Ramdasia

Last updated

Ramdasia
Religions Sikhism • Hinduism
Languages Punjabi • Hindi • Dogri
Populated states Punjab • Haryana • Jammu • Himachal Pradesh • Madhya pradesh

The Ramdasia were historically a Sikh, Hindu sub-group that originated from the caste of leather tanners and shoemakers known as Chamar. [1] [2]

Contents

Terminology

Ramdasia is a term used in general for Sikhs whose ancestors belonged to Chamar caste. Originally they are followers of Guru Ravidass who belongs to Chamar community. [1] Both the words Ramdasia and Ravidasia are also used inter changeably while these also have regional context. In Puadh and Malwa, largely Ramdasia is used while Ravidasia is predominantly used in Doaba. [3]

List of Scheduled Castes in Punjab List of Scheduled Castes in Punjab.jpg
List of Scheduled Castes in Punjab

Ramdasia Sikhs are enlisted as scheduled caste by Department of Social justice, Empowerment and Minorities- Government of Punjab. On Department's list of Scheduled Caste, this caste is listed on serial number 9 along with other Chamar caste synonymous such as Ravidasia, Jatav and so on. [4]

Military service

British Raj

The Sikh Light Infantry march past during the Republic day parade in New Delhi, India. Sikh Light Infantry.jpg
The Sikh Light Infantry march past during the Republic day parade in New Delhi, India.

During World War I the single-battalion regiments of the Mazhabi and Ramdasia Sikh Pioneers – the 23rd, 32nd and 34th Pioneer Regiments – were expanded to comprise three battalions each. These units served in Egypt, Europe, Mesopotamia and Palestine and performed well. The 1/34th Sikh Pioneers were awarded the title of "Royal". [5]

The Ramdasia Sikhs, together with the Majhabi Sikhs, were recruited to the Sikh Light Infantry regiment (SLI) after its formation in 1941. [6] The Sikh Light Infantry has always been a "single class" regiment in the parlance adopted from the British Raj era. This means that it recruits only from one demographic, which in this instance means the Ramdasia Sikhs and Mazhabi Sikhs. [7] Indeed, the SLI was initially called the Mazhabi & Ramdasia Sikh Regiment. [8] Despite unwillingness among some policy makers, the British had to abandon their traditional distinction between martial and non-martial races during the Second World War. This was necessitated by the need for more recruits than could be supplied by those communities upon which they usually relied, such as the Jat Sikhs, Dogras and Punjabi Musalmans. In addition, indiscipline among Jat Sikhs caused by their concerns regarding a post-war division of India was another reason to prefer recruitment of new classes. While recruitment from the pre-war martial classes was still pre-eminent, that from newly recognised classes such as the Ramdasias and Mazhabis became significant. [9]

After independence of India

When India became independent in 1947, the British Indian Army became the Indian Army. This, like its predecessor, relies on the martial race theory for much of its recruitment and thus there is a grossly disproportionate number of Sikhs within its ranks. [10] The Ramdasias Sikhs and Mazhabi Sikhs continued their service with the SLI in the new army. [6] The SLI has served in almost all of the post-1947 conflicts involving India, including the wars with Pakistan in 1947, 1965 and 1971, the Hyderabad Police Action of 1948 and the Chinese aggression in 1962. It has also served in Sri Lanka, where the 1st, 7th, 13th and 14th Battalions have contributed towards peace-keeping. [11]

Hindu Ramdasia

This sect of Ramdasia having faith in Hinduism and they mostly residing in Pathankot, Jammu, Himachal Pradesh and Jalandhar. Hindu Ramdasia migrated from Pakistan and back in Sialkot, these Ramdasia were involved in Leather/Sports Goods Business. After migrating in Jalandhar they established their own Tanneries and Sports Goods manufacturing Units. For This purpose Government of Punjab, India helped them by providing liberal loans and allotting sites for their Factories [12] Hindu Ramdasia's are staunch follower of Guru Ravidass and they follow Dera Swami Gurdeep Giri ji, Pathankot. According to Department of Social Justice and Empowerment, Government of India Ramdasias are listed as Chamar Caste on serial number 4 and 14 for Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh respectively. [13] [14]

