandi, Suket, and Chamba) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the eastern side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1911 census data here: [39] :27 [40] :27
    Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and princely states would ultimately make up the subdivision of East Punjab, which also included Patiala and East Punjab States Union, Chief Commissioner's Province of Himachal Pradesh, and Bilaspur State. The states that make up this region in the contemporary era are Punjab, India, Chandigarh, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh.
  16. 1921 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Hisar, Rohtak, Gurgaon, Karnal, Jalandhar, Ludhiana, Firozpur, Amritsar, Simla, Kangra, Ambala, Hoshiarpur, and Gurdaspur (minus Shakargarh Tehsil)), and princely states (Loharu, Dujana, Pataudi, Kalsia, Kapurthala, Malerkotla, Faridkot, Patiala, Jind, Nabha, Nahan, Simla Hill, Bilaspur, Mandi, Suket, and Chamba) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the eastern side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1921 census data here: [41] :29
    Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and princely states would ultimately make up the subdivision of East Punjab, which also included Patiala and East Punjab States Union, Chief Commissioner's Province of Himachal Pradesh, and Bilaspur State. The states that make up this region in the contemporary era are Punjab, India, Chandigarh, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh.
  17. 1931 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Hisar, Rohtak, Gurgaon, Karnal, Jalandhar, Ludhiana, Firozpur, Amritsar, Simla, Kangra, Ambala, Hoshiarpur, and Gurdaspur (minus Shakargarh Tehsil)), and princely states (Loharu, Dujana, Pataudi, Kalsia, Kapurthala, Malerkotla, Faridkot, Patiala, Jind, Nabha, Sirmoor, Simla Hill, Bilaspur, Mandi, Suket, and Chamba) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the eastern side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1931 census data here: [42] :277
    Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and princely states would ultimately make up the subdivision of East Punjab, which also included Patiala and East Punjab States Union, Chief Commissioner's Province of Himachal Pradesh, and Bilaspur State. The states that make up this region in the contemporary era are Punjab, India, Chandigarh, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh.
  18. 1941 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Hisar, Rohtak, Gurgaon, Karnal, Jalandhar, Ludhiana, Firozpur, Amritsar, Simla, Kangra, Ambala, Hoshiarpur, and Gurdaspur (minus Shakargarh Tehsil)), and princely states (Loharu, Dujana, Pataudi, Kalsia, Kapurthala, Malerkotla, Faridkot, Patiala, Jind, Nabha, Sirmoor, Simla Hill, Bilaspur, Mandi, Suket, and Chamba) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the eastern side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1941 census data here: [13] :42
    Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and princely states would ultimately make up the subdivision of East Punjab, which also included Patiala and East Punjab States Union, Chief Commissioner's Province of Himachal Pradesh, and Bilaspur State. The states that make up this region in the contemporary era are Punjab, India, Chandigarh, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 See total breakdowns in tables below.
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Including Buddhism, Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Tribals, others, or not stated
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 Western Punjabi languages and dialects including Saraiki, Hindko and Pahari-Pothwari, and other related languages or dialects
  22. Standard Punjabi: 58.34%
    Lahnda: [lower-alpha 21] 17.59%
  23. 1 2 3 4 5 Including Hindustani (Hindi and Urdu), Braj Bhasha, Haryanvi, and other related languages or dialects
  24. Standard Punjabi: 63.49%
    Lahnda: [lower-alpha 21] 1.0%
  25. Standard Punjabi: 74.01%
    Lahnda: [lower-alpha 21] 14.76%
  26. Lahnda: [lower-alpha 21] 60.31%
    Standard Punjabi: 36.14%

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Punjab</span> Geographical region in South Asia

Punjab is a geopolitical, cultural, and historical region in South Asia. It is specifically located in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent, comprising areas of modern-day eastern-Pakistan and northwestern-India. Punjab's major cities are Lahore, Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, Gujranwala, Multan, Ludhiana, Amritsar, Sialkot, Chandigarh, Shimla, Jalandhar, Patiala, Gurugram, and Bahawalpur.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Punjab, Pakistan</span> Province of Pakistan

Punjab is a province of Pakistan. Located in central-eastern region of the country, Punjab is the second-largest province of Pakistan by land area and the largest by population. Lahore is the capital and the largest city of the province. Other major cities include Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, Gujranwala and Multan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bahawalpur</span> City in Punjab, Pakistan

Bahawalpur is a city in the Punjab province of Pakistan. It is one of the ten largest cities of Pakistan and 6th most populous city of Punjab. Bahawalpur is the capital of Bahawalpur Division.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">West Punjab</span> Former province of Pakistan from 1947 to 1955

West Punjab was a province in the Dominion of Pakistan from 1947 to 1955. It was established from the western-half of British Punjab, following the independence of Pakistan. The province covered an area of 159,344 km sq, including much of the current Punjab province and the Islamabad Capital Territory, but excluding the former Princely state of Bahawalpur. Lahore, being the largest city and the cultural centre, served as the capital of the province. The province was composed of four divisions and was bordered by the state of Bahawalpur to the south-east, the province of Baluchistan to the south-west and Sind to the south, North-West Frontier Province to the north-west, and Azad Jammu and Kashmir to the north. It shared International border with Indian state of East Punjab to the east and Indian-administered Jammu & Kashmir to the north-east. It was dissolved and merged into West Pakistan upon creation of One Unit Scheme, in 1955.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hoshiarpur</span> City in Punjab, India

