Malerkotla State

Malerkotla State
1454–1948
Coat of arms
Motto: Heaven's Light Our Guide [1]
Detail of Malerkotla State from a map of British and native states in the Cis-Sutlej Division between 1847–51, by Abdos Sobhan, 1858
Capital	Malerkotla city
Common languages	Urdu, English, Punjabi, Hindi, Pashto
Religion	Sunni Islam
Government	Absolute Monarchy
Nawab of Malerkotla
• 1657 - 1659	Muhammad Bayazid Khan (First)
• 1710 or 1712 - 1717	Ghulam Hussain Khan
• 1717 - 1762	Jamal Khan
• 1762 - 1763/64	Bhikan Khan
• 23 August 1908 – 15 August 1947	Ahmad Ali Khan (Last)
History
• Established	1454
•  Partition of India	15 August 1947 1948
Population
•	77,506
Preceded by Succeeded by Mughal Empire Dominion of India

The State of Malerkotla or Maler Kotla was a princely state of Afghan origin in the Punjab region established in the medieval era and lasting to the era of British India. It has been described as being a princely enclave. ^[2]

Its rulers belonged to a Sarwani and Lodi Pashtun dynasty from Afghanistan, and its capital was in Malerkotla. ^[2] In the 19th century, the Muslim-ruled state was surrounded by Sikh states. ^[2] The state belonged to the Punjab States Agency. During the partition of Punjab in 1947, the state was mostly spared from bloodshed from Sikh mobs owing to the role the former ruler of the polity played in attempting to safeguard the sons of Guru Gobind Singh. ^[2] The last Nawab of Maler Kotla signed the instrument of accession to join the Dominion of India on 20 August 1948.

History

Origins

The area, which was known as Maler, was received as a jagir in 1454 A.D. by Sheikh Sadruddin-i-Jahān, a pious man of the Sherwani tribe of Afghanistan area, and was ruled by his descendants. ^[3]

Local tradition says that Bahlul Lodi (1451–1489), the Afghan king who had most of western India under his control, desired to rule Delhi and on his way, he was caught in a sand drift. ^[4] In the darkness the King spotted a dim light of a lamp still burning in the wind. It was the hut of Sheikh Sadruddin and when the king found out he came to the hut to show his respect and asked the holy man to pray for him to bear a son and have victory. ^[4] During 1451 and 1452, the king married off his daughter Taj Murassa to Sheikh Sadruddin after being enthroned in Delhi, and also gave him the area of Maler as a jagir . ^[4]

The descendants of Sheikh Sadruddin branched into two groups. One started ruling the state and were given the title of Nawab when the Mughal Empire arose. ^[4] The other branch lived around the Shrine of Shaikh Sadruddin, controlling its revenue from pilgrims. ^[4]

17th century

The State of Malerkotla was established in 1657 by Bayazid Khan. After saving the life of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb in a tiger attack, Bayazid Khan was granted the privilege to build a fort, which he named Malerkotla and eventually gave its name to the state.He was First Nawab of state

18th century

Illustration of Nawab Sher Muhammad Khan Bahadur of Malerkotla State (b. 1640, d. 1712, r. 1672–1712)

The roots of communal harmony in the area date back to 1705, when Fateh Singh and Zorawar Singh, the 9- and 7-year-old sons of 10th Sikh Guru, Guru Gobind Singh, were ordered to be bricked alive by the governor of Sirhind, Wazir Khan. His close relative, Sher Mohammed Khan, Nawab of Malerkotla, who was present in the court, lodged a vehement protest against this inhuman act and said it was against the teachings of Islam. Wazir Khan nevertheless had the boys bricked into a section of wall while still alive. At this, the Nawab of Malerkotla walked out of the court in protest. Guru Gobind Singh on learning this approach profusely thanked the Nawab of Malerkotla and blessed him with his hukamnama and kirpan. Banda Singh Bahadur's avoidance of attacking Malerkotla has been attributed to the actions of Sher Mohammed Khan, however J.S. Grewal notes that Banda's passivity towards the state was due to his prescribed route taking him elsewhere. Wars between Malerkotla state (originally siding with the Mughals, and later the forces of Ahmad Shah Abdali and the Rohilla Afghans, both of whom repeatedly raided Punjab during the eighteenth century) and the Sikh powers in Punjab resumed shortly after. Relations between the two oscillated during this period- involving events of intermittent warring as well as interventions of mutual defense against certain extra-local Sikh invaders.

Nawab Bikhan Khan had assisted the Durranis and participated in Vadda Ghulaghara genocide of Sikhs on 5 February 1762. ^[5]

In 1795, Sahib Singh Bedi, a descendant of Guru Nanak, attacked Malerkotla, in part due to the issue of cow slaughter taking place in the city as well as other motivations influencing the expedition including the role of the nawab in the killing of a relative of Guru Gobind, as well as the contemporary nawab's ostensible role in the Vadda Ghallugura- a massacre in which twenty five thousand Sikhs were said to have been killed. His forces were stopped and repelled, with assistance coming from the rulers of Patiala.

