Sayyid

For the given name, see Sayyid (name).

Sayyid
سَيّد

In the Ottoman Empire, the Sayyids had the privilege of wearing a green turban
Regions with significant populations
Muslim world
Religions
Islam
Languages
Arabic, Persian, Urdu, and others [1] [2] [3] [4] [5]

Sayyid ^[a] is an honorific title of Hasanids and Husaynids Muslims, recognized as descendants of the Islamic prophet's companion, Ali through his grandsons, Hasan and Husayn. ^[10]

Etymology

A few Arabic language experts state that it has its roots in the word al-asadالأسد, meaning "lion", probably because of the qualities of valor and leadership. ^{[11] : 158  [12] : 265} The word is derived from the verb sāda, meaning to rule. The title seyyid/sayyid existed before Islam, however not in light of a specific descent, but as a meritocratic sign of respect. ^[13]

Hans Wehr Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic defines seyyid as a translation for master, chief, sovereign, or lord. ^[14] It also denotes someone respected and of high status.

In the Arab world, sayyid is the equivalent of the English word "liege lord" or "master" when referring to a descendant of Muhammad, as for example in Sayyid Ali Sultan. ^{[15] [16]}

Origin of the title

The foundation of the title Sayyid is unclear. In fact the title Sayyid as a unified reference for descendants of Muhammad did not exist, according to Morimoto Kazuo, until the Mongol conquests. ^[17] This can be substantiated by historic records about Abdul Qadir Gilani and Bahauddin Naqshband, who did not refer to themselves with any title, despite their lineages to Muhammad. Sometimes the ruling community of a nation, took this title to portray themselves as respected and honored, though they are not actually the descendants of Muhammad. This gives reasons to think that this title is founded later on. Morimoto refers to Mominov, who describes that the emergence of a community leader during the Mongol era (Ilkhanate) gave rise to the prominence of the title Sayyid. ^[18] This leader is most probably the Sunni Shafiite scholar Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani, who lived in this time, being known as a saint credited with the honorific titles "Amir-e-Kabir"(English: Grand Prince) and "Ali-e-Saani" (English: Second Ali ). ^[19] Hamadani's religious legacy in Kashmir as well as his headquarter (Persian: Khanqah) the Khanqa-e-Mola became under the control of the Grand Sayyid Hazrat Ishaan. Hazrat Ishaan's descendants are buried in Hamadani's headquarter, on which occasion it is known as the Ziyarat Naqshband Sahab today. ^{[20] [21] [22]}

However, in Sunni Islam as practiced in the Ottoman and Mughal Empire, a person descending from Muhammad (either maternally or paternally) can only claim the title of Sayyid meritocratically by passing audits, whereupon exclusive rights, like paying lesser taxes, will be granted. These are mostly based on the claimant's demonstrated knowledge of the Quran and piousness (Arabic: Taqwa ) under the assessment of a Naqib al-Ashraf, also known as a Mir in Persian-speaking countries. ^{[23] [24] [25]} Notable examples of such a Naqib (plural: "Nuqaba") or Mirs (plural: "Miran"), were Hazrat Ishaan in the Mughal Empire and his descendant Sayyid Mir Fazlullah Agha in Royal Afghanistan. ^[23]

In Shia Islam, with the advent of the Safavids a male person with a non-Sayyid father and a Sayyida mother claims the title of Mirza.

Statistics

Although reliable statistics are unavailable, conservative estimates put the number of Sayyids in the tens of millions. ^[26]

Traditions

Traditionally, Islam has had a rich history of the veneration of relics, especially of those attributed to Muhammad. ^[27] The most genuine prophetic relics are believed to be those housed in the Hirkai Serif Odasi (Chamber of the Holy Mantle) in Istanbul's Topkapı Palace. ^{[28] [29] [30]}

Other indication of descent

In addition to the sayyid title, descendants of Muhammad through the Twelve Imams in Arabic, Persian and Urdu may obtain the following surnames: ^[31]

Ancestor	Arabic style	Arabic last name	Persian last name	Urdu last name
Ali ibn Abi Talib	al-Alawi العلوی او الهاشمی	al-Alawi العلوی al-Hashimi الهاشمي	Alavii, Alavi, or Alawi	Alvi or Hashimi or Awan or Hashemi
Hasan ibn Ali	al-Hasani الحسني او الهاشمي	al-Hasani الحسني al-Bolkiah البلقية al-Alawi العلوی al-Hashimi الهاشمي	Hashemi هاشمی Hassani حسنى	Hashmi ہاشمی or Hassani حسنی Noshahi نوشاہی
Husayn ibn Ali	al-Hussaini1 الحُسيني	al-Hussaini الحسيني Ba 'Alawi ال باعلوي	Hussaini حسيني	Hussaini حسيني Hashemi or Shah [32]
Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin	al-Abidi العابدي	al-Abidi العابدي	Abedi عابدى	Abidi or Abdi عابدی
Muhammad al-Baqir	al-Baqiri الباقري	al-Baqiri الباقري	Baqiri باقری	Baqri باقری
Ja'far	al-Ja'fari الجعفري	al-Ja'fari الصدق او الجعفري	Jafari جعفرى or Dibaji/Dibaj دیباج/دیباجی	Jafri or Jafry جعفری or Jaffery shamsi جعفری‌شمسی
Zayd ibn Ali	az-Zaidi الزيدي	al-Zaydi الزيدي	Zaydi زیدی	Zaidi زیدی
Musa al-Kadhim	al-Moussawi الموسوي او الكاظمي	al-Moussawi or al-Kadhimi الموسوي او الكاظمي	Moosavi or Kazemi موسوى / کاظمى	Kazmi کاظمی
Ali al-Ridha	ar-Radawi الرضوي	al-Ridawi or al-Radawi الرضوي	Rizvi or Rezavi رضوى	Rizvi or Rizavi رضوی
Muhammad at-Taqi	at-Taqawi التقوي	al-Taqawi التقوي	Taqavi تقوى	Taqvi تقوی
Ali al-Hadi	an-Naqawi النقوي	al-Naqawi النقوي or al-Bukhari البخاري or al-Qasimi القاسمی	Naghavi نقوى	Naqvi نقوی or Bhaakri/Bukhari بھاکری/بخاری
Hasan al-Askari [33] [34] [35]	al-Askari العسکري	al-Askari العسکري	Sadat سادات Dakik دقيق or Hazrat Ishaan حضرت ایشان	Dakik دقيق or Hazrat Ishaan حضرت ایشان
Note: (For non-Arabic speakers) When transliterating Arabic words into English there are two approaches. 1. The user may transliterate the word letter for letter (e.g., "الزيدي" becomes "a-l-z-ai-d-i"). 2. The user may transcribe the pronunciation of the word (e.g., "الزيدي" becomes "a-zz-ai-d-i"); in Arabic grammar, some consonants (n, r, s, sh, t and z) cancel the l (ل) from the word "the" al (ال) (see sun and moon letters). When the user sees the prefixes an, ar, as, ash, at, az, etc... this means the word is the transcription of the pronunciation. An i, wi (Arabic), or i, vi (Persian) ending could perhaps be translated by the English suffixes -ite or -ian. The suffix transforms a personal name or place name into the name of a group of people connected by lineage or place of birth. Hence Ahmad al-Hassani could be translated as Ahmad, the descendant of Hassan, and Ahmad al-Manami as Ahmad from the city of Manama . For further explanation, see Arabic names. 1Also, El-Husseini, Al-Husseini, Husseini, and Hussaini. 2Those who use the term Sayyid for all descendants of Ali ibn Abi Talib regard Allawis or Alavis as Sayyids. However, Allawis are not descendants of Muhammad, as they are descended from the children of Ali and the women he married after the death of Fatima, such as Umm ul-Banin (Fatima bint Hizam). Those who limit the term Sayyid to descendants of Muhammad through Fatima, Alawites are the same how Sayyids.

