Bihari Hindi

Last updated

Bihari Hindi is a variety of Hindustani, spoken in Bihar, particularly in the Urban area of bihar. It is heavily influenced by Angika, Magahi and Maithili and subsequently by Bhojpuri. It shares more vocabulary with Maithili, Angika and Magahi than Standard Hindi.

Contents

Phonology

Vowels

Hindi natively possesses a symmetrical ten-vowel system. Instead of [ɛː] and [ɔː], Bihari Hindi has diphthongs [əi/əe] and [əu/əo]. The vowels [ə], [ɪ], [ʊ] are always short in length, while the vowels [ɑː], [iː], [uː], [eː], [oː] are always considered long.

Vowels in Bihari Hindi
FrontCentralBack
longshortshortlong
IPARom.scriptIPARom.scriptIPARom.scriptIPARom.scriptIPARom.script
Close iː īई ɪ iइ ʊ uउ uː ūऊ
Close-mid eː eए oː oओ
Open-mid ə / ɐ / ʌ aअ
Open ɑː āआ
Diphthongs
FrontBack
IPARom.scriptIPARom.script
əi/əeaiऐəu/əoauऔ

Consonants

Hindi has four classes of stops, one class of affricate, which is generally treated as a stop series, related nasals, fricatives and approximant.

Labial Dental/
Alveolar 		Retroflex Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m ⟨म⟩ n ⟨न⟩ ɳ ⟨ण⟩( ɲ ) ⟨ञ⟩ ŋ ⟨ङ⟩
Plosive/
Affricate 		voiceless unaspirated p ⟨प⟩ t ⟨त⟩ ʈ ⟨ट⟩ tɕ ⟨च⟩ k ⟨क⟩
aspirated pʰ⟨फ⟩tʰ⟨थ⟩ʈʰ⟨ठ⟩tɕʰ⟨छ⟩kʰ⟨ख⟩
voiced unaspirated b ⟨ब⟩ d ⟨द⟩ ɖ ⟨ड⟩ dʑ ⟨ज⟩ ɡ ⟨ग⟩
aspirated bʱ⟨भ⟩dʱ⟨ध⟩ɖʱ⟨ढ⟩dʑʱ⟨झ⟩ɡʱ⟨घ⟩
Fricative voiceless s ⟨स⟩( ʂ ) [1] [2] ⟨ष⟩( ɕ ) [1] ⟨श⟩-( h ) [3] ⟨ः⟩
voiced ɦ ⟨ह⟩
Rhotic unaspirated ɾ ~ r ⟨र⟩( ɽ ) [4] ⟨ड़⟩
aspirated(ɽʱ) [4] ⟨ढ़⟩
Lateral l ⟨ल⟩
Approximant ( ʋ ~ w ) [5] ⟨व⟩( j ) [5] ⟨य⟩

Morphology

Nouns

Standard Hindi distinguishes two genders (masculine and feminine), two noun types (count and non-count), two numbers (singular and plural), and three cases (direct, oblique, and vocative). But in Bihari Hindi, the direct case is most commonly used. Other cases are dormant. The inflectional plural is also not used, the periphrastic plural is used. However, a weak inflected plural is used in Bihari Hindi, borrowed from eastern Hindi and Bhojpuri (-an), though it is declined here only for animates. Nouns are divided into two classes- marked and unmarked, which have no differences except that the marked form is used for declinable adjectives. There is a peculiar long form in Bihari Hindi, for most tadbhava and marked nouns, a feature also prevalent in Maithili, Magahi and Bhojpuri. This form denotes several meanings-

  1. It denotes diminutive or often low honour meaning.
  2. It also denotes definite nature of the noun.
  3. For proper nouns, apart from the diminutive meaning, it also signifies familiarity, especially for personal names.

Weak plurals can also be formed from these long form of the nouns.

Gender system is usually the same as Standard Hindi, but differs in that only animates and real gender is marked in Bihari Hindi, all unmarked inanimates are treated masculine. Therefore, the gender system can be defined as- masculine-neuter and feminine.

The table below displays the suffix paradigms. -Ø denotes that no suffix is added to the noun stem.

SingularSingular Long FormWeak PluralPlural
Masculine-neuterMarked-ā-avā-an/avan-ā sab
Unmarked-Ø-ā (yā if i/ī-ending, vā if ∅/a/ā-ending)-an (-iyan if i/ī-ending, van if ∅/a/ā-ending)-Ø sab
FeminineMarked-ī/i

-iyā

iyā

aiyā

-in/iyan

-iyan/aiyan

-ī/i sab

-iyā sab

Unmarked-Ø-ā

(yā if i/ī-ending, iyā if ∅/a/ā-ending)

-an

-iyan

-Ø sab

Plural is not mandatory, it can be dropped when inanimate or indefinite. The next table of noun declensions, shows the above suffix paradigms in action. Words: laṛkā ('boy'), kū̃ā ('well'), seb ('apple'), balid ('father'), cākū (chūrī is more common, but cākū is a more apt example) ('penknife'), admī ('man'), mitr ('friend'), laṛkī ('girl'), ciṛiyā ('finch'), kitāb ('book'), bhāsā ('language'), and aurat ('woman').

