Anandpur Sahib

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Anandpur Sahib
Anandpur
City
Nickname: 
Chak Nanaki
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Anandpur Sahib
Location in Punjab
India Punjab location map.svg
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Anandpur Sahib
Anandpur Sahib (Punjab)
Coordinates: 31°14′06″N76°29′56″E / 31.234961°N 76.498808°E / 31.234961; 76.498808
CountryFlag of India.svg  India
State Punjab
District Rupnagar
Founded by Guru Tegh Bahadur
Government
  MLA Harjot Singh Bains (AAP)
  MP Manish Tiwari (INC)
Elevation
311 m (1,020 ft)
Population
 (2011)
  Total16,282
Languages
  Official Punjabi
Time zone UTC+5:30 (IST)
PIN
140118
0188791-1887
Vehicle registration PB 16
Nearest city Kiratpur Sahib

Anandpur Sahib, also referred simply as Anandpur (lit. "city of bliss"), is a city in Rupnagar district (Ropar), on the edge of Shivalik Hills, in the Indian state of Punjab. [1] Located near the Sutlej River, the city is one of the most sacred religious places in Sikhism, being the place where the last two Sikh Gurus, Guru Tegh Bahadur and Guru Gobind Singh, lived. It is also the place where Guru Gobind Singh founded the Khalsa Panth in 1699. [2] The city is home to Takhat Sri Kesgarh Sahib, the third of the five Takhts in Sikhism. [1] [3]

Contents

The city is a pilgrimage site in Sikhism. [4] It is the venue of the largest annual Sikh gathering and festivities during the Hola Mohalla in the spring season. [5]

Location

Anandpur Sahib is located on National Highway 503 that links Kiratpur Sahib and Chandigarh to Nangal, Una and further Kangra, Himachal Pradesh. It is situated near the Sutlej river, the longest of the five rivers that flow through the historic crossroads region of Punjab.

"The Sikh Town of Anundpore. Punjaub" photograph by Francis Firth, ca.1850's-1870's Anandpur Sahib in the latter half of the 19th century.jpg
"The Sikh Town of Anundpore. Punjaub" photograph by Francis Firth, ca.1850's–1870's

History

Portrait of Kavi Kuvresh, one of the poets of the Anandpur Darbar during Guru Gobind Singh's time Kavi Kuvresh.jpg
Portrait of Kavi Kuvresh, one of the poets of the Anandpur Darbar during Guru Gobind Singh's time

Anandpur Sahib was founded in June 1665 by the ninth Sikh Guru, Guru Tegh Bahadur. He previously lived in Kiratpur, but given the disputes with Ram Rai – the elder son of Guru Har Rai and other sects of Sikhism, he moved to village in Makhoval. He named it Chakk Nanaki after his mother. [6] In 1675, Guru Tegh Bahadur was tortured and beheaded for refusing to convert to Islam under the orders of the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb, a martyrdom that led Sikhs to rename the town to Anandpur and crown his son Gobind Das as per his orders (also known as Gobind Rai) [7] as his successor and famous as Guru Gobind Singh. [8] [9] [10]

The village grew into town, likely dramatically state Louis E. Fenech and W. H. McLeod, as Sikhs moved near Guru Gobind Singh. [8] The growing strength of Sikhs in Anandpur under the tenth Guru, after the execution of the ninth Guru, raised concerns of the neighboring Pahari rajas - the vassals of the Mughal Empire, along with the Mughal ruler Aurangzeb. [8] [11] :14 In 1693, Aurangzeb issued an order that banned large gatherings of Sikhs such as during the festival of Baisakhi. [11] :14

On the Vaisakhi day of 1699, the Guru sent out invitations across the land to distant and nearby Sikh congregations to convene at Anandpur for the upcoming festival. [3] It was normal for the Guru to celebrate Vaisakhi at Anandpur with Sikh congregations annually but this time much more importance was placed on attendance than usual and more stringently. [3] Guru Gobind Singh founded the Khalsa Panth in Anandpur on the day of the 1699 Vaisakhi festival after an elaborate ceremony and gathered a large armed militia. [3] This triggered Aurangzeb and his vassal Hindu kings around Anandpur to blockade Anandpur. [8] This led to several battles:

