British and native states in the Cis-Sutlej Division between 1847–51, by Abdos Sobhan, 1858. The Cis-Sutlej states are visible south of the Sutlej river.
The Cis-Sutlej states were a group of states in the contemporary Punjab and Haryana states of northern India during the 19th century, lying between the Sutlej River on the north, the Himalayas on the east, the Yamuna River and Delhi District on the south, and Sirsa District on the west. The small Punjabi kingdoms of the Cis-Sutlej states were under influence of Marathas, until the Second Anglo-Maratha War of 1803–1805, after which the Marathas lost this territory to the British.[1][2][3][4] During the British period, some of the cis-Sutlej were annexed by the British due to the doctrine of lapse.[5]:53
Detail of Sikh territory from a map of India, by James Rennell, 1 January 1788
The Cis-Sutlej state was ruled by many chiefs though the region was under the Mughal Empire.[7] Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II's viceregent Afrasiyab was killed by Zain-ul-Abidin Khan on 2 November 1784, thus leaving no one to appoint as the next viceregent.[8] Thus Mughal Emperor appointed Mahadji Sindhia as viceregent (Vakil-i-Mutlaq) of the Mughal empire as Shah Alam II knew that Sindhia is the only one who would remain acquiescent to him and would be able to maintain peace and order in his kingdom.[9] The Maratha-Sikh treaty on 10 May 1785 made the small Cis-Sutlej states, autonomous protectorate of the Scindia Dynasty of the Maratha Empire,[10] as Mahadji Sindhia was deputed the Vakil-i-Mutlaq (Regent of the Mughal empire) of Mughal affairs in 1784.[11][7] Therefore, Mahadji as newly appointed viceregent of the Mughal Emperor, tried to come to an agreement with the Cis-Sutlej chiefs and concluded a treaty on 10 May 1785.[12]
According to the treaty, Mahadji would recognize the political supremacy of the Sikhs in the Punjab whereas the Sikhs would forbear from attacking the adjoining territories of Delhi.[13] Additionally, the chiefs would join Sindhia's army with atleast 5,000 horses and in return would receive a land grant of 10 Lakhs and the chiefs would not muddle in the affairs outside of their territory.[14][7] Additionally, it was agreed that any territories conquered through the joint alliance of Sikhs and the Marathas, the Sikhs would keep one-third of the territories and the enemies of both the parties would be considered mutual.[15] However the treaty fell apart as the chiefs did not observe the terms of the treaty.[12][16] In 1789, again a peaceful agreement was set in place where Sindhia legitamized the chiefs to collect tributes from the villages as the purpose behind Mahadji's policy was to win over the chiefs by friendship, but this policy too failed.[12]
After Mahadji's death in 1794, Daulat Rao was made his replacement, under whom the unstable conditions continued against the chiefs till the Second Anglo-Maratha War from 1803-1805, losing any influence over Cis-Sutlej state and parts of Uttar Pradesh, which he administered on behalf of the Mughal Emperor.[17][18]
On 20 December 1803, British East India Company transmitted and settled a treaty of peace and friendship with Daulat Rao Sindhia, his successors, heirs and children, followed with a treaty of Alliance settled on 27 February 1804,[19] which caused Sindhia not just a considerable loss of territories from the treaty but also had to give away the right to handle their foreign affairs to British East India Company.[20][21] Due to doubts and mistunderstanding of the treaty signed in 1804, another improvised treaty was transmitted and settled on 22 November 1805 between the two states, called Treaty of Amity and Alliance, where according to article 5, Chambul river would be the extent of the Sindhia dynasty, thus relinquishing any claims, rights, rule, tribute, revenues and possessions in the north bank.[19]