Some Sayyids are Najeeb Al Tarfayn, meaning "Noble on both sides", which indicates that both of their parents are Sayyid.

Existence of descendants of Hasan al-Askari

Al-Askari shrine in Samarra, Iraq, before the 2006 bombing

The existence of any descendant of Hasan al Askari is disputed by many people. Some genealogies of Middle Eastern and Central Asian families (mostly from Persia), Khorasan, Samarqand, and Bukhara show that Hasan al-Askari had a second son called Sayyid Ali Akbar, which indicates that al-Askari had children and substantiates the existence of Muhammad al Mahdi. Whether in fact al-Askari did have children is still disputed, perhaps because of the political conflicts between the followers of the Imamah and the leadership of the Abbasids and Ghulat Shiites who do not believe in Hasan al-Askari's Imamah. ^[36] Another group of historians studying the pedigrees of some Central Asian saints' shejere (genealogy trees) believe that the Twelfth Imam was not the only son of Hasan al-Askari, and that the Eleventh Imam had two sons: Sayyid Muhammad (i.e., the Shia Mahdi) and Sayyid Ali Akbar. ^{[35] [37] [34] [38]} According to the earliest reports as from official family tree documents and records , Imam Hasan al-Askari fathered seven children and was survived by six. The names of his biological children were: Imam Muhammad al-Mahdi, Musa, Ja’far, Ibrahim, Fatima, Ayesha, and ‘Ali, sometimes referred to as Akbar, Asghar or Abdullah. ^{[34] [38]}

Sultan Saodat Complex. Mausoleum of the descendants of Hasan al Askari

Sayyid ‘Ali Akbar bin Imam Hasan al-Askari is Sultan Saadat (Sodot) who died in Termez. His burial place is located in the main mausoleum Sultan Saodat memorial complex in Termez. ^{[39] [40] [41] [42] [43]} According to other old genealogical sources Sayyid Ali was the second son of Sayyid Imam Muhammad al Askari who is considered the elder brother of imam Hasan al-Askari ^{[44] [45] [46] [47] [48]}

These Central Asian notable sayyid families have historical genealogical manuscripts that are confirmed with seals by many Naqibs, Muftis, Imams, Kadi Kuzzats, A’lams, Khans, and Emirs of those times. One descendant of Sayyid Ali Akbar was Saint Ishan (Eshon) Imlo of Bukhara. Ishan Imlo ^[49] is called "saint of the last time" in Bukhara, ^[50] as it is believed that after him there were no more saints –Asian Muslims generally revere him as the last of the saints. According to the source, Ishan Imlo died in 1162 AH (1748–1749); his mausoleum (mazar) is in a cemetery in Bukhara. ^[50] Notable descendants of Sayyid Ali Akbar are Sufi saints like Bahauddin Naqshband, ^{[51] [52] [53]} descendant after eleven generations; ^[33] Khwaja Khawand Mahmud known as Hazrat Ishaan, descendant after eighteen generations; the two brothers Sayyid ul Sadaat Sayyid Mir Jan and Sayyid ul Sadaat Mir Sayyid Mahmud Agha, maternal descendants of Hasan al Askari; ^[33] qadi Qozi Sayyid Bahodirxon; ^{[54] [55]} and Sufi saints Tajuddin Muhammad Badruddin and Pir Baba.

In her book Pain and Grace: A Study of Two Mystical Writers of Eighteenth-Century Muslim India, Dr. Annemarie Schimmel writes:

Khwaja Mir Dard's family, like many nobles, from Bukhara; led their pedigree back to Baha'uddin Naqshband, after whom the Naqshbandi order is named, and who was a descendant, in the 11th generation of the 11th Shia imam al-Hasan al-Askari. ^[56]

Although Shiite historians generally reject the claim that Hasan al-Askari fathered children other than Muhammad al-Mahdi, Bab Mawlid Abi Muhammad al-Hasan writes, in the Shiite hadith book Usul al-Kafi :

When the caliph got news of Hasan 'Askari's illness, he instructed his agents to keep a constant watch over the house of the Imam...he sent some of these midwives to examine the slave girls of the Imam to determine if they were pregnant. If a woman was found pregnant she was detained and imprisoned.... ^{[33] [57] [58] [59] [60] [61]}

Middle East

Men belonging to the Sayyid families or tribes in the Arab world used to wear white or ivory coloured daggers like jambiyas, khanjars or shibriyas to demarcate their nobility amongst other Arab men, although this custom has been restricted due to the local laws of the variously divided Arab countries.

Afghanistan

In the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, the Sayyid have been recognized as an ethnic group. On March 15, 2019, President Ashraf Ghani decreed the inclusion of the "Sadat tribe" in the electronically registered national identity documents (Tazkira). ^[62] The majority of Sayyids live in Balkh and Kunduz in the north, as well as in Nangarhar in the east. They are predominantly Sunni Muslims^{[ citation needed]}, although there are some, including in Bamiyan Province, who belong to Shia Islam. These individuals are often referred to as Sadat (from Arabic : سادات, the plural of Sayyid), a term traditionally used to denote the descendants of Hasan and Hussein, the first Shia martyrs and sons of Ali, who are grandsons of Muhammad, particularly in the northern Hejaz region and British India. ^[63]

Iraq

Tomb of Abdul Qadir Gilani, regarded as the highest Sayyid with the title Ghause Azam

Miniatur on the story of Sayyid Abdul Qadir Gilani

The Sayyid families in Iraq are so numerous that there are books written especially to list the families and connect their trees. Some of these families are: the Alyassiri, Al Aqeeqi, Al-Nasrullah, Al-Wahab, Al-Hashimi, Al-Barznji, Al-Quraishi, Al-Marashi, Al-Witry, Al-Obaidi, Al-Samarai, Al-Zaidi, Al-A'araji, Al-Baka, Al-Hasani, Al-Hussaini, Al-Shahristani, Al-Qazwini Al-Qadri, Tabatabaei, Al- Alawi, Al-Ghawalib (Al-Ghalibi), Al-Musawi, Al-Awadi (not to be confused with the Al-Awadhi Huwala family), Al-Gharawi, Al-Sabzewari, Al-Shubber, Al-Hayali, Al-Kamaludeen, Al-Asadi and many others. ^{[64] [65] [66]}

Iran

Mausoleum of Imam Reza

Mausoleum of Imamzadeh Sayyid Hamza bin Musa al Kazim

Sayyids (in Persian : سیدSeyyed) are found in vast numbers in Iran. The Chief of "National Organization for Civil Registration" of Iran declared that more than 6 millions of Iranians are Sayyid. ^[67] The majority of Sayyids migrated to Iran from Arab lands predominantly in the 15th to 17th centuries during the Safavid era. The Safavids transformed the religious landscape of Iran by imposing Twelver Shiism on the populace. Since most of the population embraced Sunni Islam, and an educated version of Shiism was scarce in Iran at the time, Ismail imported a new group of Shia Ulama who predominantly were Sayyids from traditional Shiite centers of the Arabic-speaking lands, such as Jabal Amel (of southern Lebanon), Syria, Bahrain, and southern Iraq in order to create a state clergy. The Safavids offered them land and money in return for loyalty. ^{[68] [69] [70] [71] [72]} These scholars taught Twelver Shiism, made it accessible to the population, and energetically encouraged conversion to Shiism. ^{[69] [70] [71] [72] [73]}

During the reign of Shah Abbas the Great, the Safavids also imported to Iran more Arab Shias, predominantly Sayyids, built religious institutions for them, including many Madrasas (religious schools), and successfully persuaded them to participate in the government, which they had shunned in the past (following the Hidden imam doctrine). ^{[74] [ self-published source? ]}