Hoshiarpur is a city and a municipal corporation in Hoshiarpur district in the Doaba region of the Indian state of Punjab. It was founded, according to tradition, during the early part of the fourteenth century. In 1809, it was occupied by the forces of Maharaja Karanvir Singh and was united into the greater state of Punjab in 1849.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cis-Sutlej states</span>

The Cis-Sutlej states were a group of states in the contemporary Punjab and Haryana states of northern India during the 19th century, lying between the Sutlej River on the north, the Himalayas on the east, the Yamuna River and Delhi District on the south, and Sirsa District on the west. The small Punjabi kingdoms of the Cis-Sutlej states paid tributes to the Marathas, until the Second Anglo-Maratha War of 1803–1805, after which the Marathas lost this territory to the British.

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East Punjab was a province of India from 1947 until 1950. It consisted parts of the Punjab province that remained in India following the partition of the province between the new dominions of Pakistan and the Indian Union by the Radcliffe Commission in 1947. The mostly Muslim western parts of the old Punjab became Pakistan's West Punjab, later renamed as Punjab Province, while the mostly Hindu and Sikh eastern parts remained with India.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Religion in Pakistan</span> History and development of religion in Pakistan

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Punjab States Agency</span> Agency of British India

The Punjab States Agency was an agency of the British Raj. The agency was created in 1921, on the model of the Central India Agency and Rajputana Agency, and dealt with forty princely states in northwest India formerly dealt with by the Province of Punjab.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Majha</span> Region in the central parts of the historical Punjab region

Majha is a region located in the central parts of the historical Punjab region split between India and Pakistan. It extends north from the right banks of the river Beas, and reaches as far north as the river Jhelum. People of the Majha region are given the demonym "Mājhī" or "Majhail". Most inhabitants of the region speak the Majhi dialect, which is the basis of the standard register of the Punjabi language. The most populous city in the area is Lahore on the Pakistani side, and Amritsar on the Indian side of the border.

Malwa is a geographical region in the south of Punjab state in India. It is located between south of the Sutlej river, north of the Ghaggar river, east of Pakistan, and west of the Sivalik Hills.

Punjab is home to 2.3% of India's population; with a density of 551 persons per km2. According to the provisional results of the 2011 national census, Punjab has a population of 27,743,338, making it the 16th most populated state in India. Of which male and female are 14,639,465 and 13,103,873 respectively. 32% of Punjab's population consists of Dalits. In the state, the rate of population growth is 13.9% (2011), lower than national average. Out of total population, 37.5% people live in urban regions. The total figure of population living in urban areas is 10,399,146 of which 5,545,989 are males and while remaining 4,853,157 are females. The urban population in the last 10 years has increased by 37.5%. According to the 2011 Census of India, Punjab, India has a population of around 27.7 million.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Punjab, India</span> State in northern India

Punjab, historically known as Panchanada or Pentapotamia, is a state in northern India. Forming part of the larger Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent, the state is bordered by the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh to the north and northeast, Haryana to the south and southeast, and Rajasthan to the southwest; by the Indian union territories of Chandigarh to the east and Jammu and Kashmir to the north. It shares an international border with Punjab, a province of Pakistan to the west. The state covers an area of 50,362 square kilometres, which is 1.53% of India's total geographical area, making it the 19th-largest Indian state by area out of 28 Indian states. With over 27 million inhabitants, Punjab is the 16th-largest Indian state by population, comprising 23 districts. Punjabi, written in the Gurmukhi script, is the most widely spoken and the official language of the state. The main ethnic group are the Punjabis, with Sikhs (57.7%) and Hindus (38.5%) forming the dominant religious groups. The state capital, Chandigarh, is a union territory and also the capital of the neighbouring state of Haryana. Three tributaries of the Indus River — the Sutlej, Beas, and Ravi — flow through Punjab.

Religion in the Punjab in ancient history was characterized by Hinduism and later conversions to Jainism, Buddhism, Islam, Sikhism and Christianity; it also includes folk practices common to all Punjabis regardless of the religion they adhere to. Such practices incorporate local mysticism, including ancestral worship and worship of local saints of all faiths.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Islam in Punjab, India</span>

Islam is a minority religion in Punjab, India followed by 535,489 people constituting about 1.93 percent of the state population out of 27.7 million population as of 2011 census report.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hinduism in Punjab, Pakistan</span> Overview of the role and impact of Hinduism in the Pakistani province of Punjab

Hinduism is a minority religion in Punjab province of Pakistan followed by about 0.2% of its population. Punjab has the second largest number of Hindus in Pakistan after Sindh. Hinduism is followed mainly in the Southern Punjab districts of Rahim Yar Khan and Bahawalpur.

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