Gurdwara Guru Ravidass, Nasinu, Fiji Established in 1939 Gurdwara Guru Ravidass, Nasinu, Fiji.jpg
Gurdwara Guru Ravidass, Nasinu, Fiji Established in 1939
Gurdwara Guru Ravidass Bhavan, Birmingham Gurdwara Guru Ravidass Bhavan, Birmingham.jpg
Gurdwara Guru Ravidass Bhavan, Birmingham
Gurdwara Guru Ravidass Sabha, Southall Gurdwara Guru Ravidass Sabha,Southall .jpg
Gurdwara Guru Ravidass Sabha, Southall

Demographics

As of 2011 Census, there were 3,095,324 Chamars in the Indian state of Punjab, of whom 1,017,192 declared themselves as Ad-Dharmi Chamar and 2,078,132 declared themselves as Ramdasia/Ravidasia Chamar. According to this Census, during the same year the population of Sikh Ramdasia/Ravidasia and Hindu Ramdasia/Ravidasia in Punjab was 1,443,079 and 629,157 respectively. [15]

Most of the Hindu Ramdasias (Counted along with other Chamar Caste Synonyms such as Ravidasia and Jatav) living in the Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Haryana. As of 2011, there were 212,032 Ramdasia in Jammu and Kashmir, comprising 209,512 Hindus, 2,486 Sikhs and 34 Buddhists, [16] 2,429,137 lived in Haryana (2,390,403 Hindu, 37,191 Sikh and 1,543 Buddhists) [17] and 458,838 resided in Himachal Pradesh (453,871 Hindu, 4,887 Sikh and 80 Buddhists) [18]

Ramdasia Diaspora and Guru Ravidass Temples and Gurdwaras

Ramdasia Sikh diaspora alongside Ravidassia from doaba emigrated from India and Pakistan is significant. Emigration from the Punjab began before and after the 19th century, with many Ravidasia/Ramdasia Sikhs settling in Europe, [19] [20] and also a large Ravidasia/Ramdasia Sikhs population in North America mainly in United States and the Canada. [21] There is sizeable population of Ravidasia/Ramdasia Sikhs in Oceania as well. [22] [23]

Shri Guru Ravidass Temple in the UK Shri Guru Ravidass Temple in the UK.jpg
Shri Guru Ravidass Temple in the UK
Gurdwara Guru Ravidass Temple, Pittsburg, California Gurdwara Guru Ravidass Temple, Pittsburgh.jpg
Gurdwara Guru Ravidass Temple, Pittsburg, California
Gurdwara Guru Ravidass Temple, Auckland Gurdwara Guru Ravidass Temple, Auckland.jpg
Gurdwara Guru Ravidass Temple, Auckland
Gurdwara Guru Ravidass Sabha, Oostende Gurdwara Guru Ravidass Sabha, Oostende.jpg
Gurdwara Guru Ravidass Sabha, Oostende

Fiji

New Zealand

Australia

England

United States

Canada

See also

Related Research Articles

Ravidassia or the Ravidas Panth is a religion based on the teachings of Guru Ravidas. It was considered a sect within Sikhism until 2009. However, some Ravidassias continue to maintain Sikh religious practices, including the reverence of the Guru Granth Sahib as their focal religious text, wearing Sikh articles of faith (5Ks), and appending Singh or Kaur to their names.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mazhabi Sikh</span> Community from Northern India that follows Sikhism

Mazhabi Sikh is a community from Northern India, especially Punjab region, who follow Sikhism. Mazhabi are part of wider category of Sikhs, who convert from the hindu rangrette. The word Mazhabi is derived from the Arabic term mazhab, and can be translated as the faithful. They live mainly in Indian Punjab, Rajasthan and Haryana.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bhagat Sadhana</span> 12th-century Indian poet and mystic

Bhagat Sadhna, also called Sadhna Qasai, was a north Indian poet, saint, mystic and one of the devotees whose hymn was incorporated in Guru Granth Sahib. Venerated in the region of Punjab, among Sikhs and Ravidassias, his devotional hymn is widely quoted by most preachers. His one hymn is present in Adi Granth Sahib, in Raga Bilaval.