The casus belli for Ranjit Singh to expand into the cis-Sutlej region was an internal conflict between the states of Nabha and Patiala, with the Sikh Empire using it as a cause for its military crossing over the Sutlej river. [24] leading three expeditions into Cis-Sutlej states in 1806, 1807 and 1808, seizing many territories, particularly 45 district subdivisions or administrative units (parganas) and then distributed them among different chiefs who would pay annual tributes of certain amount as recognition of Ranjit Singh's supremacy.[25]:540 On 26 July 1806, the Sikh Empire would capture Ludhiana in their cis-Sutlej expedition, with control over the captured Ludhiana being given-over to Raja Bhag Singh of Jind State, whom was the uncle of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.[24]:540 These events alarmed the British, who were concerned about the Sikh Empire possibly expanding into the restive Sirhind region.[24]:540 In 1807, the military of the Sikh Empire crossed the Sutlej river a second time, this time the local chieftains of the Sirhind region requested British protection against the Lahore State.[24]:540 In September 1808, fearing a possible French invasion of the Indian subcontinent, the British dispatched Charles Metcalfe to the Sikh Empire to formulate a treaty between the British and Ranjit Singh, whilst the cis-Sutlej chiefs were also ensured their protection by the British against Ranjit Singh's ambitions.[24]:540 Then, Ranjit Singh's army crossed the cis-Sutlej river a third time, where they took-control of Ambala and Faridkot, yet stopping short of capturing Patiala due to concerns of British retribution.[24]:540 However, due to a various of factors the Sikh Empire agreed upon signing a treaty with the British, signing one on 25 April 1809, with the transaction being finalized by a proclamation on 3 May 1809.[24]:540 The factors that led to the Sikh Empire signing the treaty were as follows:[24]:540
After Ranjit Singh's third cis-Sutlej expedition, a detachment of the British forces advanced under the leadership of David Ochterlony, with the general stating on 9 February 1809 that further incursions by the Sikh Empire south of the Sutlej would be met with British aggression going forward.[24]:540Map of the British possessions and countries adjacent to them west of the Yamuna River, showing the march of Col. Ochterlony, surveyed by F. S. White, 1808, reduced by C. G. Nicholls
The Sikh Empire worried that further aggressions would intimidate the cis-Sutlej chiefs to move further toward developing a firmer alliance with the British.[24]:540
Metcalfe assured Ranjit Singh's court that the British would not interfere with Sikh conquests in the opposite direction toward Afghanistan.[24]:540
Ranjit Singh had assumed that there would be less anxiety over the western frontier due to improved relations between the British and Ottomans after the ascension of Mahmud II, allowing for a cessation of hostilities.[24]:540
The 1809 treaty between the Sikh Empire and British had the following terms:[24]:540
The British will not interfere in the affairs of Lahore State north of the Sutlej.[24]:540
The second article of the treaty stipulated that the Lahore State will not post more troops than necessary on the left bank of the Sutlej river.[24]:540 It shall only station enough troops necessary to administer the area.[24]:540
The forces of the Sikh Empire shall never dispossess the local cis-Sutlej chiefs of their territory or interfere in their affairs.[24]:540
As per the 1809 treaty, Ranjit Singh was permitted to retain his cis-Sutlej territories that had been acquired prior to his third expedition but Ranjit Singh had vacated his control over Faridkot and Ambala.[24]:541 Furthermore, he was not permitted to form an alliance with any of the cis-Sutlej chiefs.[24]:541 Ranjit Singh possessed 45 Taluqas in the Cis-Sutlej states, wholly or in share with others on the British side of the river Sutlej.[25] On 29 July 1809, David Ochterlony recognized large territory along river Sutlej from Chamkaur to Harikepatan and Kot Kapura as directly under Ranjit Singh's control.[26]Dewan Mokham Chand, Ranjit Singh's commander was granted 102 villages in the tehsil of Dharamkot, Zira and Kot Kapura, which also belonged to Ranjit Singh.[26]Raja of Jind, maternal uncle of Ranjit Singh, was granted 90 villages in the paraganah of Ludhiana-Sirhind[26]Raja of Kapurthala, brother of Ranjit Singh, was awarded 106 villages in the tehsil of Talwandi and Naraingarh.[26] Other rewards as part of the treaty were, 38 villages secured to Raja Jaswant Singh of Nabha State, 32 villages in the tehsil of Baddowal secured to Gurdit Singh of Ladwa, 36 villages in the tehsil of Ghungrana secured to Karam Singh Nagia, 62 villages in the tehsil of Dharamkot granted to Garbha Singh of Bharatgarh, many number of villages granted to Jodh Singh of Kalsia, Basant Singh, Atar Singh, Jodh Singh of Bassia and Ranjit Singh's mother in law Sada Kaur was granted with Himmatpur-Wadni.[26] The recipients were granted the territories under the condition of submission to Ranjit Singh's supremacy.