Braj Bhasha

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Braj Bhasha
Brij Bhasha
ब्रजभाषा بْرج بھاشاBraj Bhāṣā
Native to India
Region Braj
EthnicityBrajwasi
Native speakers
1,600,000 (2011 census) [1]
Census results conflate some speakers with Hindi. [2]
Devanagari
Language codes
ISO 639-2 bra
ISO 639-3 bra
Glottolog braj1242
Braj Bhasha Region.png
Braj bhasa speaking region

The Braj language, commonly called Braj Bhasha, also known as Vraj Bhasha or Brij Bhasha or Braj Boli, is a language within the Indo-Aryan language family spoken in the Braj region. Along with Awadhi, it was one of the two predominant literary languages of North-Central India before being replaced by Hindi in the 19th century.

Contents

Braj is spoken by people in the vaguely defined region of Braj (Braj Bhoomi) in northern India, which was a political state in the era of the Mahabharata wars. According to ancient Hindu texts such as the Bhagavata Purana, the Kingdom of Surasena is described as spreading through Braj (also known as Brij, Vrija or Vraja), where the incarnation of Vishnu, Krishna was born and spent his childhood days, according to tradition. This region lies in the Agra-Mathura-Hathras-Firozabad-Aligarh area & Etawah-Mainpuri-Auraiya area, and stretches as far as the environs of Delhi. In modern India, this area lies mostly in central western Uttar Pradesh, the eastern extremities of Rajasthan i.e. Bharatpur, Karauli, Gangapur & Dholpur and the southern extremities of Haryana. Northern regions of Madhya Pradesh like Morena are also included. [3] Today Braj Bhoomi can be seen as a cultural-geographical entity rather than a proper state. Braj Bhasha is the vernacular of the region, and is very close to Awadhi, spoken in the neighbouring Awadh region.

A substantial amount of Bhakti or devotional poetry is in the Braj language. Some devotional poems for Krishna are also composed in Braj. Braj is also the main language of Hindustani classical music compositions.

The Hindavi poet Amir Khusrau (1253 – 1325) wrote some of his poetry in Braj Bhasha, as did the Sikh scribe Bhai Gurdas (1551-1636). Braj folk songs and poems include Chhaap Tilak Sab Chheeni by Amir Khusrau, and the devotional song Main Naahin Maakhan Khaayo by Surdas.

Story of Camel and Jackal in Braj language

Geographical distribution

Braj Bhasha is spoken in the nebulous Braj region centred on Mathura & Agra in Uttar Pradesh and Bharatpur, Karauli, Gangapur & Dholpur in Rajasthan. It is the predominant language in the central stretch of the Ganges-Yamuna Doab in the following districts:

It is also spoken in the western areas of Uttar Pradesh, mainly in Mathura district and southern areas of Palwal district

In Madhya Pradesh it is spoken in the districts of :

It is spoken in several villages of Mathura, specially in Vrindavan, Madhuvan, Kaman, Kosi Kalan, Chhata, Baldeo, and all other villages belongs to Braj Area with Bajna, Surir, Bhidauni,

Literature

Most Braj literature is of a mystical nature, related to the spiritual union of people with God, because almost all of the Braj Bhasha poets were considered God-realised saints and their words are thus considered as directly emanating from a divine source. Much of the traditional Northern Indian literature shares this trait. All traditional Punjabi literature is similarly written by saints and is of a metaphysical and philosophical nature.

Another peculiar feature of Northern Indian literature is that the literature is mostly written from a female point of view, even by male poets. This is because the saints were in a state of transcendental, spiritual love, where they were metaphorically women reuniting with their beloved. (In its inversion of the conventional genders of worshipper and worshippee, Maulana Da’ud's Chandayan departs from this tradition.)

Important works in Braj Bhasha are:

See also

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Braj literature is literature in Braj Bhasha, one of the Western Hindi languages developed as a literary language during the 15th century, Bhakti Movement as a form of devotional songs in praise of Krishna. It is often mystical in nature, related to the spiritual union of people with God, because almost all of Braj poets were considered God-realised saints and their words are thus considered as emanating from a divine source. Much of the traditional Northern Indian literature shares this trait. It literary tradition is a celebration of Krishna. The Braj region has a rich legacy and the medium was mainly the literary vehicle for the poets viz. Surdas, Tulsidas, Acharya Ram Chandra Shukla, Raskhan, Amir Khusrau among others.

Bhadauria also referred as Bhadoria, Bhadouria, Bhadauriya, Bhadoriya or Bhaduria are a Kshatriya Rajput clan belonging to the Chauhans of Shakambhari and Ajmer. They were historically mainly concentrated in the ethno-linguistic and geographical regions of the modern day Braj and the Chambal river valley, in what are now the districts of Agra, Etawah, Bhind and Dholpur, in the states of Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, and Rajasthan.

Agar Graduates constituency is one of the 8 graduates seats and one of 100 Legislative Council seats in Uttar Pradesh. This constituency covers Agra, Firozabad, Mathura, Aligarh, Hathras, Etah, Mainpuri, Etawah, Kannauj, Auraiya, Kasganj and Farrukhabad districts.

References

  1. ↑ "Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011". www.censusindia.gov.in. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
  2. ↑ "Census of India: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues –2001". censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 16 July 2015.
  3. 1 2 Frawley, William (May 2003). International Encyclopedia of Linguistics. ISBN   9780195139778 . Retrieved 16 July 2015.
  4. ↑ "Google Notebook". google.com. Retrieved 16 July 2015.
  5. ↑ Atre, Shubhangana (2019). History. Maharashtra: Maharashtra state textbook bureau.
  6. ↑ Sujit Mukherjee (1998). A Dictionary of Indian Literature: Beginnings-1850. Orient Blackswan. pp. 425–. ISBN   978-81-250-1453-9.

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