Sikhism is a minority religion in Belgium, but Sikhs have played a role in Belgian history; during World War I, many Sikhs fought in Belgium. In the First Battle of Ypres, an entire platoon of Dogra Sikhs died.

Unlike the majority of Fiji's Indian population, who are descendants of Indian indentured labourers brought to Fiji between 1879 and 1916, most of the Sikhs came to Fiji as free immigrants. Most Sikhs established themselves as farmers. Sikhs also came to Fiji as policemen, teachers and preachers. In recent years large numbers of Sikhs have emigrated from Fiji, especially to the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand. Sikhs in Fiji are generally referred to as Punjabis. Total population of sikhs in Fiji is around 3600. Discourse on the experiences and histories of Fijian Sikhs tends to subsume them under discourse framed in terms of other South Asian groups.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Shri Guru Ravidas Janam Asthan</span> Indian shrine for Ravidassis

Shri Guru Ravidas Janam Asthan Mandir, located in Seer Goverdhanpur, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India, is an important cultural and religious site for Dalits, Ravidasis, and Ramdasia Sikhs. It was built to mark the birthplace of Ravidas. Millions of devotees gather there for Ravidas's birthday each year.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Guru Ravidass Jayanti</span> Indian religious festival.

Guru Ravidass Jayanti is the birthday of Ravidas, celebrated on Magh Purnima, the full moon day in the month of Magh month. It is the annual focal point for the festival in India; People across countries celebrate this special occasion in India. Also, devotees take a holy dip in the river to perform rites. The 2020 date for the Jayanti was 9 February, and the 2021 date was 16 February.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ravidas</span> 13th-century Indian mystic poet-saint of the Bhakti movement

Ravidas or Raidas (1267–1335) was an Indian mystic poet-saint of the Bhakti movement during the 15th to 16th century CE. Venerated as a guru in the modern regions of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, and Haryana, he was a poet, social reformer and spiritual figure.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sikhism in France</span>

French Sikhs are a growing but minority group in France. It is estimated there are about 30,000 Sikhs, most of whom are based in Paris, Bobigny and Île-de-France.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sikhism in Germany</span>

German Sikhs are a growing religious minority in Germany. The majority of German Sikhs have their roots from the Punjab, India with the remaining coming from the Afghan Sikh community or through conversion. The number of Sikhs is estimated to be between 25,000. Germany had the fifth highest Sikh population in Europe after United Kingdom (524,000), Italy (220,000), Portugal (35,000) and Spain (26,000).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sikhism in the Netherlands</span>

Dutch Sikhs form a religious minority in the Netherlands. They number around 15,000 and most of them live in or around Amsterdam. There are nine gurudwaras in the Netherlands.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dera Sach Khand</span> Indian socio-religious organization

Dera Sach Khand Ballan, also known as Dera Sant Sarwan Dass or Dera Ballan, is a Ravidassia dera based in the village of Ballan near Jalandhar, Punjab, India. It was founded by Pipal Dass soon after 1900, and it played a role in the Ad Dharm movement to popularize the image of Ravidas as a guru. It has since adopted the mission of spreading the teachings of Ravidas and advancing public education and healthcare in India.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Talhan</span> Village in Punjab, India

Talhan is a village in Jalandhar district, near the Jalandhar Cantonment, in Punjab, India.

Amritbani Guru Ravidass Ji is the holy book of the Ravidassia religion.

The Ad-Dharmi is a sect in the state of Punjab, in India and is an alternative term for the Ravidasia religion, meaning Primal Spiritual Path. The term Ad-Dharm came into popular usage in the early part of the 20th century, when many followers of Guru Ravidas converted to Sikhism and were severely discriminated against due to their low caste status. Many of these converts stopped attending Sikh Gurdwaras controlled by Jat Sikhs and built their own shrines upon arrival in the UK, Canada, and Fiji Island.Ad-Dharmis comprise 11.48% of the total of Scheduled Caste communities in Punjab.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Shri Khuralgarh Sahib</span>

Khuralgarh Sahib is one of the most prominent historical place of Ravidasi communities like Ad-Dharmi, Chamar, Ramdasia Sikhs and Mochis. It is situated at village Kharali, Garhshanker, Hoshiarpur district. Khuralgarh Sahib is also called Charan Choh Ganga Sri Guru Ravidas Ji as this place was visited by Sri Guru Ravidas

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ravidas Temple</span> Important religious places of Ravidasi communities

Shri Guru Ravidas Gurughar, Tughlakabad is one of the important religious places of Ravidasi communities like Ad-Dharmis, Ramdasia Sikhs, Chamars, Jatavs, and Mochis. It is situated at Tughlakabad area of Delhi, India.