According to Louis Fenech, Anandpur's history during the late 17th century and early 18th century was complex and war prone because the relationship of Guru Gobind Singh with his neighbors was complex. Sometimes the hill chiefs and Guru Gobind Singh cooperated in a battle, sometimes they fought against each other, where the difficult mountainous terrain made it difficult for the Mughal to subdue everyone with force and the terrain made it easier for Pahari chieftains to rebel against the Mughals routinely. [11] :8–11

After the city was sacked in 1704, its control passed into the hands of Budh Singh, a disciple of Guru Gobind Singh. [6] Budh Singh later handed over control of the city over to Patiala State under the reign of Ala Singh. [6] In 1764, the descendent of Sodhi Suraj Mal (one of the sons of Guru Hargobind), Nahar Singh, purchased the city plus a fort called Manji Sahib (which was a dwelling associated with Suraj Mal). [6] As more Sodhi families moved into the city, four Sarkars were established, with them namely being: Badi, Dusri, Tisri, and Chauthi. [6] The Badi sarkar was the most eminent of the four yet all of them were revered by the Sikh population of the era. [6] Each sarkar had its own associated palace that was fortified, commune, and congregation of followers. [6] The sarkars also maintained a militia of their own, consisting of infantry, cavalary, and elephants. [6]

Virasat-e-Khalsa Museum campus links, particularly with the need of the population, providing business to the locals and makes the city marked on urban literature globally. Punjab Heritage Tourism Promotion Board paid to have it installed in order to attract worldwide tourism. Open spaces which are going to be used by ritual activities during ceremonies and festivals also serve as alternative parking grounds, reserved grounds for political rallies which brings the intact ingredient of Indian cities together “The Interaction”. [20]

Heritage conservation

Historical sites and structures in the city have been poorly maintained and the vast majority have been destroyed. [6] Buildings, such as forts, that are associated with the lives of the Sikh gurus have been demolished and renovated beyond recognition, including the Anandgarh Baoli. [6] Much of this defacement involves encasing historical structures in marble. [6] Though the locality once was littered with various forts, these have been destroyed over the years as the city has expanded and changed. [6] In the 1930s, a new structure was constructed over the original site and structure of Anandgarh Qila. [6] By 1988, essentially all of the principal standing shrines of Anandpur Sahib had been reconstructed at some point in either the late 19th or early 20th centuries during the Singh Sabha movement, based upon older edifices that stood at their spot. [3] There were formerly mural paintings and floral embellishments decorating the walls of Gurdwara Akal Bunga but these are no longer extant, though surviving traces of these wall paintings could be seen on the wall skirting the roof of the structure. [3] Qila Sodhian was the last surviving remnant of a fortification in Anandpur Sahib in the year 1999. [6]

Landmarks

Takht Sri Kesgarh Sahib.JPG
Khalsa Heritage Memorial Complex, Anandpur Sahib, Punjab 140118, India - panoramio.jpg
Gurdwaras in Anandpur Sahib

Elements convening definitions of the city Anandpur Sahib are: Heterogeneous societies and discrete buildings as economic and administrative, social, institutional, political, neighborhoods and associated personnel, compacted and overlapped packing of residential and nonresidential structures, monumental core of unique buildings (for example, Keshgarh Sahib Gurudwara, bus stand structure), Five Forts of city and Khalsa Heritage Museum, special characteristic features “City profile” of Anandpur Sahib that shows maximum building height at the centre of the city and less height as one moves away from the city centre, central focus the enshrined centre, whose access was restricted and where Gurudwaras predominated. [20]

Gurdwaras

Select overview of literature and scriptures studied in the Anandpur Darbar during Guru Gobind Singh's time (The Anandpur Art Project) Select Overview of Literature and Scriptures Studied in the Anandpur Darbar.jpg
Select overview of literature and scriptures studied in the Anandpur Darbar during Guru Gobind Singh's time (The Anandpur Art Project)