Common Sayyid family surnames in Iran are Husseini, Mousavi, Kazemi, Razavi, Eshtehardian, Tabatabaei, Hashemi, Hassani, Jafari, Emami, Ahmadi, Zaidi, Imamzadeh, Sherazi, Kermani (kirmani), Shahidi, and Mahdavi.^{[ citation needed ]}

Bahrain

In Bahrain Sayyids are used to refer to great-grandchildren of Muhammed. Sayyids are found every where and in vast populations although number contradict. Sayyids started living in Bahrain since the beginning of the 8th century. The Bahrainis supported, Imam Ali in his wars in the Camel, Siffin and Nahrawan, and several Bahraini men emerged from the leaders of the Commander of the Faithful including the companion Zayd ibn Suhan al-Abdi who was killed in the Battle of the Camel when he was fighting alongside the Commander of Imam Ali. And the companion Sa'sa'a bin Sohan Al Abdi who was the ambassador of the Commander of the Faithful to Mu`awiyah, and he and Mu`awiyah have many stories that historians have transmitted to us. Historians have called them this title because they agreed on a Thursday that they would die for the sake of the Commander of the Faithful. The tomb of Zayd ibn Suhan is still visited in Bahrain and is called by Bahrainis as Prince Zaid, as well as the tomb of the great companion Sa'sa'a bin Sohan Al Abdi who is buried in Bahrain.^{[ citation needed ]}

Oman

For the Omani title, see Sayyid (Oman) .

In Oman, Sayyid is used solely as a royal title and not as a means of indicating descent from Muhammad. It is used by members of the ruling Al Said family who are not descended from Muhammad but instead from the Azd, a Qahtanite tribe. All male line descendants of Sultan Ahmad bin Said, the first ruler of Oman from the Al Said dynasty, are able to use the title of Sayyid or Sayyida. ^[75] Male line descendants of Sultan Turki bin Said are also able to use the style of His/Her Highness. The Sayyid title in Oman is some times translated as Prince. ^[76]

Yemen

In Yemen the Sayyids are more generally known as sadah; they are also referred to as Hashemites . In terms of religious practice they are Sunni, Shia, and Sufi. Sayyid families in Yemen include the Rassids, the Qasimids, the Mutawakkilites, the Hamideddins, some Al-Zaidi of Ma'rib, Sana'a, and Sa'dah, the Ba 'Alawi sadah families in Hadhramaut, Mufadhal of Sana'a, Al-Shammam of Sa'dah, the Sufyan of Juban, and the Al-Jaylani of Juban. ^{[77] [78] [79]}

South Asia

Portrait of leading Sayyids who promoted Islam in The Indian subcontinent

Portrait of the Initiator of Islam in India, Sayyid Moinuddin Chishti

In South Asia, Sayyids are mostly credited for preaching and consolidating the religion of Islam. They are predominantly descendants of leading saints of Sunni faith that migrated from Persia to preach Islam of which the Persian Sayyid Moinuddin Chishti has set the cornerstone. Thus Moinuddin Chishti is regarded as Sultan-i-Hindustan in Islamic Theology. ^{[80] [81]} The following saints and their descendants are most well known:

• Bulleh Shah
• Sayyid Haji Muhammad Noshah Ganj Baksh Qadiri
• Sayyid Abdul Latif Shah, known as Bari Imam Sarkar
• Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani
• Sayyid Jalaluddin Surkh Posh Bukhari
• Sayyid Awn Qutb Shah Wali
• Sayyid Abdul Wahab Gilani, son of Sayyid Abdul Qadir Gilani
• Sayyid Musa Pak Shaheed (ancestor of Yusuf Raza Gillani) and Sayyid Habeeb Shah Gilani (Teacher of Sultan Bahoo)
• Sayyid Moinuddin Chishti
• Sayyid Imam Ali Shah Qalandar
• Lal Shahbaz Qalandar
• Sayyid Badiuddin Zinda Shah Madar
• Bahauddin Naqshband
• Hazrat Ishaan
• Moinuddin Hadi Naqshband
• Sayyid Mir Jan
• Sayyid Mahmud Agha
• Sayyid Mir Fazlullah Agha
• Tajuddin Muhammad Badruddin
• Pir Baba
• Shaal Pir Baba
• Maudood Chishti
• Wali Kirani
• Khwaja Abdullah Chishti
• Ibrahim Yukpasi
• Shah Sayyid Nasruddin
• Sayyid Masud Al-Hussaini
• Laki Shah Sadar

North India

The earliest migration of Sayyids from Afghanistan to North India took place in 1032 when Gazi Saiyyed Salar Sahu (general and brother-in-law of Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni) and his son Ghazi Saiyyad Salar Masud established their military headquarters at Satrikh (16 km (9.9 mi) from Zaidpur) in the Barabanki district of Uttar Pradesh. They are considered to be the first Muslim settlers in North India. In 1033 Ghazi Saiyyad Salar Masud was killed at the battle of Bahraich, the location of his mazar . Ghazi Saiyyad Salar Masud had no children. His parental uncle Syed Maroofuddin Ghazi and his family lived in Tijara until 1857 before they migrated to Bhopal. Syed Ahmed Rizvi Kashmiri and Khan Bahadur Aga Syed Hussain were both Rizvi Sayyids through Aaqa Meer Sayyid Hussain Qomi Rizvi, whose sacred shrine is in the Zainageer Village of Sopore, Kashmir. Iraqi Sayyids or Iraqi biradri in Eastern Uttar Pradesh are descendants of Sayyid Masud Al Hussaini who was the direct descendant of Muhammad's grandson Hussain ibn Ali and came to India from Iraq during the reign of Sultan Muhammad bin Tughlaq in 1330 A.D. He settled with his seven sons and forty champions in Ghazipur (U.P.) as some of them (i.e., Syed Abu Bakr in Nonahra, Ghazipur) converted to Sunni Islam in the reign of Sultan Ibrahim Lodhi around 1517. His Shia descendants are now known as Sayyids of Ghazipur. ^[82]

Sayyids of Syed nagli, or Said Nagli, or the Baquari Syeds had migrated from Termez (Present day Uzbekistan) ^[83] during the Sultanate era. Sikandar Lodi ^[84] was the ruler of Delhi when Mir Syed Mohammad al Hussain al Hussaini al Termezi Haji al Haramain came to India and settled at Syed Nagli. He was a Baquari Syed who drew his lineage from Muhammad al Baqir.