The state was also under the suzeranity of Mahadaji Shinde.^{[ citation needed ]}

19th century

Detail of the main, continuous tract of territory of Malerkotla State from a map created by the British East India Company, ca.1829–1835.

In 1808, Ranjit Singh, arrived at the town and demanded an extortionate tribute of one million rupees from the state. Upon the nawab's inability to accumulate this wealth, Ranjit Singh attacked, forcing the nawab to take loans from wealthier Sikh neighbors to pay the due. The nawab subsequently appealed to the British and shortly after ceded to British suzerainty. ^{[6] [7]} On 3 May 1809 Maler Kotla became a British protectorate and was made part of the Cis-Sutlej states until 1862. Malerkotla ranked 12th in the Punjab Darbar in 1890.

Partition of India

1909 Malerkotla State Located in the Punjab Agency bordered by Patiala State and Ludhiana State

During the 1947 riots when Punjab was in flames, the State of Malerkotla did not witness a single incident of violence; through it all, it remained a lone island of peace. ^{[3] [8]} The State of Malerkotla experienced relatively insignificant communal violence due to the aforementioned objections of Sher Mohammed Khan to Wazir Khan's handling of Gobind Singh's sons. ^[3] Many local people attribute this peaceful strain to the presence of the shrine of 'Baba Haidar Sheikh', the Sufi saint, who founded the town of Malerkotla more than 500 years ago. ^{[9] [10]}

Post-independence

Following Indian independence and the signing of the instrument of accession to the Dominion of India in 1948, Maler Kotla joined the newly established state of Patiala and East Punjab States Union (PEPSU) until its merger with Punjab in 1956.

Demographics

Religious groups in Malerkotla State (British Punjab province era)

Religious group	1881 [11] [12] [13]		1891 [14]		1901 [15]		1911 [16] [17]		1921 [18]		1931 [19]		1941 [20]
	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%
Sikhism	28,931	40.72%	7,625	10.07%	10,495	13.54%	21,018	29.54%	21,828	27.18%	28,982	34.89%	30,320	34.41%
Islam	24,616	34.65%	26,866	35.46%	27,229	35.13%	25,942	36.46%	28,413	35.37%	31,417	37.82%	33,881	38.45%
Hinduism [a]	16,178	22.77%	39,973	52.77%	38,409	49.56%	22,902	32.19%	29,459	36.68%	21,252	25.58%	23,482	26.65%
Jainism	1,323	1.86%	1,276	1.68%	1,361	1.76%	1,268	1.78%	585	0.73%	1,286	1.55%	310	0.35%
Christianity	3	0%	15	0.02%	12	0.02%	14	0.02%	37	0.05%	135	0.16%	116	0.13%
Zoroastrianism	0	0%	0	0%	0	0%	0	0%	0	0%	0	0%	0	0%
Buddhism	0	0%	0	0%	0	0%	0	0%	0	0%	0	0%	0	0%
Judaism	—	—	0	0%	0	0%	0	0%	0	0%	0	0%	0	0%
Others	0	0%	0	0%	0	0%	0	0%	0	0%	0	0%	0	0%
Total population	71,051	100%	75,755	100%	77,506	100%	71,144	100%	80,322	100%	83,072	100%	88,109	100%
Note: British Punjab province era district borders are not an exact match in the present-day due to various bifurcations to district borders — which since created new districts — throughout the historic Punjab Province region during the post-independence era that have taken into account population increases.

List of rulers

Chiefs

The chiefs were the holders of the jagir of Maler.

Name		Reign Began	Reign Ended
1	Sheikh Sadruddin (b. 1434 - d. 1515)	1454	1508
2	Sheikh Muhammad Isa (d. 1538)	1508	1538
3	Khan Muhammad Shah (d. 1545)	1538	1545
4	Khan Muhammad Ishaq Khan (d. 1556)	1545	1556
5	Khan Fateh Muhammad Khan (d. 1600)	1556	1600
6	Muhammad Bayazid Khan Bahadur (b. 1593 - d. 1659)	1600	1657

Rulers

The rulers were titled 'Nawab'. They had the right to an 14 gun salute.