[27] As per the treaty of 1809, Ranjit Singh was not allowed to maintain more troops than were required for the internal duties of the territory on the left bank of river Sutlej, nor commit or suffer any encroachments on the possession or rights of the chiefs in its vicinity.[28] The treaty pushed the boundary of British India from the Yamuna to the Sutlej river.[24]:541 The treaty was successfully at halting the southern expansion of the Sikh Empire south of the Sutlej river, with Ranjit Singh instead turning his immediate focus to the Gurkha occupation in the Punjab Hills and internal conflict in Afghanistan shortly thereafter.[24]:541
Post-1809
In-order to prevent the cis-Sutlej states from in-fighting with another, the British issued a decree on 22 August 1811 that no cis-Sutlej state should seize another, whilst affirming the British commitment to respecting each state's independence and rights.[24]:541 Relations between the Lahore State and British improved after the signing of the 1809 treaty, and Ranjit Singh would hold periodic diplomatic meetings with Claude Martin Wade at Ludhiana, with the British conceding to the Lahore State's claims of certain cis-Sutlej territories yet the British successfully laid claim to Ferozepore.[24]:542 Friendly relations between the Sikh Empire and the British was reaffirmed in a meeting between Ranjit Singh and William Bentick at Ropar in October 1831, where it was mutually agreed that the Sutlej river should be opened-up for trade.[24]:542
The Charter Act 1813 explicitly proclaimed the sovereignty of the royal crown over the conquered Indian territories held by the British East India Company, with the governor-general no longer being styled as a servant of the Mughal empire and the tribute given to the Mughals was no longer in the governor-general's name[5]:53 The EIC also lost any exclusive-trading rights it once had in India.[5]:53 The EIC gradually was transformed into an agency of the British crown for governing the Indian possessions, by 1833 the Company no longer being allowed to conduct commercial activities.[5]:53
On 17 March 1828, Captain W. Murray prepared a list of 45 Taluqas in south of Satluj that belonged and were claimed by Ranjit Singh.[27] They were: Anandpur, Makhowal, Mattewala, Bajr, Goewal, Howab, Karesh, Sujarwala, Sohera, Sailbah, Khai, Muedkoh, Wazirpur, Kunki, Saholi, Basi, Bharog, Jagraon, Kot Isa Khan, Mahani, Khaspura, Molanwala, Naraingarh, Sadar Khan, Tohra, Mari, Machhiwara, Kotari, Puwa, Want, part of Kotlah, Kot Guru Har Sahe, Dharamkot, Rajwana, Fatahgarh, Kala Majri, Chuhar Chak, Dhilwan, Talwandi Sayyidan, Jhandianah, Buthor, Ranian, Baholpur, Bharatgarh, Chanelgarh, Lohangarh, Phillaur district, Firozpur, Nurpur, Khaira, Sohala, Todarpur, Tughal, part of Kotlah, Ghungrana, Rumanwala, Mamdot, Sanehwal, Rasulpur, Aitiana, Himmatpur, Pattoki, Wadni, Moga, Mohlan, Zira, Behekbodia, Bhagra, Hitawat, Jinwar, Kot Kapura, Muktsar, Kenoan, Singhanwala, Suhewaron, Chamkaur and Molwal.[27]
In 1834, the exiled leader of Afghanistan, Shah Shuja, went to Ludhiana.[24]:543 At Ludhiana on the directions of Dosh Mohammad, Abdul Ghiyas Khan attempted to elicit British help against the Sikhs in an effort to re-secure Peshawar for the Afghans, which had been recently conquered by the Sikhs but the British refused to assist.[24]:543
At the end of 1838, an ailing Ranjit Singh met George Eden Auckland at Ferozepore.[24]:544 Ranjit Singh died shortly after the meeting on 27 June 1839.[24]:544 Indirect causes which contributed to the first Anglo-Sikh war includes a dispute between the British and Sikh Empire regarding a village in Nabha State where both parties had vested interest in, and also due to the British not returning the treasures of Suchet Singh that had been brought to Ferozepore prior to Suchet's death.[24]:547–548 Furthermore, a buildup of British military forces along the Sutlej boundary caused unease and suspicion of British intentions within the Sikh Empire.[24]:548 Thus, the Sikh Empire's forces crossed the Sutlej on 11 December 1845 in an attempted surprise attack on the British with intentions for marching toward Delhi, with the Sutlej crossing occuring between Huriki and Kasur, with war being declared by the British governor-general on 13 December 1845.[24]:549 In-response to Sikh hostilities, the British made a resolve to dispossess the Sikh Empire of its cis-Sutlej territories in the course of the war.[24]:550 The Sikh army was eventually routed by the British at key engagements and fled across the Sutlej, with the British in-pursuit on-march toward Lahore, eventually occupying the capital on 20 February 1846.[24]:550–552 In the aftermath of the subsequent treaty on 9 March 1846, the Sikh Empire's territory south of the Sutlej river, the Jalandhar Doab (tract of land situated between the Beas and Sutlej rivers) were annexed by the British, and the hill territory located between the Beas and Indus rivers (incl. Kashmir and Hazara.[24]:552