Perhaps the most important figure in the history of the Sayyid in Uttar Pradesh was Sayyid Basrullah Shustari, who moved from Mashad in Iran in 1549 and joined the court of the Mughal Emperor Akbar. Akbar appointed Shustari as his chief justice, who used his position to strengthen the status of the various Sayyid families. They were preferred in administrative posts and formed a privileged elite. When the Mughal Empire disintegrated, the Sayyid played an important role in the turbulent politics of the time. The new British colonial authorities that replaced the Mughals after the Battle of Buxar made a pragmatic decision to work with the various Sayyid jagirdars. Several Sayyid taluqdars in Awadh were substantial landowners under the British colonial regime, and many other Sayyid contributed to state administration. ^[85] After the abolition of the zamindari system, many Sayyid zamindars (e.g. that of Ghazipur) had to leave their homes. ^[86]

Uttar Pradesh

The ancestor of the Bārha Sayyids, Sayyid Abu'l Farah Al Hussaini Al Wasti, left his original home in Wasit, Iraq, with his twelve sons at the end of the 13th century and migrated to India, where he obtained four villages in Sirhind-Fategarh. By the 16th century Abu'l Farah's descendants had taken over Bārha villages in Muzaffarnagar. ^[87]

The Sayyeds of Abdullapur Meerut are descendants of great saint Jalaluddin Surkh-Posh Bukhari. They had a large Jagirdara consisting of 52 villages.Abdullapur named after Syed Mir Abdulla Naqvi Al Bukhari, he built Kot Fort of this place in the 16th century, it was his main residence. ^{[88] [89] [90] [91]} Bukhari of Abdullapur are fractionate into Kannauji Bukhari and Jalal Bukhari. Kannauji's are descendants of Jalaludin Haider through Syed Mehboob Alam Naqvi-ul Bukhari Al-Maroof Shah Jewna or Shah Jewna son of warrior and chief advisor of Sikandar Lodi. ^{[92] [93] [94] [95]} Famous writer Syed Qudrat Naqvi Al Bukhari was born here later migrated to Pakistan after partition, his famous books are Ghalib kaun hai, Asaas-i-Urdu, Ghalib-i-sad rang, Seerat-un-Nabi, Hindi-Urdu lughat, Mutal'a-i-Abdul Haq, Lisani maqalaat. ^[96]

The Sayyids of Bilgram are Hussaini Sayyids, who first migrated from Wasit, Iraq, in the 13th century. ^[97] Their ancestor, Syed Mohammad Sughra, a Zaidi Sayyid of Iraq, arrived in India during the rule of Sultan Iltutmish. In 1217–18 the family conquered and settled in Bilgram. ^[98]

A notable Sufi that belonged to a Sayyid family was Syed Salar Masud, from whom many of the Sayyid families of Awadh claim their lineage. ^[85] Sayyids of Salon (Raebareli), Jarwal (Bahraich), Kintoor (Barabanki), and Zaidpur (Barabanki) were well-known Taluqadars (feudal lords) of Awadh province.

Sadaat also found in Kannauj trace their lineage from Husayn through Ali al-Hadi, a branch of Naqvi Bukhari. Famous Pir Syed Mehboob Alam Naqvi-ul Bukhari Al-Maroof Shah Jewna son of great warrior Syed Sadaruddin Shah Kabeer Naqvi (saint and also chief advisor) of Sikandar Lodi was also born in Kannauj and spent 66yrs of his life in kannauj later moved to Shah Jeewna. Makhdoom Jahaniya Mosque is still present in Shikana, Kannauj. ^{[93] [95] [94]} Nawab Siddiq Hasan Khan was also from Kannauj, he is a Bukhari Naqvi Sayyed converted from Shi'a Islam to Sunni Islam in the early 1800s. ^{[99] [100] [101]}

Bihar

There are different families of syeds in Bihar who belong to direct descendants of Imam Hasan and Imam Hussain. Mostly there are Hussaini (Rizvi, Zaidi, Baqri) along with Hasani (Malik, Quadri or Geelani). Sadaat are settle in different part of bihar including shia and sunni sects. They are mostly migrated to bihar from Iraq and Iran.

Syed Yaqub Halabi also known as Syed Yaqub Baghdadi, a Hanafi Qazi from MadrassaAl Nizamiyya, originally from Halab (Aleppo) who travelled to India with Muhammad of Ghor after the Second Battle of Tarain. He was an eleventh generational descendant of Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin through his son Abd Allah Al Bahr Al Ilm.

Sharafuddin Maneri ^[102] belongs to Banu Hashim family of Imam Taj Faqih. In Bihar, Sayyids were landlords, judges, barristers, intellectuals, civil servant, clerics, teachers, businessmen and farmers. Sufi Saint and a warrior Malik Ibrahim Bayu who conquered Bihar during the time of tughlaq is one the most famous personality in bihar. Bihar's first prime minister Mohammad Yunus ^{[103] [104]} Nobel prize nominee and Padma shri winner Syed Hassan, ^[105] Political Scientist Abu Bakr Ahmad Haleem ^[106] was the Pro-Vice Chancellor of Aligarh University and Karachi University, The great Abdul Bari, ^{[107] [108] [109]} Zaid Hamid Syed Zaid Zaman Hamid is a Pakistani far-right, Islamist political commentator and was included in 500 most influential Muslims in world and Brigadier Malik Mokhtar Karim ^[110] are few names from Malik Sadaat of Bihar.

Zaidi Sadaat of Bihar are the descendants of Sufi saint Syed Ahmad Jajneri and Syed Mohammed Jajneri. Syed Ahmad Jajneri migrated to India from Baghdad during the reign of Muhammad of Ghor and later migrated to Bihar. He was the direct descendant of Zayd ibn Ali who was the grandson of Husayn ibn Ali and therefore his descendants are called Husseini(Zaidi)Sadaat. His descendants are mostly settled in Bihar Sharif, Munger, Sheikhpura and Jamui region of Bihar.

Most prominent personalities of Sadaat of Bihar were from Desna, Bihar. For Example Syed Mohammed Saeed Raza, Abdul Qavi Desnavi ^[111] and Sulaiman Nadvi. ^{[112] [113]} Desna's library, established in 1892, had thousands of old Persian and Urdu manuscripts. After the partition of India, during uncertain times of mass emigration to Pakistan, the books were donated to Khuda Bakhsh Khan Library in Patna, where a Desna section was established to house these treasures. ^[112] Other famous personalities of Bihari Syed were Syed Sultan Ahmed, Syed Hasan Imam and Sir Ali Imam.

Kerala

In Kerala, a number of Sayyid families (Qabila) are found. Most of them migrated from Arabian peninsula (Yemen's Hadharamout) and Central Asian region in the Middle Ages and settled under the patronage of Zamorins. Famous among are Jifris, Bukharis and Ba-Alawis. ^[114]

Sayyids occupy various positions as jurists (qazi), scholars (ulama') and leaders (umara'). The state leaders of Indian Union Muslim League and Samastha are mostly chosen from Panakkad Thangal Family. A religious educational institute named 'Sadath Academy' was established in Kerala exclusively for Sayyid students. ^[115]

Sayyid members in Kerala

• Sayyid Ali (18th century)
• Sayyid Hussain ibn Muhlar (1812–1882)
• P. M. S. A. Pukkoya Thangal (died 1975)
• Sayyid Muhammedali Shihab Thangal
• Sayyid Hyderali Shihab Thangal (1947–2022)
• Sayyid Sadiq Ali Shihab Thangal (born 1964)
• Sayed Abbas Ali Shihab Thangal (born 31 May 1971)

Genetic studies and controversy of self-proclaimed Indian Sayyids

Classical multidimensional scaling based on R_ST genetic distances showing the genetic affinities of the Syeds with their non-IHL (Islamic honorific lineages) neighbours from India and Pakistan (both in bold characters) and with various other Arab populations

The authors of the study, the Y chromosomes of self-identified Syeds from the Indian sub-continent are no less diverse than those non-Syeds from the same regions, suggested that Syed status showed evidence of elevated Arab ancestry but not of a recent common patrilineal origin. ^[116]

In Northern India, Uttar Pradesh & Bihar 0.2 per cent of the Sunni Muslim belong to haplogroup J1, which, given its absence in Indian non-Muslims is likely of exogenous Middle Eastern origin. There are 18 per cent belonging mainly to haplogroup J2 and another 11 per cent belong to haplogroup J1, which both represent Middle Eastern lineages, but may not hint exact descent from Muhammad. J1 is exclusively Near Eastern. The results for Sayyids showed minor but still detectable levels of gene flow primarily from Iran, rather than directly from the Arabian peninsula. ^[117]