Chambhar is caste from Indian state of Maharashtra, and Northern Karnataka. Their traditional occupation was leather work. Historically subject to untouchability, they were traditionally outside the Hindu ritual ranking system of castes known as varna. Castes with similar traditional occupation are found throughout the Indian subcontinent such as Chamar in Northern india, and Mochi in Gujarat.

Ravived is a caste that is mainly found among Hindus in Mauritius. The origin of this caste lay in an Indian caste named Chamar This same caste is referred to as Ravidassia outside Mauritius, and this terminology is very seldom used in Mauritius.

References

  1. 1 2 Chander, Rajesh K I. (2019). Combating Social Exclusion: Intersectionalities of Caste, Class, Gender and Regions. Studera Press. p. 64. ISBN   978-93-85883-58-3.
  2. ↑ Ghuman, Paul (May 2011). British Untouchables A Study of Dalit Identity and Education. Ashgate Publishing, Limited. p. iX. ISBN   978-0754648772.
  3. ↑ "Punjab's dalit conundrum: A look into Sikhs' caste identity". The Times of India . 30 September 2021. Retrieved 11 October 2021.
  4. ↑ http://socialjustice.gov.in/writereaddata/UploadFile/Scan-0015.jpg [ bare URL image file ]
  5. ↑ "History". 2009-04-15. Archived from the original on 2009-04-15. Retrieved 2022-08-03.
  6. 1 2 Wilkinson, Steven I. (2015). Army and Nation: The Military and Indian Democracy Since Independence. Harvard University Press. p. 11. ISBN   978-0-67472-880-6.
  7. ↑ Wilkinson, Steven I. (2015). Army and Nation: The Military and Indian Democracy Since Independence. Harvard University Press. pp. 39–41. ISBN   978-0-67472-880-6.
  8. ↑ Cohen, Stephen (2013). "The Untouchable Soldier". In Karsten, Peter (ed.). Recruiting, Drafting, and Enlisting: Two Sides of the Raising of Military Forces. Routledge. p. 170. ISBN   978-1-13566-150-2.
  9. ↑ Marston, Daniel (2003). Phoenix from the Ashes: The Indian Army in the Burma Campaign. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 218–220, 236. ISBN   978-0-27598-003-0.
  10. ↑ Roy, Kaushik (2015). "Indian Society and the Soldier". In Pant, Harsh V. (ed.). Handbook of Indian Defence Policy: Themes, Structures and Doctrines. Routledge. pp. 66–67. ISBN   978-1-31738-009-2.
  11. ↑ "Story of The Sikh Light Infantry". The Sikh Review. Archived from the original on 2002-05-31.
  12. ↑ Sharma, Krishan L. (1980). Entrepreneurial Growth and Development Programmes in Northern India. Abhinav Publications. p. 67. ISBN   9780836406498.
  13. ↑ http://socialjustice.gov.in/writereaddata/UploadFile/Scan-0006.jpg [ bare URL image file ]
  14. ↑ http://socialjustice.gov.in/writereaddata/UploadFile/Scan-0030.jpg [ bare URL image file ]
  15. ↑ "SC-14 Scheduled Caste Population By Religious Community (States/UTs) – Punjab" (XLS). The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 2021-06-27.
  16. ↑ "SC-14 Scheduled Caste Population By Religious Community (States/UTs) – Jammu and Kashmir" (XLS). The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 2021-06-27.
  17. ↑ "SC-14 Scheduled Caste Population By Religious Community (States/UTs) – Haryana" (XLS). The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 2021-06-27.