Before 1846 the greater part of this territory was relatively independent, the chiefs being subject to supervision from a political officer stationed at Umballa, and styled the agent of the British Governor-General of India for the Cis-Sutlej states.[29]
A number of states were confiscated or acquired by Britain under the Doctrine of Lapse.[5]:53 The doctrine of lapse, which was incorporated in most of the treaties between the British and native Indian states, stipulated that any princely state in British India whose ruler had no heir would lapse into direct Company-control after the death of the issue-less ruler.[5]:53 Furthermore, the British installed an official known as a "resident" at the court of prominent princely states.[5]:53 After the Charter Act of 1833, the highest office in British India during this period of Company-rule was the Governor-General of India based in Calcutta.[5]:54 After the First Anglo-Sikh War the full administration of the territory became vested in this officer.[29]
Map of the Punjab and protected Sikh states, including Gulab Singh's territory, 1842
In 1849, the Punjab was annexed to British India, when the Cis-Sutlej states commissionership, comprising the districts of Ambala, Ferozepore, Ludhiana, Thanesar and Simla, was incorporated with the new Punjab Province.[29]
The name continued to be applied to this division until 1862, when—owing to Ferozepore having been transferred to Lahore Division and a part of Thanesar to Delhi Division—it ceased to be appropriate.[29] The remaining tract became known as the Ambala Division. The princely states of Patiala, Jind, and Nabha were appointed a separate political agency in 1901. Excluding Bahawalpur (for which there was no political agent) and Chamba, the other states were grouped under the commissioners of Jullunder and Delhi, and the superintendent of the Simla Hill States.[29] All native states, except Kaithal, would join PEPSU after India's independence.
The current 14 districts of East Punjab, Chandigarh, and the 4 districts of Haryana were present in the Cis-Sutlej States.
The rest of the Bist Doab including districts of Hoshiarpur, Kapurthala, SBS Nagar, and Jalandhar were merged and made a new Trans-Sutlej States in 1846 after the First Anglo-Sikh War.
Punjab, also known as the Land of the Five Rivers, is a geopolitical, cultural, and historical region in South Asia. It is located in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent, comprising areas of modern-day eastern-Pakistan and northwestern-India. Punjab's major cities are Lahore, Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, Gujranwala, Multan, Ludhiana, Amritsar, Sialkot, Chandigarh, Shimla, Jalandhar, Patiala, Gurugram, and Bahawalpur.
The first Anglo-Sikh war was fought between the Sikh Empire and the British East India Company in 1845 and 1846 around the Ferozepur district of Punjab. It resulted in the defeat and partial subjugation of the Sikh empire and cession of Jammu & Kashmir as a separate princely state under British suzerainty.
The Sikh Empire, officially known as Sarkār-i-Khālsa and Khālasa Rāj, was a regional power based in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent. It existed from 1799, when Maharaja Ranjit Singh captured Lahore, to 1849, when it was defeated and conquered by the British East India Company in the Second Anglo-Sikh War. It was forged on the foundations of the Khalsa from a collection of autonomous misls. At its peak in the 19th century, the empire extended from Gilgit and Tibet in the north to the deserts of Sindh in the south and from the Khyber Pass in the west to the Sutlej in the east. It was divided into four provinces: Lahore, which became the Sikh capital; Multan; Peshawar; and Kashmir from 1799 to 1849. Religiously diverse, with an estimated population of 4.5 million in 1831, it was the last major region of the Indian subcontinent to be annexed by the British Empire.