Anandpur Sahib is in Punjab state of India, close to the Himachal Pradesh border. It is about 31 kilometres (19 mi) north of Ropar (Rupnagar) and 29 kilometres (18 mi) south of Nangal. [5] The gurdwaras of Anandpur are classified as historical since they are connected to the Sikh gurus or other aspects related to the history of Sikhism. [3] The architecture of the Sikh shrines of Anandpur have commonalities in their themes but also have unique quirks and aspects to their design that do set them apart from each-other. [3] Anandpur has been significant to the Sikh history. These historical locations now feature the following Gurdwaras:

Location of Anandpur Sahib in the map of Rupnagar District Rupnagar District Tourist Places.png
Location of Anandpur Sahib in the map of Rupnagar District

Forts

10th Sikh Guru Guru Gobind Singh made five forts on the border of the city. The buildings to commemorate each of these were built between late 1970s and the late 1980s: [5] [6]

Sacred sites near Anandpur Sahib

Demographics

Religion in Anandpur Sahib [23]
ReligionPercent
Sikhism
55.39%
Hinduism
42.05%
Others
2.56%

As of 2011 India census, [24] The Anandpur Sahib Municipal Council has population of 16,282 of which 8,545 are males while 7,737 are females as per report released by Census India 2011.[ citation needed ]

Population of children with age of 0-6 is 1774 which is 10.90% of total population of Anandpur Sahib (M Cl). In Anandpur Sahib Municipal Council, Female Sex Ratio is of 905 against state average of 895. Moreover, Child Sex Ratio in Anandpur Sahib is around 932 compared to Punjab state average of 846. Literacy rate of Anandpur Sahib city is 82.44% higher than state average of 75.84%. In Anandpur Sahib, Male literacy is around 85.75% while female literacy rate is 78.78%.[ citation needed ]

Anandpur Sahib Municipal Council has total administration over 3,270 houses to which it supplies basic amenities like water and sewerage. It is also authorized to build roads within Municipal Council limits and impose taxes on properties coming under its jurisdiction.[ citation needed ]

Villages

Villages administered by the tehsil of Anandpur Sahib include:

Festivals and fairs

Anandpur Sahib is the site for the annual Hola Mohalla gathering and martial sports. Hola Mohalla Holi festival and sports, Anandpur Sahib Punjab India.jpg
Anandpur Sahib is the site for the annual Hola Mohalla gathering and martial sports.

Anandpur Sahib features a major festival and gathering of Sikhs every year on the occasion of Hola Mohalla, which is celebrated one day prior to Holi. [3] This tradition dates back to the times of the 10th Guru, Guru Gobind Singh. The guru decreed that the occasion of the festival of Holi be the occasion for the display of the martial spirit of his people. [3] He gave this festival of Holi the Sikh name of 'Hola Mohalla'. Each year Hola Mohalla marks the congregation of nearly 20,00,000 (2,000,000) Sikhs from all over the country for a festival of colour and gaiety. The festival, among other things, remembers the creation of Khalsa on the Baisakhi day in 1699. [25]

The fair lasts for three days. The Gurudwaras are specially decorated for the occasion. During Hola Mohalla, Anandpur Sahib wears a festive appearance and hums with activities in March. Community conferences and religious functions are also organized. On this occasion, Nihangs from all over the country gather for the celebrations. The highlight is a huge procession by the Nihangs, clad in their traditional dress and weapons, on the last day of the fair. The procession starts from the headquarters of the Nihangs, opposite Gurudwara Anandgarh Sahib, and passes through the bazaar, goes to village Agampur and reaches the fort of Holgarh, the place where Guru Gobind Singh used to celebrate this fair. Thereafter, the procession heads toward the sandy bed of Charan Ganga, where demonstration of martial games including riding, tent pegging, sword-wielding, etc. are witnessed by a large number of people. [26]

Baisakhi in 1999, at Anandpur Sahib marked the completion of 300 years of the birth of the Khalsa. [3] It was on Baisakhi day in 1699 that Guru Gobind Singh baptised the Panj Pyaras at the place where Takht Sri Keshgarh Sahib stands. [3]

Other places

Virasat-e-Khalsa Khalsa Heritage Memorial 176 Edit.jpg
Virasat-e-Khalsa

The world's tallest khanda is installed at Sri Anandpur Sahib at Panj Piara Park with an estimated height of 70 feet.

See also

Related Research Articles

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References

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  26. Festivals/Melas - Rupnagar

Bibliography