The paper, "Y chromosomes of self-identified Syeds from the Indian subcontinent", by Elise M. S. Belle, Saima Shah, Tudor Parfitt, and Mark G. Thomas showed that "self-identified Syeds had no less genetic diversity than those non-Syeds from the same regions, suggesting that there is no biological basis to the belief that self-identified Syeds in this part of the world share a recent common ancestry. However, self-identified men belonging to the IHL (Syeds, Hashemites, Quraysh and Ansari) show greater genetic affinity to Arab populations—despite the geographic distance, than other Indian populations. ^[118]

Southeast Asia

Most of the Alawi Sayyids who moved to Southeast Asia were descendants of Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin, especially of Ba 'Alawi sada, many of which were descendants of migrants from Hadhramaut. Even though they are only "alleged" descendants of Husayn, it is uncommon for the female Sayyids to be called Sayyidah; they are more commonly called Sharifah. Most of them live in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Moro Province in Philippines, Pattani and Cambodia. Many of the royal families of this region such as the previous royal families of the Philippines (Sultanate of Sulu, Sultanate of Maguindanao, Confederation of Sultanates of Ranao), Country of Singapore (Sultanate of Singapore House of Bendahara), Country of Malaysia (Sultanates of Johor House of Temenggong, Sultanates of Pahang and Sultanates of Terengganu House of Bendahara, Kingdom of Perlis House of Jamalullail), Country of Indonesia (Sultanates of Siak, Sultanates of Pontianak, Sultanates of Gowa, some Javanese Sultanates), Country of Brunei (Sultanates of Brunei House of Bolkiah) are also Sayyids, especially of Ba'Alawi. ^{[119] [120] [121] [122]}

Some common surnames of these Sayyids are Al-Saqqaf (or As-Saqqaf, Assegaf, Assegaff, Al-Sagoff), Shihab (or Shahab), Al-idaroos (or Al-Aydrus, Al Aidrus, Alaydrus, House of Bendahara, House of Temenggong), Al-Habsyi (or Al-Habshi), Al-Kaff, Al-Aththos (or Al-Attas, Alattas, Alattos), Al-Haddad Alhaddad), Al-Jufri (or Al-Jifri), Al-Muhdhar, Al-Shaikh Abubakar, Al-Qadri, Al-Munawwar, Al-Akbar Al-Hasani (or Al Akbar Al Hasani, Al-Bolkiah, House of Bolkiah), Al-Jamalullail (or Al Jamalullail, Djamalullail, House of Jamalullail). ^[123]

Tesayyud

In the Ottoman Empire, tax breaks for "the People of the House" encouraged many people to buy certificates of descent or forge genealogies; the phenomenon of teseyyüd – falsely claiming noble ancestry – spread across ethnic, class, and religious boundaries. In the 17th century, an Ottoman bureaucrat estimated that there were 300,000 impostors. In 18th-century Anatolia, nearly all upper-class urban people claimed descent from Muhammad. ^{[124] [125]}

Royal descendants of Muhammad

Descendants of Muhammad are present in many royal families today and are predominantly of Sunni faith.

Afghan royal family

Within the Afghan Royal family Her Royal Highness Princess Sayyida Rahima Dakik (d.2006) daughter of General Sayyid Mir Muhammad Jan a member of Sayyid Hasan ibn Azimullah's powerful Sayyid ul Sadaat Clan that claims hereditary succession to Muhammad, married her father's Murid the UN ambassador and minister Prince Abdul Khaliq from the Telai cadet branch of the Muhammadzai dynasty, making both their descendants (Mir Muhammad Jan Khel sub-cadet branch, called after Princess Rahima's saintly father) the only multilinieal cognatic Sayyids within the Afghan royal family. They are known by the surname Dakik ^[126]

Iranian royal family

Qajar

Within the Qajar Dynasty, the Nizari-Ismaili Imam Agha Khan I married with the daughter of Fath Ali Shah Qajar, bestowing confirmed royalty upon their descendants. Until today Prince Karim Aga Khan and his descendants bear the title Prince, in virtue of his lineage to Fath Ali Shah Qajar. ^{[127] [128]} However many Sunni Historians deny the descent of the First Fatimid Caliph Ubaidullah al Mahdi-billah to Muhammad. They thus polemically call them Ubaydids instead of Fatimids. ^{[129] [130] [131] [132]}

Pahlavi

Farah Diba Pahlavi, Empress of Pahlavi Iran

Within the Pahlavi dynasty, the former Empress of Iran Farah Diba Pahlavi, also claims descent from Muhammad through her paternal grandfather Mehdi Diba. ^{[133] [134]}

GCC royal families

Moe Al Thani from the House of Thani and Qasimi. The first descendant of Muhammad to climb up Mt. Everest.

UAE

The Al Qasimi ruling family that rules over Sharjah and Ras al Khaimah trace their lineage back to Muhammad in the line of the 10th Imam Ali al Hadi. ^{[135] [136]}

Qatar

Within the Qatari ruling Family, descendants of Muhammad are present within the descendants of the Emir Sheikh Ali ibn Abdullah al Thani on the occasion of intermarriages with the Al Qasimi Dynasty. A UAE Princess from the al Qasimi ruling family, called Sheikha Sheikha bint Muhammad al Qasimi married with Muhammad bin Ali bin Abdullah Al Thani. Together they issued a son who is a Qatari-Sharjan Aviation Statesman called Sheikh Abdullah bin Mohamed. His son is the first descendant of Muhammad to climb Mt. Everest. Another UAE Princess called Sheikha Hind bint Faisal Al Qasimi married Sheikh Abdullah bin Saud al Thani, issuing only one son. ^[137]

Libyan royal family

Further information: List of Ashraf tribes in Libya

The Sayyids in Libya are Sunni, including the former royal family, which is originally Zaidi-Moroccan (also known as the Senussi family). ^[138] The El-Barassa Family are Ashraf as claimed by the sons of Abdulsalam ben Meshish, a descendant of Hassan ibn Ali ibn Abi Talib.

Sherifs of Mecca

Jordan

The Hashemite royal family of Jordan also claims descent from Muhammad in the line of the Sharifs of Mecca, vassals that were set by the Fatimids and recognized by the Ottomans, tracing their lineage back to Imam Hasan ibn Ali. ^[139] The Hashemite Royal Family under Sharif Hussein ibn Ali was crucial in ending Ottoman rule in the Arabian Peninsula, on the occasion of the spread of Pan-Turkism in the Arabian Peninsula. ^[140]

Brunei

The House of Bolkiah claims descent from Imam Hasan ibn Ali through Sharif Ali, the 3rd Sultan of Brunei, who succeeded his father in law as Sultan in virtue of his descent from Muhammad. Sharif Ali formerly served as Emir of Makkah and belonged to the Sherifians, migrating to Brunei for missionary purposes. ^[141]

Moroccan royal family

The Alaouite Royal family of Morocco also claims descent from Muhammad in the line of Imam Hasan ibn Ali. Their patriarch was Sharif ibn Ali, who founded the dynasty. ^[142]

Sulu, Lanao, and Maguindanao royal family

The Sultanates of Sulu, Lanao, and Maguindanao hold a significant place in Philippine history, rooted deeply in both cultural heritage and religious identity. It is claimed that these Sultanates trace their lineage to the Prophet Muhammad, upholding the tenets of Sunni Ash'ari in Aqeeda (theological creed) and adhering to the Shafi'i school of thought in Fiqh (jurisprudence). Central to their spiritual and intellectual tradition are the teachings of Sufi missionaries from the Ba 'Alawi sada, whose influence has played a pivotal role in shaping the religious landscape of the region. ^[143]

The majority of Muslims in the Philippines adhere to the Sunni Ash'ari creed and follow the Shafi'i school of jurisprudence, reflecting the enduring influence of these traditions within the Sultanates and beyond. Furthermore, there exists a profound respect for, and in many cases, the practice of Sufism among Filipino Muslims. Sufism, with its emphasis on spiritual purification and the pursuit of inner knowledge, resonates deeply with the cultural and religious fabric of the Filipino Muslim community. ^[144]