The Punjab Province was a province of British India. Most of the Punjab region was annexed by the British East India Company on 29 March 1849; it was one of the last areas of the Indian subcontinent to fall under British control.
Mahadaji Shinde, later known as Mahadji Scindia or Madhava Rao Scindia, was a Maratha statesman and general who served as the Maharaja of Gwalior from 1768 to 1794. He was the fifth and the youngest son of Ranoji Rao Scindia, the founder of the Scindia dynasty. He is reputed for having restored the Maratha rule over North India and for modernizing his army.
Bhadaur is a town in Barnala district in the state of Punjab, India. It is part of the Bhadaur Assembly Constituency.
Baghel Singh was a warrior leader in the Punjab region in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent in the 18th century. He rose to prominence in the area around Sutlej and Yamuna. He joined the Singh Krora Misl, one of the Misls during Sikh Confederacy. In 1765, Singh became the leader of the Misl.
Rania is a town and a municipal committee in Sirsa district located on the upper bank of Ghaggar River in the Indian state of Haryana. Rania Town is a grain market in Sirsa district. Nearby cities to Rania includes Sirsa and Ellenabad. It shares its RTO office with Ellenabad which is also has its headquarters in Ellenabad. Earlier it was a part of Ellenabad subdivision but later carved out separately as a subdivision in Sirsa district of Haryana. It is at a distance of 22 km each from Sirsa and Ellenabad in opposite direction on Haryana State Highway 32A i.e. Bhambhoor-Jiwan Nagar Road which connects to Haryana State Highway 32 in Jiwan Nagar on one end and Haryana State Highway 23 in Bhambhoor on the other end.
Malaudh was a Cis-Sutlej Phulkian princely state of India till 1846, after which it was merged into the Ludhiana District by the British when they annexed the territories around Ludhiana. The town of Malaudh, or Maloud, is situated at a distance of about 40 kilometres from Ludhiana on the Ludhiana-Malerkotla Road and is linked by approach road kup-payal road though village Rorian which is now part of it as Nagar Panchayat. It lies on 75°- 56' Longitude and 30° – 38' Latitude. Malaudh is a very ancient place which was known as Malla Udey or rise of the Mallas with whom Multan or Mallustan is associated and later got corrupted to Malaudh. There was a The Loharan about 1 kilometer on the southern side which has now disappeared. Malaudh has a government high school (co-educational), middle school for girls and a primary school for boys, a post office, primary health centre and a veterinary dispensary. Malaudh became a part of the Ludhiana District when it was formed out of the territories annexed by the British in 1846.
The Phulkian dynasty of Maharajas or sardars were Sikh royals and aristocrats in the Punjab region of India. Members of the dynasty ruled the states of Badrukhan, Bhadaur, Faridkot, Jind, Malaudh, Nabha, and Patiala, allying themselves with the British Empire according to the terms of the Cis-Sutlej treaty of 1809. The dynasty is named after Phul Sidhu-Brar, the 17th-century common ancestor of the Phulkian states and the founder of the Phulkian Misl. Members of the Phulkian dynasty, who are the direct descendants of Rawal Jaisal Singh, the founder and ruler of the Kingdom of Jaisalmer, migrated to the present-day Malwa region in Punjab.
Nabha State, with its capital at Nabha, was one of the Phulkian princely states of Punjab during the British Raj in India. This state was ruled by Jats of Sidhu clan belonging to Sikh religion.
Faridkot State was a self-governing princely state of Punjab ruled by Brar Jats outside British India during the British Raj period in the Indian sub-continent until Indian independence. The state was located in the south of the erstwhile Ferozepore district during the British period. The former state had an area of around 1649.82 square kilometres. It population in 1941 was around 199,000 thousand. The state's rulers had cordial relations with the British.
Religion in the Punjab in ancient history was characterized by Hinduism and later conversions to Jainism, Buddhism, Islam, Sikhism and Christianity; it also includes folk practices common to all Punjabis regardless of the religion they adhere to. Such practices incorporate local mysticism, including ancestral worship and worship of local saints of all faiths.