SingularSingular Long FormWeak PluralPlural
Masculine-neuterMarkedlaṛkā

kuā̃

larkavā

kuãvā

laṛkan

(inanimate) (non-tadbhava)

laṛkā sab

kuā̃ sab

Unmarkedseb

cākū admī mitr balid

sebvā→sebbā

cakuā admiyā (tatsama) (non-tadbhava)

(inanimate)

(inanimate) ādmiyan (tatsama) (non-tadbhava)

seb (sab)

cāqū sab ādmī sab mitr sab balid sab

Unmarked, Feminine in Standard Hindikitāb

bhāsā

kitabvā→kitabba

bhasvā

(inanimate)

(inanimate and tatsama)

kitāb sab

bhāsā sab

FeminineMarkedlaṛkī

ciṛiyā

laṛkiyā

ciṛaiyā

laṛkin/laṛkiyan

(inanimate)

laṛkī sab

ciṛiyā sab

Unmarkedauratauratiyāauratan/ auratiyanaurat sab

Sometimes, weak plural is also combined with plural marker sab, such as laṛkan sab, laṛkiyan sab, and so on. Also long form can also be combined with plural marker sab, such as laṛkavā sab, laṛkiyā sab.

Notes for noun declension:

Adjectives

Adjectives may be divided into declinable, and indeclinable categories. [11] [12] Declinables of Standard Hindi are marked, through termination, for the gender of the nouns they qualify, and in Bihari Hindi, indeclinable adjectives are also declined, for forming long forms, thus they can be properly said unmarked. Instead of number, adjectives are qualified for honour, a characteristic feature of Bihari languages. For forming long forms, suffix -kā and -kī is used for masculine-neuter and feminine respectively.

Plurals can be made of weak plurals, but not as an adjective. They are rather used as adverbs.

The set of declinable adjective terminations is similar but greatly simplified in comparison to that of noun terminations —

Non-honoroficLong FormHonorific
MarkedIMasc.-Neu.-ā-kā-e
Fem.-ī-kī-ī
IIMasc.-Neu.-yā-yakā/ikkā-ye
Fem.-yā-yakkī-yā
IIIMasc.-Neu.-yā̃-ẽka-yẽ
Fem.-yī̃-ẽkī-yī̃
UnmarkedMasc.-Neu.-Ø-kā/kkā-Ø
Fem.-kī

Indeclinable adjectives are completely invariable, and can end in either consonants or vowels (including ā and ī). A number of declinables display nasalisation of all terminations. [11]

Related Research Articles

Latin declension is the set of patterns according to which Latin words are declined—that is, have their endings altered to show grammatical case, number and gender. Nouns, pronouns, and adjectives are declined, and a given pattern is called a declension. There are five declensions, which are numbered and grouped by ending and grammatical gender. Each noun follows one of the five declensions, but some irregular nouns have exceptions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Catalan grammar</span> Morphology and syntax of Catalan

Catalan grammar, the morphology and syntax of the Catalan language, is similar to the grammar of most other Romance languages. Catalan is a relatively synthetic, fusional language. Features include:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bhojpuri language</span> Indo-Aryan language native to India and Nepal

Bhojpuri is an Indo-Aryan language native to the Bhojpur-Purvanchal region of India and the Terai region of Nepal. It is chiefly spoken in eastern Uttar Pradesh, western Bihar and northwestern Jharkhand. It is an eastern Indo Aryan language and as of 2000 is spoken by about 5% of India's population. Bhojpuri is a descendant of Magadhi Prakrit and is closely related to Maithili, Magahi, Bangla, Odia, Assamese, etc. languages.

This page describes the declension of nouns, adjectives and pronouns in Slovene. For information on Slovene grammar in general, see Slovene grammar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hindustani grammar</span> Grammatical features of the Hindustani lingua franca

Hindustani, the lingua franca of Northern India and Pakistan, has two standardised registers: Hindi and Urdu. Grammatical differences between the two standards are minor but each uses its own script: Hindi uses Devanagari while Urdu uses an extended form of the Perso-Arabic script, typically in the Nastaʿlīq style.

This article describes the grammar of Tigrinya, a South Semitic language which is spoken primarily in Eritrea and Ethiopia, and is written in Ge'ez script.