See also

• Family tree of Muhammad
• Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani
• Hazrat Ishaan, succeeding Hamadani's clerical legacy
• Mir (Persian Princes of the Sayyids)
• Naqib (Arabian Sheikhs of the Sayyids)
• Safavid Empire, whose clerics influenced the Shiite opinion of definition
• Sadat (disambiguation)
• Mirza (title)
• Ngwenyama

Notes

1. UK: /saɪɪd,ˈseɪjɪd/ , US: /ˈsɑːjɪd/ ; ^{[6] [7] [8]} Arabic: سيد [ˈsæjjɪd] ; Persian: [sejˈjed] ; meaning 'sir', 'Lord', 'Master'; ^[9] Arabic plural: سادةsādah; feminine: سيدةsayyidah; Persian: [sejˈjede]

References

1. Grim, Brian J.; Johnson, Todd M. (2013). Chapter 1: Global Religious Populations, 1910–2010 (PDF) (Report). Wiley. p. 22. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 October 2013. Retrieved 10 March 2017.
2. "What are the top 200 most spoken languages?". Ethnologue. 3 October 2018. Retrieved 7 December 2019.
3. Al-Jallad, Ahmad (30 May 2011). "Polygenesis in the Arabic Dialects". Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics.
4. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. "Refworld – 2010 Report on International Religious Freedom – China (includes Tibet, Hong Kong, Macau)". Refworld. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
5. Nationalencyklopedin "Världens 100 största språk 2007" (The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007), SIL Ethnologue
6. "Sayyid". Collins English Dictionary . HarperCollins. Archived from the original on 28 May 2019. Retrieved 28 May 2019.
7. "sayyid" Archived 28 May 2019 at the Wayback Machine (US) and "sayyid". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 22 March 2020.
8. "sayyid". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved 28 May 2019.
9. Van Arendonk & Graham 1960–2007.
10. Ho, Engseng (2006). The graves of Tarim genealogy and mobility across the Indian Ocean. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN   978-0-520-93869-4 . Retrieved 25 August 2016.
11. Hitchcock, Richard (18 February 2014). Muslim Spain Reconsidered. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN   9780748678310. Archived from the original on 29 July 2017. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
12. Corriente, Federico (2008). Dictionary of Arabic and Allied Loanwords: Spanish, Portuguese, Catalan, Galician and Kindred Dialects. BRILL. ISBN   978-9004168589. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
13. Lisān Al-'Arab . Retrieved 14 September 2022.
14. Wehr, Hans (1976). A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic. p. 440.
15. Cleveland, William L.; Bunton, Martin (2 August 2016). A History of the Modern Middle East. Westview Press. ISBN   978-0-8133-4980-0. Archived from the original on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 25 August 2016.
16. People of India by Herbert Risely
17. Morimoto in Sayyids and Sharifs in Muslim Societies, introduction
18. Morimoto in Sayyids and Sharifs in Muslim Societies, introduction, p. 7
19. Lawrence, Walter R. (2005). The valley of Kashmir. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. ISBN   81-206-1630-8. OCLC   65200978. p. 292
20. Tazkare Khwanadane Hazrat Eshan(genealogy of the family of Hazrat Eshan)(by author and investigator:Muhammad Yasin Qasvari Naqshbandi company:Edara Talimat Naqshbandiyya Lahore)p. 58
21. Khuihami, Ghulam Hasan; Pushp, P. N (4 August 1954). Tarikh-i Hassan. Research & Publ. Dpt., Jammu & Kashmir Gov. OCLC   69327348 – via Open WorldCat.
22. Suraiya Gull in "Development of Sufi Kubraviya Order with Special Reference to Mir Saiyid Ali Hamadani", p. 8
23. Tazkare Khanwade Hazrat Ishaan, p. 61, by Muhammad Yasin Qaswari Naqshbandi, published by Kooperatis Lahorin, Edare Talimat Naqshbandiyya
24. Damurdashi, ed. Muhammad, p. 43.
25. Imber and Kiyotaki, p. 198.
26. Morimoto, Kazuo, ed. (2012). Sayyids and Sharifs in Muslim Societies: The Living Links to the Prophet (illustrated ed.). Routledge. pp. 2, 11. ISBN   978-0-415-51917-5. Reliable statistics showing the number of the Prophet's kinsfolk, spread all through the Muslim world and far beyond it, are not available. Even a conservative estimate, however, would suggest that the number of kinsfolk is in the tens of millions.
27. Goldziher, I. and Boer, Tj. de, "At̲h̲ar", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs.
28. "Topkapi Web Page". Archived from the original on 13 January 2013. Retrieved 11 June 2018.
29. "The 2002 Smithsonian Folklife Festival: Connecting Culture, Creating Trust". Archived from the original on 24 September 2009. Retrieved 11 June 2018.
30. "Islamic Picture Gallery - Home > Islamic Relics". Archived from the original on 1 June 2015. Retrieved 11 June 2018.
31. Khanam, R. (2005). Encyclopaedic Ethnography of Middle-East and Central Asia. Global Vision Publishing House. ISBN   978-81-8220-062-3.
32. "The Syed Family – Home of The Syed Family" . Retrieved 5 May 2024.
33. Tazkare Khwanadane Hazrat Eshan(genealogy of the family of Hazrat Eshan)(by author and investigator: Muhammad bin Nusayr company:Edara Talimat Naqshbandiyya Lahore)p. 63
34. https://shajara.org/2020/06/29/1426/ Archived 3 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine Shajara-e-nasab lineages of descendants of Imam Hasan al-Askari r.a.
35. "Shajara-e-nasab lineages of descendants of Imam al-Askari ibn Imam Ali al-Hadi r.a. — Shajara". Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 16 March 2021.
36. https://sayyidamiruddin.com/ancestry/ Archived 15 May 2020 at the Wayback Machine Accreditation of Ancestry & Lineage
37. Əliyev, Vüsal (14 April 2012). "АХЛ аль-БЕЙТ, Имам Махди (да приблизит Аллах его пришествие!) : Ислам в Азербайджане (iSLAM.Az)".
38. page 41 "النجف الأشرف) السيد محمد مهدي ابن السيد محمد اصفهاني الموسوي الكاظمي "دوائر المعارف في الأسماء الحسنى)
39. "Dastur al Mulk" (Guide to Kings) (XVII сentury) by Khwaja Samandar Muhammad ibn Baqi al-Termizi, translator professor of history Jabbor Esonov, "Sharq", Tashkent 2001, page 22
40. "Durdonahoi Nasr" book, "Adib", Dushanbe 1985, page 375
41. "Sayyidlar Shajarasi", "Islamic university", Tashkent 2017, page 14
42. "Sulton Sodot Amir Sayyid Ali Akbar". Shajara. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
43. «Buyuk Termiziylar» (Буюк Термизийлар) book by Mirzo Kenjabek, "Uzbekistan National encyclopedias" 2017, page-267
44. Sheikh Qumi, Muntahi al-Amal, 1379, chapter-3, p-20
45. Hossein Madani, book "Tuhfat al-Azhar", Al-Tarat al-Maktub, chapter-1, pp-9-10
46. Kharz ad-din, book "Markat al-Maarif", 1371, chapter-2, pp-242
47. Badawi, Saba al-Jazeera, book Saba al-Dujail Information and Guidance Centre, p-10
48. Naqib al-Ashraf Ibn Abd al-Ahad Sherazi "Shajara-e-nasab", p-27-39, Islamic University, Association of Naqabats,2012
49. »ЭШОН ИМЛО БУХОРИЙ Archived 9 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine .
50. https://shajara.org/2020/06/29/%d1%8d%d1%88%d0%be%d0%bd-%d0%b8%d0%bc%d0%bb%d0%be-%d0%b1%d1%83%d1%85%d0%be%d1%80%d0%b8%d0%b9-%d2%b3%d0%b0%d0%b7%d1%80%d0%b0%d1%82%d0%bb%d0%b0%d1%80%d0%b8%d0%bd%d0%b8%d0%bd%d0%b3-%d1%88%d0%b0%d0%b6/ Archived 30 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine Эшон Имло Бухорий ҳазратларининг шажараси ҳақида