The Post Office of India of the British Raj entered into postal conventions with a few native states of India. As per the postal convention, existing adhesive stamps and postal stationery of British India were overprinted with the name of the state for use within each convention State, for mail from one convention state to another, and to destinations in British India. The state administrations, in turn, had to conform to a number of agreements covering the issuance of stamps, the rates of postage, and the exchange of mail.
Jind State was a princely state located in the Punjab and Haryana region of north-western India. The state was 3,260 km2 (1,260 sq mi) in area and its annual income was Rs.3,000,000 in the 1940s. This state was founded and ruled by Jats of Sidhu clan.
Patiala State was a kingdom and princely state in British India, and one of the Phulkian States, that acceded to the Union of India upon Indian independence and partition in 1947. The state was founded by Ala Singh in 1762. Patiala State was the largest and most important princely state in the Punjab Province. The state's ruler, the Maharaja of Patiala, was entitled to a 17-gun salute and held precedence over all other princes in the Punjab Province during the British Raj. The state was ruled by Jat Sikhs of the Sidhu clan.
The Treaty of Amritsar of 1809 was an agreement between the British East India Company and Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the Sikh leader who founded the Sikh empire. The EIC's intention of this treaty was to gain Singh’s support if the French invaded India and Singh’s intention was to further consolidate his territorial gains south of the Sutlej River after establishing the river as their respective border. Singh wanted to officially absorb the Malwa Sikhs in his kingdom, which resided between the Sutlej and Yamuna Rivers, thus unifying all Sikhs of Punjab within his kingdom.
Rane Khan was a prominent Bhishti Muslim chief who was prominent in the Maratha empire.
The Maratha-Sikh clashes of 1771–1798 were a series of intermittent conflicts between the Maratha Empire and the Sikh Confederacy, primarily in Northern India. These confrontations were concentrated in the Cis-Sutlej territories and the Upper Gangetic Doab. Hostilities were largely initiated by the Sikhs, who sought to raid the Upper Doab and Delhi for plunder. Opposing them were the Marathas, who not only aimed to consolidate their northern dominions after their recovery from the defeat at Panipat in 1761 and to protect their Mughal puppet Emperor Shah Alam II from the sikh raids but also extend their influence up to Satluj.
Kaithal State was a Sikh state based out of Kaithal. It was one of the Cis-Sutlej states. The Sikh chieftains of Kaithal ruled from 1767 until the state's fall in 1843. At the state's height, it was the second-largest cis-Sutlej state, after Patiala State. The rulers of the state were popularly known by the title of bhai.
↑ Sen, Sailendra Nath (2010). An Advanced History of Modern India. Macmillan India. ISBN9780230328853. By Mahadji Shinde's treaty of 1785 with the Sikhs, Maratha influence had been established over the divided Cis-Sutlej states. But at the end of the second Maratha war in 1806 that influence had been pass over to the British.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Michel, Aloys Arthur (1967). The Indus Rivers: A Study of the Effects of Partition. Yale University Press. ISBN9780608140230.
↑ Gupta 1978, p.197. "On the 4th December at another public darbar the Emperor bestowed the highest post of Vakahi-Mutlaq [Regent Plenipotentiary] on Mahadji Sindhia."
↑ Sen, Sailendra Nath (2010). An Advanced History of Modern India. Macmillan India. ISBN9780230328853. By Mahadji Shinde's treaty of 1785 with the Sikhs, Maratha influence had been established over the divided Cis-Sutlej states. But at the end of the second Maratha war in 1806 that influence had been pass over to the British.
↑ Gupta, Hari Ram (1978). History of the Sikhs: Sikh Domination of the Mughal Empire. Munshiram Manoharlal. pp.196–216.
1 2 Luard, Charles (1908). The Central India State Gazetteer Series Volume 1. Thacker, Spink. pp.315–324. "and within that extent of the Chumbul Dowlut Rao SIndia shall have no claim or right to any rule, tribute revenue, or possessions on its north bank" (p.324)
↑ Chaurasia 2004, p.127. Its is true that Daulat Rao suffered serious losses of territory by the treaty of 1803 and agreed to place his foreign relations under the East India COmpany's tutelage by that of 1804.
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