  18. ↑ "SC-14 Scheduled Caste Population By Religious Community (States/UTs) – Himachal Pradesh" (XLS). The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 2021-06-27.
  19. ↑ British Untouchables: A Study of Dalit Identity and Education. Ashgate Publishing. 2011. ISBN   9780754689683.
  20. ↑ Sikhs in Europe: Migration, Identities and Representations. Routledge. April 2016. ISBN   9781317055051.
  21. ↑ https://ambedkartimes.com/AT-25-June%2028,%202023.pdf
  22. ↑ McLeod, W. H. (1986). "Punjabis in New Zealand: A History of Punjabi Migration, 1890-1940".
  23. 1 2 "Guru Ravidass Gurudwara - Nasinu - World Gurudwaras".
  24. ↑ "About".
  25. ↑ "Gold dome from India completes Hastings Ravidass temple". 8 October 2023.
  26. ↑ "Shri Begampura Gurdwara Sahib".
  27. ↑ "Gurudwaras in Melbourne".
  28. ↑ "Shri Guru Ravidass Bhawan Website". Archived from the original on 2023-01-29. Retrieved 2024-06-11.
  29. ↑ "Shri Guru Ravi Dass Sabha Temple". sgrds.org. Retrieved 2024-06-11.
  30. ↑ "Handsworth Wood Girls School to be turned into community centre". 5 May 2010.
  31. ↑ "Sikh temple to be demolished to make way for a replacement". BBC News. 6 August 2023.
  32. ↑ "Guru Ravidass Ji Temple Wolverhampton, UK | Guru Ravidass Ji Temple Wolverhampton, UK" . Retrieved 2024-06-11.
  33. ↑ "Shri Guru Ravidass Sabha Temple - Faith groups". Coventry City Council. Retrieved 28 April 2024.
  34. ↑ "Ravidassia Community Centre". Coventry City of Peace. 3 August 2019. Retrieved 28 April 2024.
  35. ↑ "AMRIT BANI RAVIDASSIA COMMUNITY CENTRE LTD people - Find and update company information - GOV.UK". find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk. Retrieved 28 April 2024.
  36. ↑ "Shri Guru Ravidass Temple (Foleshill)" . Retrieved 28 April 2024.
  37. ↑ "SHRI GURU RAVIDASS SABHA, BRADFORD - Charity 517411". register-of-charities.charitycommission.gov.uk. Retrieved 28 April 2024.
  38. ↑ "Other Bradford Gurdwaras". Guru Gobind Singh Gurdwara. Retrieved 1 May 2024.
  39. ↑ "Home | Sri Guru Ravidass Sabha-Bedford". www.gururavidasssabhabedford.com. Retrieved 28 April 2024.
  40. ↑ "SHRI GURU RAVIDASS CULTURAL ASSOCIATION DARLASTON - Charity 514570". register-of-charities.charitycommission.gov.uk.
  41. ↑ "Guru Ravidass Community Centre on Community Directory Derbyshire". www.communitydirectoryderbyshire.org.uk.
  42. ↑ "Shri Guru Ravidass Sabha Derby - World Gurudwaras". www.worldgurudwaras.com. Retrieved 28 April 2024.
  43. ↑ "SHRI GURU RAVIDASS TEMPLE AND COMMUNITY CENTRE - Charity 1081483". register-of-charities.charitycommission.gov.uk. Retrieved 28 April 2024.
  44. ↑ "SHRI GURU RAVIDASS DHARMIK SABHA (WILLENHALL) - Charity 513849". register-of-charities.charitycommission.gov.uk. Retrieved 28 April 2024.
  45. ↑ "Guru Ravidass Temple - Sikh Temple | Walsall Council". go.walsall.gov.uk. Retrieved 28 April 2024.
  46. ↑ "SHRI GURU RAVIDASS CULTURAL ASSOCIATION OF ERITH AND BELVEDERE - Charity 1161771". register-of-charities.charitycommission.gov.uk. Retrieved 28 April 2024.
  47. ↑ "RAVIDASSIA COMMUNITY CENTRE LETCHWORTH AND HITCHIN - Charity 1050939". register-of-charities.charitycommission.gov.uk. Retrieved 28 April 2024.