51. https://shajara.org/2020/06/29/naqshbandiya-shajarasi-izidan/ Archived 30 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine NAQSHBANDİYA SHAJARASİ İZİDAN
52. "Maqolalar". shajara.info. Archived from the original on 3 August 2017.
53. "Tasavvuf Ahli". shajara.info. Archived from the original on 3 August 2017.
54. "Ishtixonning so'nggi qozisi Qozi Sayyid Bahodirxon -". Türkistan Seyyidler ve Şerifler derneği (Turkestan Sayyid and Sheriffs Association). Archived from the original on 8 August 2016.
55. https://shajara.org/2020/06/24/qozi-sayyid-bahodirxon-ibn-sayyid-ibrohimxoja/ Archived 30 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine Qozi Sayyid Bahodirxon ibn Sayyid Ibrohimxo’ja
56. Dr.Annemarie Schimmels book «Pain and Grace: A Study of Two Mystical Writers of Eighteenth-Century Muslim India» BRILL, 1976, p.32
57. al-Kafi, by Muhammad Ya'qub Kulayni. Translated by Muhammad Sarwar. Chap. 124, Birth of Abi Muhammad al-Hasan ibn 'Ali, p.705
58. Dr.Annemarie Schimmels book "Pain and Grace: A Study of Two Mystical Writers of Eighteenth-Century Muslim India" BRILL, 1976, p.32
59. "Gulzar Auliya: Hadhrat Khwaja Bahauddin Naqshband ZiaIslamic". Abu Hanifa Welfare and Education Trust / Abul Hasanaat Islamic Research Center. Archived from the original on 22 October 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2016.
60. "Bloodline & Family Lineage". 24 April 2011. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017.
61. "Pokistondagi Sayyidlar Sulolasi". Archived from the original on 19 January 2017.
62. Hamdard, Azizullah (15 March 2019). "Ghani decrees mentioning Sadat tribe in electronic ID card".
63. https://nps.edu/web/ccs/ethnic-genealogies
64. Reclaiming Iraq: The 1920 Revolution and the Founding of the Modern State Archived 30 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine By Abbas Kadhim
65. البغداديون أخبارهم ومجالسهم By إبراهيم عبد الغني الدروبي - مطبعة الرابطة - Baghdad 1958 – مجلس آل الوتري (House of Al-Witry Council) - Page 78.
66. الكلية الطبية الملكية العراقية من خلال سيرة ذاتية، ج 1 (الطبعة الأولى). بيروت: المؤسسة العربية للدراسات والنشر. (هاشم الوتري - Hashim Al-Witry) Pages 180-181. ISBN   9953-441-51-0
67. Six million people of Iran's population are Sadaat (Sayyid) / Tehran and Mazandaran (provinces) are the record owner of Sadaats in the country Archived 2 February 2018 at the Wayback Machine farsnews.ir1 February 2018
68. Floor, Willem; Herzig, Edmund (2015). Iran and the World in the Safavid Age. I.B.Tauris. p. 20. ISBN   978-1-78076-990-5. Archived from the original on 3 September 2017. In fact, at the start of the Safavid period Twelver Shi'ism was imported into Iran largely from Syria and Mount Lebanon (...)
69. The failure of political Islam, by Olivier Roy, Carol Volk, pg.170
70. The Cambridge illustrated history of the Islamic world, by Francis Robinson, pg.72
71. The Middle East and Islamic world reader, by Marvin E. Gettleman, Stuart Schaar, pg.42
72. The Encyclopedia of world history: ancient, medieval, and modern ... by Peter N. Stearns, William Leonard Langer, pg.360
73. Shaery-Eisenlohr, Roschanack (1 January 2008). Shiʻite Lebanon: Transnational Religion and the Making of National Identities. Columbia University Press. pp. 12–13. ISBN   9780231144261. Archived from the original on 29 July 2017. Retrieved 15 November 2015– via Google Books.
74. Deen, Sayyed M. (1 January 2007). Science Under Islam: Rise, Decline and Revival. Lulu.com. p. 37. ISBN   9781847999429 – via Google Books.
75. Razik, Salil (1871). Badger, George Percy (ed.). History of the imâms and seyyids of Omân. The Hakluyt Society. p. 377.
76. Montgomery-Massingberd, Hugh, ed. (1980). Burke's Royal Families of the World Volume II Africa & the Middle East. Burke's Peerage Ltd. p. 102. ISBN   978-0-85011-029-6.
77. A Tribal Order: Politics And Law in the Mountains of Yemen Archived 17 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine By Shelagh Weir
78. "sayyid – Arabic title". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 22 January 2012.
79. From Religious Leaders to Ordinary Citizens The Changing Role of "Sadah" in Yemen Archived 26 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine By Mohammed Al-Asadi
80. Mohammada in The Foundations of the Composite Culture in India, p. 170
81. Wani in Islam in Kashmir Fourteenth to Sixteenth Century, p. 147
82. "Data". www.myheritage.com. Archived from the original on 28 January 2016. Retrieved 8 January 2020.
83. Morimoto, Kazuo (1 January 2012). Sayyids and Sharifs in Muslim Societies: The Living Links to the Prophet. Routledge. ISBN   9780415519175. Archived from the original on 3 September 2017. Retrieved 15 November 2015– via Google Books.
84. Welsford, Thomas (9 November 2012). Four Types of Loyalty in Early Modern Central Asia: The T?q?y-T?m?rid Takeover of Greater M? War? Al-Nahr, 1598–1605. BRILL. ISBN   978-9004231870. Archived from the original on 3 September 2017. Retrieved 21 June 2016– via Google Books.
85. People of India Uttar Pradesh Volume XLII Part Three, edited by A Hasan & J C Das
86. Hasan, Mushirul (1 January 1997). Legacy of a Divided Nation: India's Muslims Since Independence. Hurst. ISBN   9781850653042 . Retrieved 22 September 2016– via Google Books.
87. The Encyclopaedia of Islam: Supplement : Fascicules 1–2 Archived 6 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine , Clifford Edmund Bosworth, Brill Archive, 1980
88. Codingest. "Studio Dharma - by Nikhil Jain". STUDIO DHARMA. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
89. "दास्तान ए कर्बला सुन अश्कबार हुई आंखें". Dainik Jagran (in Hindi). Retrieved 4 January 2021.
90. "Meerut police refused FIR against Vijay Mallya: waqf board". The Indian Express. 17 March 2016. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
91. "Abdullapur Pin Code, Abdullapur, Meerut Map, Latitude and Longitude, Uttar Pradesh". indiamapia.com. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
92. "Hazrat Pir Shah Jewna (RA)". The Nation. 9 May 2012. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
93. "Pir-e-Kamil Hazrat Pir Shah Jewna Al-Naqvi Al-Bokhari". www.thenews.com.pk. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
94. "Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust". nazariapak.info. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
95. "Glories of Hazrat Pir shah Jewana". www.thenews.com.pk. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
96. Parekh, Rauf (12 December 2017). "Syed Qudrat Naqvi and his research on Ghalib". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
97. Essays in Arabic Literary Biography: 1350–1850 Archived 28 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine , Roger M. A. Allen, Joseph Edmund Lowry, Terri DeYoung, Devin J. Stewart, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 30 December 2009