Name		Reign Began	Reign Ended
1	Muhammad Bayazid Khan Bahadur (b. 1593 - d. 1659)	1657	1659
2	Feroz Khan (b. 1616 - d. 1672)	1659	1672
3	Sher Muhammad Khan Bahadur (b. 1640 - d. 1710 or 1712)	1672	1710 or 1712 [21]
4	Ghulam Hussain Khan (d. 1734)	1710 or 1712	1717
5	Jamal Khan (d. 1762)	1717	1762
6	Bhikan Khan (d. 1763/64)	1762	1763/64
	Khan Sahib Khan Bahadur Khan (d. 1766) - Regent	1764	1766
7	Khan Sahib Umar Khan (d. 1780)	1766	1 November 1780
8	Khan Sahib Asadullah Khan (d. 1784)	1 November 1780	Apr 1784
9	Khan Sahib Ataullah Khan (d. 1809)	Apr 1784	14 August 1809
10	Muhammad Wazir Ali Khan (b. 17.. - d. 1821)	14 August 1809	4 September 1821
11	Amir Ali Khan Bahadur (d. 1846)	4 September 1821	8 April 1846
12	Mahbub Ali Khan Bahadur (d. 1857) "Sube Khan"	8 April 1846	25 November 1857
13	Sikandar Ali Khan Bahadur (d. 1871)	25 November 1857	16 July 1871
14	Muhammad Ibrahim Ali Khan (b. 1857 - d. 1908)	16 July 1871	23 August 1908
	Sir Ahmad Ali Khan Regent	1 February 1905	23 August 1908
15	Ahmad Ali Khan (b. 1881 - d. 1947) – Acceded to the Dominion of India	23 August 1908	15 August 1947

Titular Rulers

Name	Reign Began	Reign Ended	Notes
Iftikhar Ali Khan (d. 1982)	15 August 1947	20 November 1982	Retained official recognition until 1971 under the 26th Amendment to the Constitution of India by Indira Gandhi's government.

See also

• Malerkotla
• Malerkotla district
• Punjab States Agency
• List of Sunni Muslim dynasties
• Patiala and East Punjab States Union

Notes

1. 1931-1941: Including Ad-Dharmis

References

1. The motto of the Order of the Star of India
2. Singh, Gurharpal; Shani, Giorgio (25 November 2021). Sikh Nationalism. Cambridge University Press. p. 42. ISBN   9781009213448.
3. Goyal, Sushil (19 August 2006). "'Malerkotla has Guru's blessings'". The Tribune . Retrieved 24 March 2013.
4. "Study of the Pathan Communities in four States of India". Khyber. Archived from the original on 14 May 2008. Retrieved 7 June 2007.
5. Singh, Harbans. The Encyclopedia of Sikhism. Vol. 4: S–Z. Punjabi University, Patiala. pp. 395–397.
6. Wellman, James K. Jr.; Lombardi, Clark (16 August 2012). Religion and Human Security: A Global Perspective. Oxford University Press. p. 97. ISBN   978-0-19-982773-2.
7. Bigelow, Anna (4 February 2010). Sharing the Sacred: Practicing Pluralism in Muslim North India. Oxford University Press. pp. 68–72. ISBN   978-0-19-536823-9.
8. A people's gratitude ^[usurped] The Sikh Review, Issue No. 14, November 2003
9. The Legend of Malerkotla: A Tale from the Punjab (2004) Archived 19 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine 48 min, DVD, ISBN   978-0-8026-0761-4.
10. Bigelow, Anna B (2 December 2000). "Malerkotla: A heritage going to seed". The Tribune . Retrieved 24 March 2013.
11. "Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. I." 1881. JSTOR   saoa.crl.25057656 . Retrieved 26 December 2024.
12. "Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. II". 1881. p. 14. JSTOR   saoa.crl.25057657 . Retrieved 26 December 2024.
13. "Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. III". 1881. p. 14. JSTOR   saoa.crl.25057658 . Retrieved 26 December 2024.
14. "The Punjab and its feudatories, part II--Imperial Tables and Supplementary Returns for the British Territory". 1891. p. 14. JSTOR   saoa.crl.25318669 . Retrieved 26 December 2024.
15. "Census of India 1901. [Vol. 17A]. Imperial tables, I-VIII, X-XV, XVII and XVIII for the Punjab, with the native states under the political control of the Punjab Government, and for the North-west Frontier Province". 1901. p. 34. JSTOR   saoa.crl.25363739 . Retrieved 30 March 2024.
16. "Census of India 1911. Vol. 14, Punjab. Pt. 2, Tables". 1911. p. 27. JSTOR   saoa.crl.25393788 . Retrieved 30 March 2024.
17. Kaul, Harikishan (1911). "Census Of India 1911 Punjab Vol XIV Part II". p. 27. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
18. "Census of India 1921. Vol. 15, Punjab and Delhi. Pt. 2, Tables". 1921. p. 29. JSTOR   saoa.crl.25430165 . Retrieved 30 March 2024.
19. "Census of India 1931. Vol. 17, Punjab. Pt. 2, Tables". 1931. p. 277. JSTOR   saoa.crl.25793242 . Retrieved 30 March 2024.
20. "Census of India, 1941. Vol. 6, Punjab". 1941. p. 42. JSTOR   saoa.crl.28215541 . Retrieved 30 March 2024.
21. Singh, Ganda (1935). Life Of Banda Singh Bahadur Based On Contemporary And Original Records. The Sikh History Research Dettart^pjpnt, Khalsa College, AmritsaiS. p. 64. Retrieved 7 January 2023.

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain :  Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Maler Kotla". Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 487.

External links

• Nawabs of Maler Kotla

30°32′N75°59′E / 30.533°N 75.983°E / 30.533; 75.983