  48. ↑ "SHRI GURU RAVIDASS SABHA (NEWHAM-LONDON) - Charity 1083139". register-of-charities.charitycommission.gov.uk. Retrieved 28 April 2024.
  49. ↑ "THE RAVIDASSIA COMMUNITY OF NORTHAMPTON - Charity 1138134". register-of-charities.charitycommission.gov.uk. Retrieved 28 April 2024.
  50. ↑ Singh, Gurharpal; Tatla, Darshan. "Religions and Development Research Programme New Forms of Religious Transnationalism and Development Initiatives: A Case Study of Dera Sant Sarwan" . Retrieved 28 April 2024.
  51. ↑ "SHRI GURU RAVIDASS GURDWARA GRAVESEND - Charity 1127008". register-of-charities.charitycommission.gov.uk. Retrieved 28 April 2024.
  52. ↑ "Shri Guru Ravi Dass Sabha Temple". www.gururavidas.org. Retrieved 28 April 2024.
  53. ↑ "SHRI GURU RAVIDASS SANGAT LUTON BEDFORDSHIRE - Charity 275993". register-of-charities.charitycommission.gov.uk. Retrieved 28 April 2024.
  54. ↑ "Sri Guru Ravidass Ji Sabha – Medway" . Retrieved 28 April 2024.
  55. ↑ "SHRI GURU RAVIDASS SABHA AND WELFARE CULTURAL ASSOCIATION - Charity 1000629". register-of-charities.charitycommission.gov.uk. Retrieved 28 April 2024.
  56. ↑ "SHRI GURU RAVIDASS COMMUNITY GLASGOW CIC overview - Find and update company information - GOV.UK". find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk. Retrieved 28 April 2024.
  57. ↑ "SHRI GURU RAVIDAS MISSION(LONDON) - Charity 1084917". register-of-charities.charitycommission.gov.uk. Retrieved 28 April 2024.
  58. ↑ https://ambedkartimes.com/AT-25-June%2028,%202023.pdf
  59. ↑ "What California's Ravidassia community believes and why they want caste bias outlawed". AP News. 29 May 2023. Retrieved 28 April 2024.
  60. ↑ Hope, Brittany (11 March 2024). "24th annual Rio Linda Sikh Parade takes place". KCRA. Retrieved 28 April 2024.
  61. ↑ "Gurdwara Guru Ravidass Sabha, Union City - World Gurudwaras". www.worldgurudwaras.com. Retrieved 28 April 2024.
  62. ↑ "Shri Guru Ravidass Temple". Ravidass Temple. Retrieved 28 April 2024.
  63. ↑ "Guru Ravidass Temple Selma - World Gurudwaras". www.worldgurudwaras.com. Retrieved 28 April 2024.
  64. ↑ "Guru Ravidass Temple Houston - World Gurudwaras". www.worldgurudwaras.com. Retrieved 28 April 2024.
  65. ↑ Staff, T. N. M. (28 June 2023). "New York City road intersection co-named after BR Ambedkar". The News Minute. Retrieved 28 April 2024.
  66. ↑ "History of ABAT: Ambedkarite Buddhist Association of Texas – Ambedkarite Buddhist Association of Texas" . Retrieved 28 April 2024.
  67. ↑ "Guru Ravidas Sabha - Burlington - World Gurudwaras". www.worldgurudwaras.com. Retrieved 28 April 2024.
  68. ↑ "SRI GURU RAVIDASS SABHA BRAMPTON (CANADA) — Charity Data". www.charitydata.ca. Retrieved 28 April 2024.
  69. ↑ "SHRI GURU RAVIDASS SABHA, ONTARIO — Charity Data". www.charitydata.ca. Retrieved 28 April 2024.
  70. ↑ Spolia, Monika (1 November 2015). "Greater Montreal Gurudwaras". Bharat Times. Retrieved 28 April 2024.
  71. ↑ "Welcome to ambedkartimes.com". www.ambedkartimes.com. Retrieved 28 April 2024.
  72. ↑ "HOME - Shri Guru Ravidass Sabha Vancouver". www.shrigururavidasssabha.ca. Retrieved 28 April 2024.
  73. ↑ "Guru Ravidass Community Centre Calgary - World Gurudwaras". www.worldgurudwaras.com. Retrieved 28 April 2024.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.