98. Islam in South Asia in Practice Archived 25 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine , Barbara D. Metcalf, Princeton University Press, 8 September 2009
99. Ali, Syed Ameer (1999). A Short History of the Saracens: Being a Concise Account of the Rise and Decline of the Saracenic Power, and of the Economic, Social and Intellectual Development of the Arab Nation from the Earliest Times to the Destruction of Bagdad, and the Expulsion of. Adegi Graphics LLC. ISBN   9781402150616.
100. King Wajid Ali Shah of Awadh, Volume 1 Archived 9 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine by Mirza Ali Azhar, Royal Book Co., 1982
101. Keen, Caroline (2014), Beem, Charles; Taylor, Miles (eds.), "The Rise and Fall of Siddiq Hasan, Male Consort of Shah Jahan of Bhopal", The Man behind the Queen: Male Consorts in History, Queenship and Power, New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, pp. 185–204, doi:10.1057/9781137448354_13, ISBN   978-1-137-44835-4 , retrieved 4 January 2021
102. Hanif, N. (2000). Biographical Encyclopaedia of Sufis: South Asia. Sarup & Sons. ISBN   978-81-7625-087-0.
103. TNN (14 May 2012). "Bihar's first premier Yunus remembered". Times of India. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
104. "Bihar's first premier Yunus remembered | Patna News". The Times of India. TNN. 14 May 2012. Retrieved 14 May 2022.
105. "Dr. Syed Hasan". The Milli Gazette — Indian Muslims Leading News Source. Retrieved 14 May 2022.
106. Ahanger, Javid Ahmad (13 June 2018). "ABA Haleem: A Forgotten Muslim Political Scientist". Greater Kashmir. Retrieved 14 May 2022.
107. "The Freedom Fighter and Labour Leader Still Beloved in Jamshedpur". The Wire. Retrieved 14 May 2022.
108. "professor abdul bari". Rekhta. Retrieved 14 May 2022.
109. Services, Hungama Digital. "Tata Workers Union pays homage to Prof Abdul Bari". www.tatasteel.com. Retrieved 14 May 2022.
110. Majid, Ayesha (1 January 2017). Surviving Father of Pakistan Army Aviation: Brigadier Mokhtar Karim.
111. "Abdul Qavi Desnavi". Litterateur Abdul Qavi Desnavi. 8 March 2012.
112. Abhishek Kumar (22 December 2019). "बर्बादी की कगार पर है ये ऐतिहासिक लाइब्रेरी, कभी यहां पहुंचे थे राजेंद्र प्रसाद और जाकिर हुसैन". News18. Retrieved 3 January 2021.
113. Suleman Nadvi. |URL=
114. Levesque, Julien (3 July 2023). "Anjuman, jami'at, and association: what Sayyid organizations tell us about associational forms among Muslim caste groups". Contemporary South Asia. 31 (3): 483–497. doi: 10.1080/09584935.2023.2240719 . ISSN   0958-4935.
115. "Ma'din Academy - Makes Tomorrows". Ma'din Academy. Retrieved 3 December 2023.
116. Y chromosomes of self-identified Syeds from the Indian subcontinent show evidence of elevated Arab ancestry but not of a recent common patrilineal origin Archived 10 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine Elise M. S. Belle & Saima Shah & Tudor Parfitt & Mark G. Thomas; Received: 11 March 2010 / Accepted: 28 May 2010 / Published online: 29 June 2010
117. "Dienekes' Anthropology Blog: Middle Eastern and Sub-Saharan lineages in Indian Muslim populations". 10 October 2009. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014.
118. Y chromosomes of self-identified Syeds from the Indian subcontinent show evidence of elevated Arab ancestry but not of a recent common patrilineal origin. Archived 10 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine , Elise M. S. Belle & Saima Shah & Tudor Parfitt & Mark G. Thomas; Received: 11 March 2010 / Accepted: 28 May 2010 / Published online: 29 June 2010
119. ‘Strangers’ and ‘stranger-kings’: The sayyid in eighteenth-century maritime Southeast Asia Archived 27 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine By Jeyamalar Kathirithamby-Wells
120. "Development of Islam in Southeast Asia by Alawi Sayyids". Archived from the original on 11 November 2014. Retrieved 22 September 2016.
121. Sayyids and Sharifs in Muslim Society: The Living Links to the Prophet Archived 5 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine By Kazuo Morimoto
122. Southeast Asia (3 Volumes): A Historical Encyclopedia from Angkor Wat to East Timor Archived 9 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine By Keat Gin Ooi
123. "Imam Abdallah ibn Alawi al-Haddad". Notes on Islam. April 30, 2012. Retrieved September 18, 2014.
124. Canbakal, Hülya (2009). "The Ottoman State and Descendants of the Prophet in Anatolia and the Balkans (c. 1500–1700)". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 52 (3): 542–578. doi:10.1163/156852009X458241. ISSN   0022-4995.
125. "Y chromosomes of self-identified Syeds from the Indian subcontinent show evidence of elevated Arab ancestry but not of a recent common patrilineal origin". ResearchGate. Retrieved 18 July 2021.
126. Christopher Buyers in Chapter Telai III
127. "Table of Personal Salutes, 11 Gun Salutes". The India Office and Burma Office List for 1945: 43. 1945. Table of Personal Salutes, Salutes of 11 Guns
128. "Who is Prince Karim al Husseini Aga Khan?". ABC News . Archived from the original on 2 March 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
129. Siyar A’laam al-Nubala’ (15/151)
130. Tareekh al-Islam, events of 321-330 AH, p. 23
131. Siyar A’laam al-Nubala’ (15/213)
132. al-Rawdatayn fi Akhbaar al-Dawlatayn (1/216)
133. Gholam Reza Afkhami in, The Life and Times of the Shah, p. 44
134. US Army Chaplaincy Services Support Agency in Military Chaplain's Review 1980, p. 24
135. "HH Sheikha Jawaher Bint Mohammed Bin Sultan Al Qassimi - Family". 12 May 2014. Archived from the original on 12 May 2014.
136. Lorimer, John (1915). Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf Vol II. British Government, Bombay. p. 1547.
137. Christoper Buyers in the Royal Ark, Chapter Qatar VI
138. "The Senussi family". Archived from the original on 26 December 2012.
139. Salibi, Kamal S. (1993). The modern history of Jordan. London: I.B. Tauris. pp. 53–55. ISBN   1-85043-610-X. OCLC   28839449.
140. Karey in Oxford AQA History : A Level and AS Component 2: International Relations and Global Conflict C1890-1941, p. 113
141. "Pusat Sejarah Brunei" (in Malay). www.history-centre.gov.bn. Archived from the original on April 15, 2015. Retrieved August 23, 2016.
142. "العلويون/الفيلاليون في المغرب". www.hukam.net. Retrieved 6 April 2022.
143. Quiling, Mucha-Shim (2020). "Lumpang Basih". Journal of Studies on Traditional Knowledge in Sulu Archipelago and Its People, and in the Neighboring Nusantara. 3. Retrieved 20 May 2023.
144. Abdurahman, Habib Jamasali Sharief Rajah Bassal (2002). The Sultanate of Sulu. University of Michigan: Astoria Print. & Publishing Company. p. 88. ISBN   9789719262701, 9719262702.{{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)

Sources

•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain :  Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Sayad". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
• Van Arendonk, C.; Graham, W.A. (1960–2007). "Sharīf". In Bearman, P. J.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition.
• whyislam.org content