The grammar of the Gujarati language is the study of the word order, case marking, verb conjugation, and other morphological and syntactic structures of the Gujarati language, an Indo-Aryan language native to the Indian state of Gujarat and spoken by the Gujarati people. This page overviews the grammar of standard Gujarati, and is written in a romanization. Hovering the mouse cursor over underlined forms will reveal the appropriate English translation.

The grammar of the Marathi language shares similarities with other modern Indo-Aryan languages such as Odia, Gujarati or Punjabi. The first modern book exclusively about the grammar of Marathi was printed in 1805 by Willam Carey.

Punjabi is an Indo-Aryan language native to the region of Punjab of Pakistan and India and spoken by the Punjabi people. This page discusses the grammar of Modern Standard Punjabi as defined by the relevant sources below.

Nepali grammar is the study of the morphology and syntax of Nepali, an Indo-European language spoken in South Asia.

Standard Kannada grammar is primarily based on Keshiraja's Shabdamanidarpana which provides the fullest systematic exposition of Kannada language. The earlier grammatical works include portions of Kavirajamarga of 9th century, Kavyavalokana and Karnatakabhashabhushana both authored by Nagavarma II in first half of the 12th century.

Old Norse has three categories of verbs and two categories of nouns. Conjugation and declension are carried out by a mix of inflection and two nonconcatenative morphological processes: umlaut, a backness-based alteration to the root vowel; and ablaut, a replacement of the root vowel, in verbs.

In Russian grammar, the system of declension is elaborate and complex. Nouns, pronouns, adjectives, demonstratives, most numerals and other particles are declined for two grammatical numbers and six grammatical cases (see below); some of these parts of speech in the singular are also declined by three grammatical genders. This gives many spelling combinations for most of the words, which is needed for grammatical agreement within and (often) outside the proposition. Also, there are several paradigms for each declension with numerous irregular forms.

This article concerns the morphology of the Albanian language, including the declension of nouns and adjectives, and the conjugation of verbs. It refers to the Tosk-based Albanian standard regulated by the Academy of Sciences of Albania.

Arabic nouns and adjectives are declined according to case, state, gender and number. While this is strictly true in Classical Arabic, in colloquial or spoken Arabic, there are a number of simplifications such as loss of certain final vowels and loss of case. A number of derivational processes exist for forming new nouns and adjectives. Adverbs can be formed from adjectives.

Catalan nouns are inflected for gender, and number. There is no case inflection. Articles and adjectives agree in gender and number with the noun they refer to.

This page describes the grammar of Maithili language, which has a complex verbal system, nominal declension with a few inflections, and extensive use of honoroficity. It is an Indo-Aryan language native to the Maithili people and is spoken in the Indian state of Bihar with some speakers in Jharkhand and nearby states.The language has a large number of speakers in Nepal too, which is second in number of speakers after Bihar.

Hindustani verbs conjugate according to mood, tense, person and number. Hindustani inflection is markedly simpler in comparison to Sanskrit, from which Hindustani has inherited its verbal conjugation system. Aspect-marking participles in Hindustani mark the aspect. Gender is not distinct in the present tense of the indicative mood, but all the participle forms agree with the gender and number of the subject. Verbs agree with the gender of the subject or the object depending on whether the subject pronoun is in the dative or ergative case or the nominative case.

The personal pronouns and possessives in Modern Standard Hindi of the Hindustani language display a higher degree of inflection than other parts of speech. Personal pronouns have distinct forms according to whether they stand for a subject (nominative), a direct object (accusative), an indirect object (dative), or a reflexive object. Pronouns further have special forms used with postpositions.

Bhojpuri grammar is the grammar of the Bhojpuri language. In many aspects, it is quite similar to other Eastern Indo-Aryan languages.

References

  1. 1 2 Fricative sounds [ʂ,ɕ] only occur marginally, and are typically pronounced as a dental fricative /s/.
  2. ↑ ष is also pronounced sometimes as [kʰ].
  3. ↑ [h] ः is always added after a vowel.
  4. 1 2 [ɽ] ड़ and [ɽʱ] ढ is intervocalic [ɖ] ड and [ɖʱ] ढ respectively, but contrast is not as strict as in Standard Hindi, and is often interchangeable with [r] र and [rʱ] respectively.
  5. 1 2 य and व are mostly [dʑ] ज and [b] ब initially in tatsama words, and [i/e] (written य) and [u/o]/[b] (written व)/ब in the rest.
  6. ↑ Shapiro (2003 :262)
  7. 1 2 3 Snell & Weightman (1989 :24)
  8. ↑ Snell & Weightman (1989 :43)
  9. ↑ Shapiro (2003 :263)
  10. ↑ Schmidt (2003 :313)
  11. 1 2 Shapiro (2003 :264)
  12. ↑ Kachru, Yamuna (2006). Hindi. Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 65. ISBN   90 272 3812 X.

Bibliography

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.